人教版（2019） 必修 第二冊 高一英語閱讀理解專題素質(zhì)拓展 主題2：Zeigarnik效應(yīng)素材

2024年高一英語閱讀理解專題素質(zhì)拓展主題2：Zeigarnik效應(yīng)【核心閱讀材料】Noonelikesinterruption.Weareborntoseekbalanceandorder.Nomatterwhatitisthatyouaredoing,beinginterruptedinvolvesaforcefulstopmidwayandthenhavingtore-enteryourformerstate,sometimeswithgreatdifficulty.Popularbeliefhasitthatinterruptionbreakstheflowofyourthinkingandaffectsproductivitynegatively,andsoitisadvisablethatyouhaveanuninterruptedsessionofintensiveworkbeforeyournextbreak.However,aRussianpsychologist,BlumaZeigarnik,mighttellyouotherwise.Theconnectionbetweeninterruptionandmemorydrewherattentionwhenshewasdininginarestaurant.Shenoticedhowthewaitresseshadanamazingmemoryofthedetailedordersyettobepaidfor,butlittlememoryoftheordersthatwerealreadycompleted.Backinherlaboratory,sheconductedstudiesinwhichsubjectswererequiredtocompletevariouspuzzles.Someofthesubjectswereinterruptedduringthetasks.Allthesubjectswerethenaskedtodescribewhattaskstheyhaddone.Itturnsoutthatadultsrememberedtheinterruptedtasks90%betterthanthecompletedtasks,andthatchildrenwereevenmorelikelytorecalltheuncompletedtasks.Toputitanotherway,uncompletedtaskswillstayonyourminduntilyoufinishthem!Incomparisontotasksthatwerealreadyfinishedandonesthatwehaven’tevenstarted,half-doneprojectsarehighlightedinthementalto-dolistourbrainsdrawupforus.Zeigarnikdescribedthisfindinginthelate1920s,whichwaslatercalledZeigarnikeffect.Onepossibleexplanationisthatwithinterruptedtasks,wearelongingforthemtobecompleted,inordertoregainasenseofbalance.Finishingthemalsomeansthatwecanfinallyclearupthementalbacklogandgivethespacetomoreupcomingtasks.Zeigarnik’seffectcanbefoundeverywhere,especiallyusedinmediaandadvertising.Haveyoueverwonderedwhycliffhangersworksowellorwhyyoujustcan’tgetyourselftostopwatchingthatseriesonNetflix?ErnestHemingwayoncesaidaboutwritinganovel,“Itisthewaituntilthenextdaythatishardtogetthrough.”Sonexttime,whenyouareinterrupted,appreciateitandtakeadvantageofittopromoteyourproductivity.【核心材料知識深挖】這篇文章探討了干擾對人們思維和生產(chǎn)力的影響，以及Zeigarnik效應(yīng)。1.Seekbalanceandorder-追求平衡與秩序2.Forcefulstopmidway-中途強烈的停止3.Re-enteryourformerstate-重新進入你的原狀態(tài)4.Interruptionbreakstheflowofyourthinking-干擾打破了你的思維流程5.Affectproductivitynegatively-影響生產(chǎn)力的負面6.Uninterruptedsessionofintensivework-未被干擾的密集工作時段7.BlumaZeigarnik-布盧馬·澤加里克（俄羅斯心理學家）8.Interruptionandmemory-干擾與記憶9.Detailedordersyettobepaidfor-尚未付款的詳細訂單10.Connectionbetweeninterruptionandmemory-干擾與記憶之間的聯(lián)系11.Puzzles-謎題12.Subjectswereinterruptedduringthetasks-在任務(wù)過程中打擾受試者13.Rememberedtheinterruptedtasksbetter-更好地記住被干擾的任務(wù)14.Mentalto-dolist-心理待辦事項列表15.Zeigarnikeffect-澤加里克效應(yīng)16.Longingforinterruptedtaskstobecompleted-渴望完成被干擾的任務(wù)17.Regainasenseofbalance-恢復平衡感18.Mentalbacklog-心理積壓19.Upcomingtasks-即將到來的任務(wù)20.Cliffhangers-懸念21.Can’tgetyourselftostopwatching-無法讓自己停止觀看22.Promoteyourproductivity-提高你的生產(chǎn)力【核心材料好句賞析】1.Nomatterwhatitisthatyouaredoing,beinginterruptedinvolvesaforcefulstopmidwayandthenhavingtore-enteryourformerstate,sometimeswithgreatdifficulty.