期末復(fù)習(xí)專項(xiàng)-語(yǔ)法總結(jié)講義-高中英語(yǔ)人教版

2023人教版（2019）英語(yǔ)必修一語(yǔ)法總結(jié)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來(lái)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來(lái)位移動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來(lái)●位移動(dòng)詞如：arrive/e/get(to)/leave/start/take等；【例句】We’releavingforHarbintomorrow.非位移動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在將來(lái)時(shí)表將來(lái)非位移動(dòng)詞如：do/buy/meet/have/play等；【例句】I’mflyingtoHarbinnextmonth.表示將來(lái)的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)含有“決心”的意思，多用于否定結(jié)構(gòu)；【例句】I’mnotwaitingforhimanymore.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表將來(lái)，有時(shí)還可表示命令/拒絕；【例句】You’renotplayingbasketballhere.一般將來(lái)時(shí)的多種表達(dá)一般將來(lái)時(shí)的多種表達(dá)will/shall結(jié)構(gòu)，表示單純的將來(lái)/臨時(shí)要做某事；will用于各種人稱，shall用于第一人稱；【例句】Wewilltellhimifweseehimtomorrow.Shallwegotothepark?begoingto指現(xiàn)在的打算/意圖，表示計(jì)劃和安排；也表示有跡象表明最近的將來(lái)要發(fā)生的事；【例句】IamgoingtoHarbintomorrow.It’sgoingtosnowtomorrow.betodo表示按預(yù)定計(jì)劃/安排要發(fā)生的事情，也可表示“注定”“可能性”“義務(wù)”等；【例句】Thesportsmeetingistotakeplacenextweek.beabouttodo…“剛要做……，正要做……”，表示非常近的將來(lái)要做的事情；不能與時(shí)間副詞連用；【例句】HeisabouttoleaveforHarbintoseehisfriend.一般將來(lái)時(shí)表將來(lái)go/e/leave/start/begin等，表示按照規(guī)定要發(fā)生的未來(lái)的動(dòng)作；【例句】Ourschoolstartsateighto’clock.用于時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句（when/until…），條件狀語(yǔ)從句（if/unless…）等，代替will表示一般將來(lái)時(shí)；【例句】IwillcallyouassoonasIarrivetoShanghai.3.一般將來(lái)時(shí)幾種表達(dá)的區(qū)別（1）begoingtodo和will/shalldo：表示意圖，有時(shí)可互換；begoingtodo強(qiáng)調(diào)事先考慮/決定的事；willdo表示臨時(shí)的打算/決定；用于條件句，begoingtodo表示將來(lái)，willdo表意愿。（2）begoingtodo和betodo：=1\*GB3①表將來(lái)計(jì)劃，但begoingtodo還表示不受主觀控制將要發(fā)生的事；=2\*GB3②begoingtodo側(cè)重說(shuō)話人個(gè)人的意圖/打算；betodo側(cè)重受別人指示/安排要做事。（3）do/does,bedoing和begoingtodo：do/does表示根據(jù)時(shí)間表排定的事；begoingtodo表示意圖/打算；bedoing表示近期個(gè)人具體的安排?！纠洹縈yfriend’splanearrivesat10am.I’mleavingforHarbintomorrow.We’regoingtohaveasportsmeetingnextweek.附加疑問(wèn)句附加疑問(wèn)句（反義疑問(wèn)句）●附加疑問(wèn)句=反義疑問(wèn)句：對(duì)陳述部分事實(shí)提出相反的疑問(wèn)，用逗號(hào)和陳述部分隔開。表示提問(wèn)者有一定的主見，但沒有把握，需要對(duì)方證實(shí)?！緲?gòu)成】①肯定的陳述部分+否定的附加疑問(wèn)部分（前肯后否）e.g.It’safineday,isn’tit?②否定的陳述部分+肯定的附加疑問(wèn)部分（前否后肯）e.g.Itisn’tcoldtoday,isit?【注意】★附加疑問(wèn)句的后半部分必須在人稱，數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)上和前面陳述部分保持一致；★當(dāng)前一部分的主語(yǔ)為名詞，后一部分的主語(yǔ)用相應(yīng)的人稱代詞形式；★附加疑問(wèn)部分，否定式須用縮寫形式。附加疑問(wèn)句的回答：若事實(shí)是肯定的，就用yes答；若事實(shí)是否定的，用no答；e.g.Sheisateacher,isn’tshe?Yes,sheis.Sheisn’tastudent,isshe?Yes,sheis.●附加疑問(wèn)句動(dòng)詞的選擇①陳述部分有be動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/實(shí)義動(dòng)詞（前肯后否，前否后肯，時(shí)態(tài)對(duì)應(yīng)）bebe動(dòng)詞：am/is/are/was/were助動(dòng)詞：do/does/did/have/has/had情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：can/could/may/might/must/will/would/shall/should…e.g.Iamastudent,aren’tI?Hecanrunfast,canhe?Shelikesdancing,doesn’tshe?Shehaslunchathome,doesn’tshe?{此處has為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，用助動(dòng)詞}Theyhavefinishedthework,haven’tthey?{此處have為助動(dòng)詞，后用have}●附加疑問(wèn)句的特殊情況1.