2024年高考英語(yǔ)（全國(guó)通用）：熱點(diǎn)練3閱讀理解之說(shuō)明文（教師版）

熱點(diǎn)練03閱讀理解之說(shuō)明文

最近五年，說(shuō)明文的出現(xiàn)變化不大，一直很穩(wěn)定，選材通常是各學(xué)科的前沿問(wèn)題；高

科技領(lǐng)域的科研成果；人們比較關(guān)心的社會(huì)問(wèn)題；人文方面的經(jīng)典。說(shuō)明文所選材料

題材豐富多樣，涉及社會(huì)、科技、文化、生活、人物、教育、生態(tài)、安全等方面。說(shuō)

明文在高考閱讀理解中的重要性不容忽視。

一、細(xì)讀文章重點(diǎn)

關(guān)注文章結(jié)構(gòu)；文章主題句；各段首末句；體現(xiàn)作者觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度的詞句。

二、明確說(shuō)明對(duì)象

通讀全文，明確作者是針對(duì)哪一個(gè)說(shuō)明對(duì)象從不同的角度和側(cè)面對(duì)其加以說(shuō)明的。在閱

讀過(guò)程中要概括、總結(jié)每一段說(shuō)明的側(cè)重點(diǎn)，理清各段之間的邏輯聯(lián)系，加深對(duì)說(shuō)明對(duì)象的

理解。

三、弄清說(shuō)明順序

在說(shuō)明的過(guò)程中作者會(huì)選擇合理的說(shuō)明順序?qū)φf(shuō)明對(duì)象進(jìn)行有條不紊的解說(shuō)。把握了說(shuō)

明順序，就能準(zhǔn)確把握文章的脈絡(luò)，加深對(duì)整篇文章的理解。

四、把握作者態(tài)度

說(shuō)明文的首段一般借用生活中的某個(gè)場(chǎng)景事件引入說(shuō)明的事物。一般穿插人們對(duì)被說(shuō)明

事物的看法和觀點(diǎn)，要仔細(xì)體會(huì)觀點(diǎn)的傾向性和情感色彩，來(lái)對(duì)比作者態(tài)度和寫(xiě)作情感。

五、吃透長(zhǎng)難句子

學(xué)會(huì)運(yùn)用括號(hào)法分析長(zhǎng)難句，把影響考生理解的各種從句、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)以及復(fù)雜介

詞短語(yǔ)括起來(lái)，從而達(dá)到“去枝葉，留主干”的目的，進(jìn)而準(zhǔn)確理解句子含義。

六、學(xué)會(huì)適當(dāng)放棄

無(wú)關(guān)大局的生僻詞匯閱讀中經(jīng)常會(huì)遇到一些生詞，如果這些生詞對(duì)理解全文沒(méi)有影響或

影響不大就可略過(guò)。較長(zhǎng)的人名、地名有許多較長(zhǎng)的表示人名、地名等的專(zhuān)有名詞，閱讀時(shí)

可一掃而過(guò)或干脆用其首字母代替，不必試圖把整個(gè)專(zhuān)有名詞讀出來(lái)。

熱點(diǎn)話題

說(shuō)明文熱衷話題有：科普類(lèi)，環(huán)保類(lèi)。

限時(shí)檢測(cè)

真題鏈接

（每篇限時(shí)7分鐘）

[2022新高考1卷】

B

Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.Thearugula（芝麻菜）wasto

makeanicegreensalad,roundingoutaroastchickendinner.ButIendedupworkinglate.Then

friendscalledwithadinnerinvitation.Istuckthechickeninthefreezer.Butasdayspassed,the

arugulawentbad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;Icouldhavemadesix

saladswithwhatIthrewout.

Inaworldwherenearly800millionpeopleayeargohungry,t4foodwastegoesagainstthe

moralgrain,“asElizabethRoytewritesinthismonth'scoverstory.It?sjaw-droppinghowmuch

perfectlygoodfoodisthrownaway—from"ugly”（butquiteeatable）vegetablesrejectedby

grocerstolargeamountsofuneatendishesthrownintorestaurantgarbagecans.

Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andotherresourcesusedtogrowit.

Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,<4iffoodwastewerea

country,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesintheworld.”

