英語音標教學課件

EnglishPhoneticAlphabetTeachingCourseware目錄BasicConceptsandClassificationofPhoneticAlphabetTechniquesandExamplesforPromotionofMonophonesPronunciationtechniquesandexamplesfordiphthongs目錄ConsistentPronunciationTechniquesandExamplesRulesandTechniquesforWordSpellingSentenceintroductionandlinkingskillsPracticalApplicationandClassroomInteraction01BasicConceptsandClassificationofPhoneticAlphabetPhoneticalphabet,alsoknownastelephonescriptortelephonenotation,isasystemofsymbolsusedtorepresentthesoundsofspeechinavisualform.ItprovidesastandardizedwaytotransferanddescribethepromotionofwordsDefinitionThemainfunctionofthetelephonealphabetistoprovideaconsistentandaccuratemethodforrepresentingthesoundsoflanguagesItservesasatoolforteachingpromotion,dictionaryentries,languagelearningmaterials,andlinguisticresearchFunctionDefinitionandFunctionofPhoneticAlphabetIPADevelopedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationComparisonbetweenInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA)andAmericanPhoneticAlphabet(APA)WidelyusedandacceptedworldwideRepresentativesabroadrangeofsoundsinvariouslanguagesSymbolscanbemodifiedtoindicatedifferentpronunciationvariationsComparisonbetweenInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA)andAmericanPhoneticAlphabet(APA)APADevelopedspecificallyforthepromotionofAmericanEnglishLimitedtothesoundsofAmericanEnglishComparisonbetweenInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA)andAmericanPhoneticAlphabet(APA)0102ComparisonbetweenInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA)andAmericanPhoneticAlphabet(APA)SimplerandeasiertolearnforbeginnersofAmericanEnglishpromotionAfterbeingusedindictionariesandlanguagelearningmaterialstargetedtowardsAmericanEnglishspeakersVowelsDefinedbythepresenceofconstructioninthevocaltractduringtheirproductionClassifiedbasedontheirheight(close,open),background(front,back),androundness(rounded,unrounded)ClassificationofVowelsandConsonantsExamplesinclude/i:/asin"be,"/a:/asin"car,"and/u:/asin"boo."ClassificationofVowelsandConsonantsConsonantsCharacterizedbyanobservationorclosureinthevocaltractthatinterruptstheflowofairClassifiedbasedontheirplaceofanimation(laboratory,dental,alveolar,paltal,velar),manualofanimation(stop,frictional,acute,nasal,liquid,glide),andinvoicing(voiced,less)Examplesinclude/p/asin"pop,"/t/asin"top,"and/k/asin"cap."ClassificationofVowelsandConsonants02TechniquesandExamplesforPromotionofMonophonesPrevotesarepromotedwiththelipsinaslightlyspreadposition,allowingforaclearsoundtoemergencyLippositionThetongueshouldbeplacedinthefrontofthesouth,slightlyraisedtowardsthehardplateTongueposition/i:/asin"be",/e/asin"bed",/?/asin"cat"ExamplesPromotionmethodsandexamplesofprevotesFormiddlevoters,thelipsshouldbeinaneutralposition,neitherspreadnorroundedLippositionTonguepositionExamplesTheTongueispositionedinthemiddleofthesouth,neitherraisednorlowered/?:/Asin"bird"/?/Asin"about"/?/Asin"cut"030201PromotionMethodsandExamplesofMiddleVowels

PromotionmethodsandexamplesofpostvotesLippositionPostvotesarepromotedwiththelipsslightlyrounded,creatingamoreclosedsoundTonguepositionThetongueisplacedtowardsthebackofthesouth,oftenwitharaisedbackpositionExamples/u:/asin"boot",/o/asin"hot"/?/Asin"thought"03PronunciationtechniquesandexamplesfordiphthongsTechnique:Whenpromotingcombineddiphthongs,thesoundshouldglidesmoothlyfromonevoicesoundtoanotherwithinthesameumbrellaThetransitionshouldbefluid,notinterruptedPronunciationmethodsandexamplesofcombineddiphthongsExamples"Out"/a?T/-Thesoundglidesfromthe'a'soundtothe'?'Sound"Cow"/ka?/-Thesoundstartswith'a'andendswith'?'."Now"/na?/-Thediphthongispronouncedwithasmoothtransitionfrom'a'to'?'