陳述部分有must:①must在肯定陳述部分，表示“必須”，疑問(wèn)部分用mustn’t;e.g.YoumustworkhardtoimproveyouroralEnglish,mustn’tyou?②陳述部分為mustn’t,疑問(wèn)部分用must/may;e.g.Youmustn’tthrowtherubbishontheground,must/mayyou?③陳述部分表示肯定推測(cè)，疑問(wèn)部分根據(jù)實(shí)際確定謂語(yǔ)/仍用must；e.g.Youmummustbehappy,isn’tshe?Youmusthavefinishedyourhomeworkyesterday,didn’tyou?Shemusthavebeenmarried,hasn’tshe?2.陳述部分是oughtto，疑問(wèn)部分用shouldn’t/oughtn’t;e.g.Yououghttoknowwhattodo,shouldn’t/oughtn’tyou?3.陳述部分hadbetter,疑問(wèn)部分hadn’t;e.g.Youhadbettergetupearly,hadn’tyou?4.陳述部分wish，疑問(wèn)部分用may；e.g.Iwishtostayhereforalongtime,mayI?5.陳述部分有否定含義的詞，疑問(wèn)部分用肯定；sseldom/hardly/never/rarely/few/little/nowhere/nothing/none/nobody/neither/no…e.g.Fewpeopleknewhim,didthey?Heseldomgoestothepark,doeshe?Hecanhardlyplayfootball,canhe?6.陳述部分neither…nor/either…or，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞根據(jù)實(shí)際情況；e.g.Neitherheorsheisteacher,arethey?Eitheryouorsheiswrong,isn’tshe?7.陳述部分是this/that；疑問(wèn)部分用it；陳述部分主語(yǔ)是these/those,疑問(wèn)部分用they；e.g.Thoseareyourbooks,aren’tthey?8.陳述部分是therebe結(jié)構(gòu)，疑問(wèn)部分用“be動(dòng)詞+there”；e.g.Thereissomewaterinthebottle,isn’tthere?9.陳述部分主語(yǔ)是不定代詞something/nothing/anything/everything等，疑問(wèn)部分用it；陳述部分主語(yǔ)是不定代詞somebody/nobody/noone/none/everyone等。疑問(wèn)部分用they，強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體用he；e.g.SomethingiswrongwiththeTV,isn’tit?Nobodylikeshim,dothey?10.陳述部分是祈使句，疑問(wèn)部分用willyou；e.g.Don’tcrosstheroad,willyou?Letusgoforawalkafterdinner,willyou?Let’sgotoschool,shallwe?(★L(fēng)et’s開頭祈使句，后用shallwe)11.陳述部分有從句：①定語(yǔ)從句，賓語(yǔ)從句—看主句e.g.Shesaidthatshewaslateforschool,didn’tshe?②主語(yǔ)是第一人稱+think/believe/suppose/consider等+賓語(yǔ)從句—看從句e.g.Idon’tthinkthatyou’reright,areyou?12.陳述部分是感嘆句：有be用be；有助用助；有情用情；實(shí)義動(dòng)詞請(qǐng)求助；e.g.Whatabeautifuldressitis,isn’t?Howhighhejumps,doesn’the?關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句●概念①定語(yǔ)從句：在復(fù)合句中作定語(yǔ)，修飾名詞/代詞/主句中的一部分/整個(gè)句子的從句；②先行詞：被定語(yǔ)從句修飾的詞；③關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的詞；還在句子中作一定的句子成分；④關(guān)系詞—關(guān)系代詞：that/which/who/whom/whose/as；關(guān)系副詞：when/where/why；⑤先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)/賓語(yǔ)/定語(yǔ)等成分，在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省。●用法【關(guān)系代詞】1.that★指人/物，句子作主語(yǔ)/賓語(yǔ)/表語(yǔ)；★限制性定語(yǔ)從句作賓語(yǔ)可省；★指人可與who/whom互換；★指物可與which互換；e.g.ThedressthatIboughtyesterdayisverybeautiful.2.which★指物；★非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中可代替整個(gè)句子；★作主語(yǔ)/賓語(yǔ)；e.g.ThisisthepencilwhichIboughtyesterday.3.who★指人；★作主語(yǔ)/賓語(yǔ)；★限制性定語(yǔ)從句作賓語(yǔ)可省；e.g.Thegirlwhoisdancingintheroomismyfriend.4.whose★指人/物；★作定語(yǔ)；★指物=ofwhich;指人=ofwhom意為“……的”；e.g.ShehasafriendwhosemotherisanEnglishteacher.5.as★引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句；★主要用于“such…as…”；“as/so…as…”；“thesame…as…”等結(jié)構(gòu)；★從句根據(jù)情況位于主語(yǔ)前/后，也可插在主句間，意為“這件事”“這一點(diǎn)”；★常見結(jié)構(gòu)：asisknowntoall/asisoftenthecase等；e.g.SuchbooksasIboughtyesterdayareveryinteresting.6.whom★指人；★作賓語(yǔ)；e.g.ThewomanwhomymumistalkingtoismyEnglishteacher.