Ifthat'shardtounderstand,let'skeepitassimpleasthearugulaatthebackofmy

refrigerator.MikeCurtinseesmyarugulastoryallthetime—butforhim,it*smorelike12bones

ofdonatedstrawberriesnearingtheirlastdays.CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitchenin

Washington,D.C.,whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecovered

morethan807,500poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished（有瑕疵的）

producethatotherwisewouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,

cut,andfreezeordrythemforuseinmealsdowntheroad.

Suchmethodsseemobvious,yetsooftenwejustdon'tthink."Everyonecanplayapartin

reducingwaste,whetherbynotpurchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingor

byaskingrestaurantstonotincludethesidedishyouwon'teatJCurtinsays.

24.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoshowbytellingthearugulastory?

A.Wepaylittleattentiontofoodwaste.

B.Wewastefoodunintentionallyattimes.

C.Wewastemorevegetablesthanmeat.

D.Wehavegoodreasonsforwastingfood.

25.Whatisaconsequenceoffoodwasteaccordingtothetest?

A.Moraldecline.B.Environmentalharm.

C.Energyshortage.D.Worldwidestarvation.

26.WhatdoesCurtin'scompanydo?

A.Itproduceskitchenequipment.

B.Itturnsrottenarugulaintocleanfuel.

C.Ithelpslocalfarmersgrowfruits.

D.Itmakesmealsoutofunwantedfood.

27.WhatdoesCurtinsuggestpeopledo?

A.Buyonlywhatisneeded.

B.Reducefoodconsumption.

C.Goshoppingonceaweek.

D.Eatinrestaurantslessoften.

【答案】24.B25.B26.D27.A

【解析】

【文章大意】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章介紹了我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钪械氖澄锢速M(fèi)現(xiàn)象以及華盛頓

DC中央廚房的首席執(zhí)行官科廷為解決食物浪費(fèi)而采取的努力。

【24題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Likemostofus,Itrytobemindfuloffoodthatgoestowaste.（像

我們大多數(shù)人一樣，我努力關(guān)注那些被浪費(fèi)的食物廠及“Butasdayspassed,thearugulawent

bad.Evenworse,Ihadunthinkinglyboughtwaytoomuch;couldhavemadesixsaladswithwhat

Ithrewoul.（但隨著時(shí)間的推移，芝麻菜變壞了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地買(mǎi)了太多東西；

我扔掉的東西可以做六份沙拉）”可推知，作者想通過(guò)講述芝麻菜的故事來(lái)表明我們有時(shí)會(huì)無(wú)

意間浪費(fèi)食物。故選B。

【25題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段"Producingfoodthatnooneeatswastesthewater,fuel,andother,

resourcesusedtogrowit.Thatmakesfoodwasteanenvironmentalproblem.Infact,Roytewrites,

“iffoodwastewereacountry,itwouldbethethirdlargestproducerofgreenhousegasesinthe

world.”（生產(chǎn)沒(méi)人吃的食物會(huì)浪費(fèi)用于種植食物的水、燃料和其他資源。這使得食物浪費(fèi)成

為一個(gè)環(huán)境問(wèn)題。事實(shí)上，羅伊特寫(xiě)道，“如果食物浪費(fèi)是一個(gè)國(guó)家，它將是世界上第三大

溫室氣體排放國(guó)可知，根據(jù)文中的說(shuō)法，浪費(fèi)食物的一個(gè)后果是對(duì)環(huán)境的危害。故選B。

【26題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中的"CurtinisCEOofDCCentralKitcheninWashington.D.C.,

whichrecoversfoodandturnsitintohealthymeals.Lastyearitrecoveredmorethan807,500

poundsoffoodbytakingdonationsandcollectingblemished（有瑕疵的）produce,thatotherwise

wouldhaverottedinfields.Andthestrawberries?Volunteerswillwash,cut,andfreezeordry

themforuseinmealsdowntheroad.（科廷是華盛頓DC中央廚房的首席執(zhí)行官，該公司把食物

復(fù)原，變成健康的食物。去年，該組織通過(guò)接受捐贈(zèng)和收集有瑕疵的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品，收回了超過(guò)