無論你正在做什么，被打擾都意味著在中途遭遇強烈的停止，然后有時困難地重新進入你的原狀態(tài)。2.Popularbeliefhasitthatinterruptionbreakstheflowofyourthinkingandaffectsproductivitynegatively,andsoitisadvisablethatyouhaveanuninterruptedsessionofintensiveworkbeforeyournextbreak.普遍認為干擾打破了你的思維流程并且負面影響生產(chǎn)力，因此建議你在下次休息前進行一段沒有干擾的密集工作。3.Shenoticedhowthewaitresseshadanamazingmemoryofthedetailedordersyettobepaidfor,butlittlememoryoftheordersthatwerealreadycompleted.她注意到服務(wù)員對尚未付款的詳細訂單有著驚人的記憶力，而對于已經(jīng)完成的訂單則記憶很少。4.Toputitanotherway,uncompletedtaskswillstayonyourminduntilyoufinishthem!換言之，未完成任務(wù)將一直縈繞在你的腦海直到你完成它們！5.Sonexttime,whenyouareinterrupted,appreciateitandtakeadvantageofittopromoteyourproductivity.所以下次當你被打擾時，學會欣賞它并利用它來提高你的生產(chǎn)力。全文翻譯：沒有人喜歡被打擾。我們生來就追求平衡和秩序。無論你在做什么，被打擾都意味著在中途遭遇強烈的停止，然后有時困難地重新進入你的原狀態(tài)。普遍認為干擾打破了你的思維流程并且負面影響生產(chǎn)力，因此建議你在下次休息前進行一段沒有干擾的密集工作。然而，俄羅斯心理學家布盧馬·澤加里克可能會告訴你otherwise。當她在餐廳用餐時，干擾與記憶之間的聯(lián)系吸引了她的注意。她注意到服務(wù)員對尚未付款的詳細訂單有著驚人的記憶力，而對于已經(jīng)完成的訂單則記憶很少?；氐綄嶒炇液螅M行了一系列研究，要求受試者完成各種謎題。一些受試者在任務(wù)過程中被打擾。所有受試者然后都被要求描述他們完成了什么任務(wù)。結(jié)果表明，成人記得被打擾的任務(wù)比完成的任務(wù)好90%，而兒童更有可能回憶起未完成的任務(wù)。換言之，未完成任務(wù)將一直縈繞在你的腦海直到你完成它們！與已經(jīng)完成的任務(wù)和甚至我們還沒有開始的任務(wù)相比，半途而廢的項目在我們的大腦為我們制定的心理待辦事項列表中突出了。澤加里克在20世紀20年代末描述了這一發(fā)現(xiàn)，后來稱之為澤加里克效應(yīng)。一個可能的解釋是，對于被打擾的任務(wù)，我們渴望它們能被完成，以恢復平衡感。完成它們也意味著我們終于可以清理心理積壓，并為更多即將到來的任務(wù)騰出空間。澤加里克效應(yīng)無處不在，尤其是在媒體和廣告中。你是否曾想知道為什么懸念如此有效，或者為什么你就是停不下來看那部在Netflix上的電視?。繗W內(nèi)斯特·海明威曾關(guān)于寫小說說：“難的是等到第二天?！彼韵麓危斈惚淮驍_時，學會欣賞它并利用它來提高你的生產(chǎn)力。積累相關(guān)主題的單詞及詞組搭配1.Interruption-打斷2.Seekbalanceandorder-追求平衡與秩序3.Disruptionofflow-流程中斷4.Disturbanceinconcentration-注意力干擾5.Intermittentbreaks-間歇性休息6.Disruptivestimuli-干擾性刺激7.Disruptionmanagement-打斷管理8.Seamlessworkflow-無縫工作流程9.Uninterruptedfocus-不受干擾的專注10.Unbrokenconcentration-連續(xù)的注意力11.Flowstate-流暢狀態(tài)12.Seamlesstransition-無縫過渡13.Distractionmitigation-分心緩解14.Sustainedattention-持續(xù)注意力15.Intrusiveinterruptions-侵入性打斷16.Severedisruption-嚴重干擾17.Cognitivedisruption-認知干擾18.Interruptedworkflow-被打斷的工作流程19.Resumptionoftask-任務(wù)恢復20.Interruptionrecovery-打斷恢復21.Cognitiveload-認知負荷22.Productivitysetback-生產(chǎn)力倒退23.Distractingelements-分散注意力的因素24.Mentalresilience-心理韌性25.Taskcompletionrate-任務(wù)完成率26.Taskswitching-任務(wù)切換27.Resiliencetointerruptions-對打斷的韌性28.Attentionrestoration-注意力恢復29.Efficiencyoptimization-效率優(yōu)化30.Intrusiondetection-干擾檢測31.Disruptionavoidance-避免干擾32.Focusedengagement-集中參與33.Taskresumptionstrategy-任務(wù)恢復策略34.Interruptionfrequency-打斷頻率35.Taskmanagementtechniques-任務(wù)管理技巧36.Distraction-freeenvironment-無干擾環(huán)境37.Cognitiveoverload-認知超載38.Taskprioritization-任務(wù)優(yōu)先級排序39.Attentionalresources-注意資源40.Intrusionprevention-干擾預防41.Attentionalcontrol-注意力控制42.Interruptionimpactassessment-打斷影響評估43.Taskswitchingcost-任務(wù)切換成本44.Resiliencetraining-韌性訓練45.Mentalfortitude-心理堅韌46.Taskfragmentation-任務(wù)碎片化47.Attentionalcapacity-注意力容量48.Interruptionrecoverytime-打斷恢復時間49.Cognitiveflexibility-認知靈活性50.Taskmanagementefficiency-任務(wù)管理效率【外刊拓展閱讀材料（難度較高，嘗試閱讀，重點學主題詞匯搭配）】EmbracingInterruptions:TheZeigarnikEffectonProductivityInthepursuitofproductivity,interruptionsoftenseemlikeunwelcomeguestscrashingourcarefullyorchestratedworkplans.Wemeticulouslystructureourtasks,aimingforseamlessprogressandefficiency.However,delvingintotheintricaciesofcognitivepsychologyunveilsasurprisingtruth:interruptionsmightnotalwaysbedetrimentaltoproductivity.TherenownedRussianpsychologistBlumaZeigarnikstumbleduponthisphenomenonwhileobservingwaitressesinabustlingrestaurant.Despitetheconstantinterruptions,thesewaitressesdisplayedremarkablememoryforpendingorders,astarkcontrasttotheirrecollectionofcompletedtasks.Zeigarnik'scuriositywaspiqued,leadinghertodelvedeeperintotherelationshipbetweeninterruptionsandmemory.Hersubsequentstudiesrevealedafascinatinginsight:interruptedtaskstendtolingerinourminds,demandingcompletion.Participantsinherexperimentsdemonstratedsignificantlybetterrecallofinterruptedtaskscomparedtocompletedones.Thiscognitivequirk,latertermedtheZeigarnikeffect,underscoresthehumanpropensitytoprioritizeunresolvedtasks,maintainingthemattheforefrontofourmentallandscape.TheimplicationsoftheZeigarnikeffectextendbeyondmemoryrecall;itprofoundlyinfluencesourapproachtoproductivity.Ratherthanperceivinginterruptionsasdisruptivenuisances,wecanharnessthemascatalystsforenhancedfocusandefficiency.Byembracinginterruptions,weacknowledgetheintrinsichumandesireforclosure,leveragingittopropelourprogress.Inpracticalterms,thismeansadoptingamoreflexiblemindsettowardsinterruptions.Insteadofviewingthemasimpediments,wecanintegratethemintoourworkflow,strategicallyallocatingtimeforbothfocusedworkandnecessaryinterruptions.ThisbalancedapproachnotonlyaccommodatestheZeigarnikeffectbutalsocultivatesresilienceandadaptabilityinthefaceofunforeseendisruptions.Moreover,theZeigarnikeffectshedslightontheefficacyofstorytellingtechniquesinvariousdomains.Whetherinliterature,film,ormarketing,theartofcraftingcompellingnarrativesoftenhingesonleveragingthehumanpsyche'sinnateinclinationtowardsresolution.Cliffhangers,suspensefulplottwists,andunresolvedconflictscaptivateaudiences,exploitingtheZeigarnikeffecttomaintainengagementandanticipation.Inconclusion,theZeigarnikeffectchallengesconventionalnotionsofproductivity,offeringanuancedperspectiveontheroleofinterruptionsincognitiveprocesses.Byunderstandingandembracingthisphenomenon,individualsandorganizationscanoptimizetheirworkflows,harnessinginterruptionsascatal