【關(guān)系副詞】when先行詞是時(shí)間；作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)e.g.Iknowthedaywhenmyfriendwasborn.where先行詞是地點(diǎn)；作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)；e.g.Iwanttoliveinaplacewherethereismuchsnow.why先行詞是原因；作原因狀語(yǔ)；e.g.ThatisthereasonwhyshewantstogotoHarbin.【注意】wwhich和that作主語(yǔ)不可省；which緊跟在介詞后作賓語(yǔ)不可??；22.who作賓語(yǔ)=whom，可互換；但介詞后只+whom，介詞后whom不可?。?3.whose=the+n.+ofwhom/which或ofwhom/which…be+n.●用that不用which情況1.先行詞為all/anything/nothing/little/much/none/everything等代詞；e.g.IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?2.先行詞前有theonly/thevery/thelast等修飾；e.g.ThisistheonlypenthatIcanfind.3.先行詞為adj.最高級(jí)/序數(shù)詞；或有adj.最高級(jí)/序數(shù)詞修飾；e.g.ThisisthemostinterestingbookthatIhaveeverread.先行詞既表示人又表示物；e.g.Weoftentalkaboutthepeopleandthingsthatweremember.主語(yǔ)是who/what/which開頭的問(wèn)句；e.g.Whoistheboythatyoulikemost?6.定語(yǔ)從句又包含一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句，其中一個(gè)已用which時(shí)，另一個(gè)用that；e.g.Theybuiltahouse,whichhasgotagardenthatwehaveneverseenbefore.●用which不用that情況（口訣：介詞后/逗號(hào)后不用that））1.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句；e.g.Thisisafamousbook,whichwaswrittenbyCaoXueqin.2.從句中介詞提前，構(gòu)成“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)；e.g.Thisisthehouseinwhichweusedtolive.3.that/those作主語(yǔ)；e.g.ThosewhowanttogotoHarbinehereplease.●用who不用that情況1.先行詞為people/those；e.g.Thepeoplewhowantstoseeyouisourboss.2.先行詞為one/ones/anyone/everyone/none/all（指人）；e.g.Anyonewhoagainstusisourenemy.3.先行詞指人，關(guān)系代詞在句子作主語(yǔ)時(shí)；e.g.Thegirlwhocametomyhouseyesterdayismysister.一一．關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句●關(guān)系副詞：when/where/why●用法1.when（=介詞+which），作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，先行詞是時(shí)間名詞；e.g.Iamlookingforthedaywhenmymumcansingthissongforme.Doyouknowthedaywhen(=onwhich)hewasborn.2.where（=介詞+which），作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，先行詞是地點(diǎn)名詞；e.g.ThisisthevillageIstayedlastweek.注意：注意：當(dāng)先行詞為condition/position/situation/point/case/stage等“模糊/抽象地點(diǎn)”名詞時(shí)，用where。e.g.It’shelpfultoputstudentsinasituationwheretheycanseethemselvesinadifferentway.3.why(=for/as+which),原因狀語(yǔ)，先行詞為原因名詞；e.g.Canyoutellmethereasonwhy(=forwhich)youwerelateforourdate?注意：注意：關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選擇取決于關(guān)系詞在句中作什么成分。作主語(yǔ)/賓語(yǔ)，用關(guān)系代詞；作狀語(yǔ)，用關(guān)系副詞。二．“介詞+二．“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句★該結(jié)構(gòu)可以引導(dǎo)限制性和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句；★先行詞指物用which；指人用whom；★介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前關(guān)系代詞不可?。换拘问浇樵~+whom：指人e.g.Thepersontowhomyoushouldcallisyourmum.介詞+which：指物e.g.ThisistheinwhichImetherlastnight.介詞+whose+名詞(所屬關(guān)系)e.g.Linda,withwhosehelp,IpassedtheEnglishexam,ismyfavoriteteacher.名詞/不定代詞/數(shù)詞/比較級(jí)/最高級(jí)+of+which/whom（整體與部分關(guān)系）e.g.Chinahasmanyrivers,thelongestofwhichistheYangtzeRiver.the+名詞+of+關(guān)系代詞=whose+名詞（所屬關(guān)系）e.g.Weliveinabighouse,thewindowofwhich(=whosewindow)isverysmall.介詞的確定（口訣：一先二動(dòng)三形四意義）（1）根據(jù)從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與介詞的習(xí)慣搭配e.g.ThisisthepenonwhichIspent10yuan.(spend…