807500磅的食物，否則這些農(nóng)產(chǎn)品就會(huì)在地里腐爛。草莓呢？志愿者們將清洗、切割、冷

凍或干燥它們，以便于在搔米的飯菜中使用）”可知，科廷的公司用人們不想要的食物重新制

作食物。故選D。

【27題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“"Everyonecanplayapartinreducingwaste,whetherbynot

purchasingmorefoodthannecessaryinyourweeklyshoppingorbyaskingrestaurantstonot

includethesidedishyouwon'teat,“Curtinsays.（“每個(gè)人都可以在減少浪費(fèi)方面發(fā)揮作用，無(wú)

論是在每周的購(gòu)物中不購(gòu)買(mǎi)不必要的食物，還是要求餐館不包括你不吃的配菜，“科廷說(shuō)）“

可知，科廷建議人們只買(mǎi)需要的東西來(lái)避免浪費(fèi)食物。故選A。

C

Theelderlyresidents（居民）incarehomesinLondonarebeinggivenhenstolookafterto

stopthemfeelinglonely.

Theprojectwasdreamedupbyalocalcharity（慈善組織）toreducelonelinessandimprove

elderlypeople'swellbeing,Itisalsobeingusedtohelppatientssufferingdementia,aserious

illnessofthemind.Staffincarehomeshavereportedareductionintheuseofmedicinewhere

hensareinuse.

Amongthosetakingpartintheprojectis80-year-oldRuthXavier.Shesaid:"Iusedtokeep

henswhenIwasyoungerandhadtopreparetheirbreakfasteachmorningbeforeIwentto

school.”

“Iliketheprojectalot.Iamdownthereinmywheelchairinthemorninglettingthehensout

anddownthereagainatnighttoseethey'vegonetobed.^^

“It'sgoodtohaveadifferentfocus.Peoplehavebeenbringingtheirchildrenintoseethe

hensandresidentscomeandsitoutsidetowatchthem.Tmenjoyingthecreativeactivities,andit

feelsgreattohavedonesomethinguseful.9,

Therearenow700elderlypeoplelookingafterhensin20carehomesintheNorthEast,and

thecharityhasbeengivenfinancialsupporttorollitoutcountrywide.

WendyWilson,extracaremanagerat60PenfoldStreet,oneofthefirsttoembarkonthe

project,said:"Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Weare

lookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.^^

LynnLewis,directorofNottingHillPathways,said:"Wearchappytobetakingpartinthe

project.Itwillreallyhelpconnectourresidentsthroughasharedinterestandcreativeactivities.”

28.Whatisthepurposeoftheproject?

A.Toensureharmonyincarehomes.

B.Toprovidepart-timejobsfortheaged.

C.Toraisemoneyformedicalresearch.

D.Topromotetheelderlypeople'swelfare.

29.HowhastheprojectaffectedRuthXavier?

A.Shehaslearnednewlifeskills.

B.Shehasgainedasenseofachievement.

C.Shehasrecoveredhermemory.

D.Shehasdevelopedastrongpersonality.

30.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“embarkon^^meaninparagraph7?

A.Improve.B.Oppose.C.Begin.D.Evaluate.

31.Whatcanwelearnabouttheprojectfromthelasttwoparagraphs?

A.Itiswellreceived.

B.Itneedstobemorecreative.

C.Itishighlyprofitable.

D.Ittakesagestoseetheresults.

【答案】28.D29.B30.C31.A

【解析】

【分析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。主要講述了旨在減少孤獨(dú)，改善老年人的健康狀況的項(xiàng)目。

【28題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Theprojectwasdreamedupbyalocalcharity（慈善組織）to

reducelonelinessandimproveelderlypeople'swellbeing（該項(xiàng)目由當(dāng)?shù)匾?家慈善機(jī)構(gòu)構(gòu)想，旨

在減少孤獨(dú)，改善老年人的健康狀況）”可知，這個(gè)項(xiàng)目的目的是為了提高老年人的幸福。故

選D。

【29題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第五段“"It'sgoodtohaveadifferentfocus.Peoplehavebeenbringing

theirchildrenintoseethehensandresidentscomeandsitoutsidetowatchthem.I'menjoyingthe

creativeactivities,anditfeelsgreattohavedonesomethingusefill."（有不同的關(guān)注點(diǎn)很好。人們