.01020304PronunciationmethodsandexamplesofcombineddiphthongsTechnique:Concentratedvowels,alsoknownasmonochthongs,aresinglevowelsoundsthatdonotcombinewithanothervowelTopromotethemcorrectly,focusonthespecificpositionofthetongueandlipsforeachvoicesoundMethodandExampleofConcentratedVowelPromotionMethodandExampleofConcentratedVowelPromotion01Examples02"Eat"/i?T/-The'ee'soundisaconcentratedvowelpromotedwiththetonguehighinthefrontofthesouthandlipsspread03"Hot"/h?T/-The'o'soundisaconcentratedvowelpromotedwiththetongueslightlylowerandlipsrounded04"Up"/?P/-The'u'soundisaconcentratedvowelpromotedwiththetonguelowinthebackofthesouthandlipsrounded04ConsistentPronunciationTechniquesandExamplesPronunciationmethodExploratoryconsultantsarepromisingbycompletelystoppingtheairflowinthevocaltractandthenreleasingitfurtherThereleaseofairisexploratory,resultinginadistinctsoundExamples/p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g/+Wordexamplespop,bat,tick,duck,key,gigThepromotionmethodandexamplesofexploratoryindividualsPromotionmethod01Frictionalconsultantsareproducedbypartiallyconstructingtheairflowinthevocaltract,creatingaturbulentairflowandahissingorfuzzysoundExamples02/f/,/v/,/s/,/z//θ/,/e/+Wordexamples03fan,invest,sun,zoo,thin,thisMethodsandExamplesofPronunciationofFrictionalConsonantsPronunciationmethodFricativeconsultantsaresimilartofrictionalconsultantsbutareproducedwithlessconstructionoftheairflow,resultinginamorecontinuoussoundExamples/?/,/?/,/H/+Wordexamplesship,measure,happyPronunciationmethodsandexamplesoffrictionalindividualsNasalconsultantsareproducedbyloweringtheveluminthesouthandallowingairtopassthroughthenoseThiscreatesaNasalsoundPromotionmethod/m/,/n//?/Examplesmoon,sun,sing+WordexamplesPronunciationmethodsandexamplesofNasalindividualsPronunciationmethod:Halfvowels,alsoknownassemivowelsorglides,aresoundsthatsharecharacteristicsofbothvowelsandconsonantsTheyareproducedwitharelativelyopenvocaltractandasmoothtransitionfromonevoicetoanotherExamples:/w/,/j/+Wordexamples:we,yesMethodandExampleofPromotionofHalfVowels05RulesandTechniquesforWordSpellingInmostcases,thestressedsyllabusofawordisproposedwithgreaterforceandpitchthantheothersyllablesThepositionofthestressedsystoliccanvarydependingonthewordItcanbethefirst,second,oreventhirdsystolicinawordTherearecertificatepatternsinEnglishwordsthatcanhelpidentifythestressedsyntax,suchaswordsendingincertificatesuffixesorhavingaspecificlettercombinationRulesforjudgmentedstressedvegetablesThisweakeningcaninvolvereductionofvotestoschwasounds,aswellasconditionalmodificationssuchaselisionorassessmentWeakeningofunstressedvegetablesisacommonfeatureofconnectedspeechandhelpstocreateamorerhythmicandfluentspeechpatternUnstressedaggregatesinEnglishwordsoftengounderaprocessofweakening,wheretheyareprogressingwithlessforceandclaritythanstressedaggregatesWeakeningphenomenonofunstressedvegetables03Certainspellingrulesandpatternscanbeappliedtopolysyllabicwords,suchasvowelcombinations,consonantclusters,andcommonsuffixes,tohelpwithaccuratespelling01Polysyllabicwords,orwordswithmultiplesyndromes,canbechallengingtospellduetotheircomplexity02ItisimportanttobreakdownpolysyllabicwordsintosmallunitsoraggregatestoaidinspellingSpellingskillsforpolysyllabicwords06SentenceintroductionandlinkingskillsFallingintroductionUsedtoexpresscompleteness,integrity,orastatementoffactForexample,"It'ssunnytoday."LevelintroductionUsedtoexpressaneutralorunemotionalstatementForexample,"Thetemperatureis32degreesCelsius."RisingintroductionUsedtoexpressincompleteness,uncertainty,orpolarityForexample,"Ithinkit'sgoingtorain,isn'tit?"ThepatternofintroductionchangesindeclarativeintentionsRisingintroductionUsedforgeneralquestions,expressinguncertaintyorpolarityForexample,"Doyoulikecoffee?"FallingintroductionUsedforspecificquestions,expressingcertificateorastatementoffactForexample,"Wheredidyougoyesterday?"LevelintroductionUsedfortagquestionsorwhenthespeakerisseekingconfirmationForexample,"You'refromNewYork,aren'tyou?"010203TheintroductionvariationpatternofaggressiveintentionsLianson:Thelinkingofsoundsbetweenwords,soastheconnectionofacoherentsoundattheendofonewordwithavowelsoundatthebeginningofthenextwordForexample,"Iam"benefits"I'm"inconnectedspeechAssignment:ThemodificationofasoundtomakeitmoresimilartoanadvancedsoundForexample,the"t"soundin"better"maybeaidedtothe"d"soundin"and"whenspookedquickly,resultingin"middleand."Elision:Thecommissionofcertificatesoundsinconnectedspeech,suchasthedeletionofavowelsoundattheendofonewordwhenfollowedbyawordbeginningwithavowelsoundForexample,"heis"benefits"he's"inconnectedspeechWeekforms:ThereductionofcentralwordstoaspeakerpromotioninconnectedspeechForexample,theword"to"isoftenreducedto"tuh"inconnectedspeechSummaryofthephen