把自己的孩子帶進(jìn)來(lái)看母雞，居民們也來(lái)外面坐著看它們。我喜歡創(chuàng)造性的活動(dòng)，做一些有

用的事情的感覺(jué)很好）''可推知，RuthXavier通過(guò)該項(xiàng)目獲得了一種成就感。故選B。

【30題詳解】

詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthe

creativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeople

here.（居民們非常歡迎該項(xiàng)目的想法和創(chuàng)意會(huì)議。我們期待這個(gè)項(xiàng)目能給這里的人們帶來(lái)好

處和樂(lè)趣）”以及劃線處前的“oneofthefirst（第一批人之一）”可知WendyWilson是著手這項(xiàng)

工程的人之一，劃線處的含義與C項(xiàng)：“Begin（開(kāi)始）”含義相近。故選C。

[31題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthe

creativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeople

here.（居民們非常歡迎該項(xiàng)目的想法和創(chuàng)意會(huì)議。我們期待這個(gè)項(xiàng)目能給這里的人們帶來(lái)好

處和樂(lè)趣）”以及最后一段“LynnLewis,directorofNottingHillPathways,said:"Wearehappy

tobetakingpartintheproject.Itwillreallyhelpconnectourresidentsthroughasharedinterest

andcreativeactivities."（"諾丁山路徑”的負(fù)責(zé)人林恩?劉易斯說(shuō):我們很高興能參與這個(gè)項(xiàng)目。

它將通過(guò)共同的興趣和創(chuàng)造性活動(dòng)真正幫助我們的居民聯(lián)系起來(lái)廣可知，該項(xiàng)目的反響很

好。故選Ao

D

Humanspeechcontainsmorethan2,000differentsounds,fromthecommon"m"and"a"to

therareclicksofsomesouthernAfricanlanguages.Butwhyarecertainsoundsmorecommon

thanothers?Aground-breaking,five-yearstudyshowsthatdiet-relatedchangesinhumanbiteled

tonewspeechsoundsthatarenowfoundinhalftheworld'slanguages.

Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnotedthatspeechsoundscalled

labiodentals,suchas"f'and"v”,weremorecommoninthelanguagesofsocietiesthatatesofter

foods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamianBlasiattheUniversityofZurich,Switzerland,

hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.

Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancienthumanadultswerealigned

（對(duì)齊）,makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouchingthelowerliptothe

upperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure（結(jié)構(gòu)）,makingiteasiertoproduce

suchsounds.

Theteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagriculture

intheNeolithicperiod.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn'thavetodo

asmuchworkandsodidn'tgrowtobesolarge.

Analysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesound

ofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage,withtheuseofand'V9increasingremarkably

duringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmany

hunter-gathererpeopletoday.

Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhen

humanbeingsevolvedaround300,000yearsago."Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnot

necessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyof

speechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiological

changeandculturalevolution,44saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.

32.WhichaspectofthehumanspeechsounddoesDamianBlasi'sresearchfbcuson?

A.Itsvariety.

B.Itsdistribution.

C.Itsquantity.

D.Itsdevelopment.

33.Whywasitdifficultforancienthumanadultstoproducelabiodentals?

A.Theyhadfewerupperteeththanlowerteeth.

B.Theycouldnotopenandclosetheirlipseasily.

C.Theirjawswerenotconvenientlystructured.

D.Theirlowerfrontteethwerenotlargeenough.

34.Whatisparagraph5mainlyabout?

A.Supportingevidencefortheresearchresults.

B.Potentialapplicationoftheresearchfindings.

C.Afurtherexplanationoftheresearchmethods.

D.Areasonabledoubtabouttheresearchprocess.

35.WhatdoesStevenMoransayaboutthesetofhumanspeechsounds?

A.Itiskeytoeffectivecommunication.

B.Itcontributesmuchtoculturaldiversity.

C.Itisacomplexanddynamicsystem.

D.Itdrivestheevolutionofhumanbeings.

【答案】32.D33.C34.A35.C

【解析】

【文章大意】本篇是一篇說(shuō)明文。主要介紹因?yàn)轱嬍车母淖儗?dǎo)致了現(xiàn)在在世界上一半的語(yǔ)言

中發(fā)現(xiàn)了新的語(yǔ)音。

【32題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段中的“Morethan30yearsago,thescholarCharlesHockettnoted

thatspeechsoundscalledlabiodentals,suchas"f'and"v",weremorecommoninthelanguages

ofsocietiesthatatesofterfoods.NowateamofresearchersledbyDamianBlasiattheUniversity

ofZurich,Switzerland,hasfoundhowandwhythistrendarose.（30多年前,學(xué)者CharlesHockett

注意到，被稱(chēng)為唇齒音的語(yǔ)音，如葉'和“v”，在吃軟食物的社會(huì)的語(yǔ)言中更常見(jiàn)?，F(xiàn)在，瑞

士蘇黎世大學(xué)的DamianBlasi領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的一組研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了這一趨勢(shì)產(chǎn)生的方式和原因。）”

可知DamianBlasi的研究重點(diǎn)是在語(yǔ)言的演變上。故選D項(xiàng)。

【33題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Theydiscoveredthattheupperandlowerfrontteethofancient

humanadultswerealigned,makingithardtoproducelabiodentals,whichareformedbytouching

thelowerliptotheupperteeth.Later,ourjawschangedtoanoverbitestructure,makingiteasier

toproducesuchsounds.（他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，古人類(lèi)的上門(mén)牙和下門(mén)牙是對(duì)齊的，因此很難產(chǎn)生唇齒

音，唇齒音是通過(guò)下唇接觸上牙齒而形成的。后來(lái)，我們的下顆變成了覆蓋咬合結(jié)構(gòu)，更容

易發(fā)出這樣的聲音）”可知，因?yàn)楣糯赡耆说南骂w結(jié)構(gòu)使他們很難發(fā)出唇齒音。故選C項(xiàng)。

【34題詳解】

主旨大意題。根據(jù)第五段中的“Analysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasa

globalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesafterthesoNeolithicage,withtheuseof'f'and

'""increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundin

thelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.（對(duì)語(yǔ)言數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的分析也證實(shí)，在新石器

時(shí)代之后，世界語(yǔ)言的發(fā)音發(fā)生了全球性的變化，在過(guò)去幾千年里，“尸和“v”的使用顯著增

加。這些聲音在今天許多狩獵采集者的語(yǔ)言中仍然沒(méi)有發(fā)現(xiàn)）”可知，第五段主要是通過(guò)列

明數(shù)據(jù)分析結(jié)果來(lái)進(jìn)一步證明研究結(jié)果。故選A項(xiàng)。

【35題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段中”"Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarily

remainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeech

soundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchange

andculturalevollltion,^^saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.（研究小組成員

StevenMoran說(shuō):“自從人類(lèi)出現(xiàn)以來(lái)，我們使用的語(yǔ)音不一定保持穩(wěn)定，我們今天發(fā)現(xiàn)的各

種語(yǔ)音都是生物變化和文化進(jìn)化等復(fù)雜相互作用的產(chǎn)物?！埃笨芍琒levenMoran認(rèn)為語(yǔ)音

是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的動(dòng)態(tài)系統(tǒng)。故選C項(xiàng)。

[2022年全國(guó)甲卷】

B

Goffin'scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowntohave

similarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthe

wild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.Inarecentexperiment,

cockatooswerepresentedwithaboxwithanutinsideit.Theclearfrontoftheboxhada

“keyhole”inageometricshape,andthebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped“keys"tochoose

from.Insertingthecorrect"key"wouldletoutthenut.

Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyearofage,butit

willbeanotheryearbeforetheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrical（對(duì)稱(chēng)的）shapes.

Thisabilitytorecognizethatashapewillneedtobeturnedinaspecificdirectionbeforeitwillfit

iscalledan4tallocentricframeofreference”.Intheexperiment,Goffin'scockatooswereableto

selecttherighttoolforthejob,inmostcases,byvisualrecognitionalone.Wheretrial-and-error

wasused,thecockatoosdidbetterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.ThisindicatesthatGoffin's

cockatoosdoindeedpossessanallocentricframeofreferencewhenmovingobjectsinspace,

similartotwo-year-oldbabies.

Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrely

entirelyonvisualclues（線索）,oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.

24.Howdidthecockatoosgetthenutfromtheboxintheexperiment?

A.Byfollowinginstructions.B.Byusingatool.

C.Byturningtheboxaround.D.Byremovingthelid.

25.Whichtaskcanhumanone-year-oldsmostlikelycompleteaccordingtothetext?

A.Usingakeytounlockadoor.

B.Tellingparrotsfromotherbirds.

C.Puttingaballintoaroundhole.

D.Groupingtoysofdifferentshapes.

26.Whatdoesthefbllow-uptestaimtofindoutaboutthecockatoos?

A.Howfartheyareabletosee.

B.Howtheytrackmovingobjects.

C.Whethertheyaresmarterthanmonkeys.

D.Whethertheyuseasenseoftouchinthetest.

27.Whichcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.Cockatoos:QuickErrorCheckers

B.Cockatoos:IndependentLearners

C.Cockatoos:CleverSignal-Readers

D.Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters

【答案】24.B25.C26.D27.D

【解析】

【文章大意】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了一種會(huì)識(shí)別形狀的鳳頭鸚鵡。

【24題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段"Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveproved

skilfulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.（雖然人們不知道這些鳥(niǎo)在野外會(huì)使用工具，但事實(shí)證

明，它們?cè)陉P(guān)在籠子里時(shí)就能熟練地使用工具）''以及"thebirdsweregivenfivedifferently

shaped“keys"tochoosefrom.Inserting,thecorrect"keys"wouldletoutthenut.（研究人員給了

這些鳥(niǎo)5把形狀各異的“鑰匙”供它們選擇。插入，正確的“鑰匙”會(huì)讓堅(jiān)果出來(lái)）”可知，在實(shí)

驗(yàn)中，鳳頭鸚鵡是通過(guò)使用工具從盒子里取出堅(jiān)果的.故選B。

【25題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefrom

aroundoneyearofage（在人類(lèi)身上，嬰兒從一歲左右就可以把一個(gè)圓形的物品放進(jìn)一個(gè)圓形

的洞里）”結(jié)合選項(xiàng)，可知，一歲兒童最有可能完成“將一個(gè)球放進(jìn)一個(gè)圓形的洞里''的任務(wù)。

故選C。

【26題詳解】

推理判斷題。通過(guò)文章最后一段“Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandwork

outwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues,oralsouseasenseoftouchinmaking

（heirshapeseleclions.（根據(jù)研究人員的說(shuō)法，下一步是嘗試弄清楚鳳頭鸚鵡是完全依靠視覺(jué)

線索，還是也使用觸覺(jué)來(lái)選擇它們的形狀）''可推知，后續(xù)測(cè)試的目的是了解鳳頭鸚鵡在測(cè)試

中是否使用觸覺(jué)。故選D。

【27題詳解】

主旨大意題。通讀全文，再結(jié)合文章第一段“Coffin'scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativeto

Australasia,havebeenshowntohavesimilarshape-recognitionabilitiestoahumantwo-year-old.

（科芬的鳳頭鸚鵡是一種原產(chǎn)于大洋洲的小鸚鵡，它的形狀識(shí)別能力與兩歲的人類(lèi)相似）“可

推知，本文主要介紹了會(huì)識(shí)別形狀的鳳頭鸚鵡。D項(xiàng)“Cockatoos:SkilfulShape-Sorters（鳳頭

鸚鵡：識(shí)別形狀的熟練工廠符合文意，最適合作為本文標(biāo)題。故選D。

C

AsGinniBazlintonreachedAntarctica,shefoundherselfgreetedbyagroupoflittleGentoo

penguins（企鵝）longingtosayhello.Thesegentle,lovelygatekeeperswelcomedherand

kick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldneverforget.

Eversinceherchildhood,Ginni,now71,hashadadeeplovefortravel.Throughouther

career（職業(yè)）asaprofessionaldancer,shetouredintheUK,butalwayslongedtoexplorefurther.

Whensheretiredfromdancingandhersonseventuallyflewthenest,shedecideditwastimeto

taketheplunge.

AftertakingadegreeatChichesterUniversityinRelatedArts,Ginnibegantotravelthe

world,eventuallygettingworkteachingEnglishinJapanandChile.AnditwasinChileshe

discoveredshecouldgetlast-minutecheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoff

TierradelFuego,thesouthernmosttipoftheSouthAmericanmainland.justdecidedIwanted

togo,“shesays."IhadnoideaaboutwhatI'dfindthereandIwasn'tnervous,Ijustwantedtodo

it.AndIwantedtodoitaloneasIalwayspreferitthatway.”

InMarch2008,Ginniboardedashipwith48passengersshe'dnevermetbefore,tobeginthe

journeytowardsAntarctica.46Fromseeingthewildlifetowitnessingsunrises,thewhole

experiencewasamazing.Antarcticaleftanimpressiononmethatnootherplacehas,“Ginnisays.

“Irememberthefirsttime1sawahumpbackwhale;itjustroseoutofthewaterlikesome

prehistoriccreatureandIthoughtitwassmilingatus.Youcouldstillheartheoperaticsoundsit

wasmakingunderwater.^^

Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland,toberespectedbyhumans,wasoneofthebiggest

thingsthathithometoGinni.

28.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“taketheplunge"underlinedinparagraph2?

A.Trychallengingthings.B.Takeadegree.

C.Bringbacklostmemories.D.Sticktoapromise.

29.WhatmadeGinnidecideonthetriptoAntarctica?

A.Lovelypenguins.B.Beautifulscenery.

C.Adiscountfare.D.Afriend^invitation.

30.WhatdoesGinnithinkaboutAntarcticaafterthejourney?

A.Itcouldbeahomeforher.B.Itshouldbeeasilyaccessible.

C.Itshouldbewellpreserved.D.Itneedstobefullyintroduced.

31.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A.Achildhooddream.B.Anunforgettableexperience.

C.Sailingaroundtheworld.D.MeetinganimalsinAntarctica.

【答案】28.A29.C30.C31.B

【解析】

【文章大意】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了71歲的GinniBalinton從小就對(duì)旅行有著

深深的熱愛(ài)，渴望探險(xiǎn)，不再跳舞和孩子們成家立業(yè)之后，她開(kāi)始周游世界，并在2（X）8年

開(kāi)始了前往南極洲的旅程。

【28題詳解】

詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第二段劃線詞前文“Throughouthercareer（職業(yè)）asaprofessionaldancer,she

touredintheUK,butalwayslongedtoexplorefurther.（在她的職業(yè)舞蹈演員生涯中，她曾在英

國(guó)巡演，但一直渴望進(jìn)一步探索）''和"Whensheretiredfromdancingandhersonseventually

flewthenest（當(dāng)她不再跳舞，她的兒子們最終獨(dú)立生活）“可知，Ginni在退休和兒子們成家立

業(yè)之后，她決定嘗試有挑戰(zhàn)性的事情。由此推知，劃線詞組taketheplunge與trychallenging

things“嘗試有挑戰(zhàn)性的事情”意思接近。故選Ao

【29題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“AnditwasinChileshediscoveredshecouldgetlast-minute

cheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoffTieradelFuego.（正是在智利，她發(fā)

現(xiàn)自己可以在最后一刻買(mǎi)到從火地島附近島嶼前往南極洲的廉價(jià)船票廠可知，是折扣的票價(jià)

讓Ginni決定去南極洲旅行的。故選C。

【30題詳解】

細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland,toberespectedby

humans,wasoneofthebiggestthingsthathithometoGinni.（意識(shí)至U這是一塊寶貴的土地，應(yīng)

該受到人類(lèi)的尊重，這是Ginni最深刻的感受之一戶可知，旅行結(jié)束后，Ginni認(rèn)為南極洲

應(yīng)該得到很好的保護(hù)。故選C。

[31題詳解】

主旨大意題。通讀全文可知，文章主要講述了GinniBalinlon去南極旅行的經(jīng)歷，再根據(jù)第

一段“Thesegentlelovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinni

wouldneverforgel.（這些溫柔可愛(ài)的看門(mén)人歡迎了她，并開(kāi)始了一次Ginni永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記的

旅行）”和倒數(shù)第二段GinniBalinton對(duì)南極之旅的評(píng)價(jià)可知，文章主要介紹了GinniBalinton

去南極洲之旅讓她非常難忘。由此可知，Anunforgettableexperience.（一次難忘的經(jīng)歷）能夠

概括文章主旨。故選B。

【2022全國(guó)乙卷】

C

Canasmallgroupofdrones（無(wú)人機(jī)）guaranteethesafetyandreliabilityofrailwaysand,at

thesametime,helprailwayoperatorssavebillionsofeuroseachyear?Thatistheverylikely

futureofapplyingtoday's"eyesinthesky*9technologytomakingsurethatthemillionsof

kilometresofrailtracksandinfrastructure（基石出設(shè)施）worldwidearesafefortrainsona24/7

basis.

Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexaminehigh-tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddo

preciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuch

asthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.Themoreregularlytheycanbe

inspected,themorerailwaysafety,reliabilityandon-timeperformancewillbeimproved.Costs

wouldbecutandoperationswouldbemoreefficient（高效）acrosstheboard.

Thatincludeshugesavingsinmainlenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnel

safety.ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayear

onmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspectandrepairtherail

infrastructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews'

efforts.

Byusingthelatesttechnologies,dronescouldalsostartprovidinghigher-valueservicesfor

railways,detectingfaultsintherailorswitches,beforetheycancauseanysafetyproblems.To

performthesetasks,dronesforraildon'tneedtobeflyingoverhead.Engineersarenowworking

onanewconcept:theraildronesofthefuture.Theywillbemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain,

andprogrammedtorunautonomously.VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAIand

travellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirabilitytoseeahead,they

couldsignalanyproblem,sothatfast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.

28.Whatmakestheapplicationofdronestoraillinespossible?

A.Theuseofdronesincheckingonpowerlines.

B.Drones'abilitytoworkathighaltitudes.

C.Thereductionofcostindesigningdrones.

D.Drones'reliableperformanceinremoteareas.

29.Whatdoes“maintenance“underlinedinparagraph3referto?

A.Personnelsafety.

B.Assistancefromdrones.

C.Inspectionandrepair.

D.Constructionofinfrastructure.

30.Whatfunctionisexpectedoftheraildrones?

A.Toprovideearlywarning.

B.Tomaketrainsrunautomatically.

CToearnprofitsforthecrews.

D.Toacceleratetransportation.

31.Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?

A.WhatFaultsCanBeDetectedwithDrones

B.HowProductionofDronesCanBeExpanded

C.WhatDifficultyDroneDevelopmentWillFace

D.HowDronesWillChangetheFutureofRailways

【答案】28.B29.C30.A31.D

【解析】

【文章大意】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。應(yīng)用今天的“空中之眼”的技術(shù)，無(wú)人機(jī)能在保證鐵路安全

可靠的同時(shí)又能幫助鐵路運(yùn)營(yíng)商每年節(jié)省數(shù)十億歐元。

【28題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexaminehigh-tensionelectrical

lines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrail

infrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints」無(wú)人機(jī)已經(jīng)被

用于檢查高壓電線。他們完全可以做同樣的事情來(lái)檢查鐵路線路和鐵路基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的其他重要

方面，如鐵路軌道和換乘點(diǎn)的正確位置）“可推知，無(wú)人機(jī)在高空工作的能力使無(wú)人機(jī)應(yīng)用于

鐵路線路成為可能。故選B。

【29題詳解】

詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)后文“ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20

billioneurosayearonmaintenance,includingsendingmaintenancestaff,oftenatnight,toinspect

andrepairtherailinfrastructure.（據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，僅歐洲鐵路公司每年在鐵路維護(hù)上的花費(fèi)就約為

200億歐元，其中包括經(jīng)常在夜間派遣維修人員檢查和維修鐵路基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施）”可知花在

maintenance上的費(fèi)用是用于“inspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure（檢查和維修鐵路基礎(chǔ)設(shè)

施”，由此可知“Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailway

personnelsafety”是指大幅節(jié)省檢修成本和更好地保護(hù)鐵路人員安全，劃線詞和C項(xiàng)：

Inspectionandrepair（檢修）含義相近。故選C。

【30題詳解】

推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“VerysmalldroneswilhadvancedsensorsandAIand

travellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirabilitytoseeahead,they

couldsignalanyproblem,sothatfast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.（帶有?先進(jìn)傳感

器和人工智能的非常小的無(wú)人機(jī)可以像副駕駛一樣在火車(chē)前面行駛。憑借他們的預(yù)見(jiàn)能力，

他們可以發(fā)出任何問(wèn)題的信號(hào)，以便快速行駛的火車(chē)