GGTC：2023年全球煙草行業(yè)干擾指數(shù)

Global

TobaccoIndustryInterference

Index2023

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Author:MaryAssunta

Editors:UlyssesDorotheo,YodhimDelaRosa,

DeborahSy,ErinSandberg

Additionaleditorialinput:GlobalCenterforGoodGovernanceinTobaccoControlandVitalStrategies

GlobalTobaccoIndustryInterferenceIndex

(GlobalTobaccoIndex)isaglobalsurveyonhow

governmentsarerespondingtotobaccoindustry

interferenceandprotectingtheirpublichealthpolicies

fromcommercialandvestedinterestsasrequiredundertheWorldHealthOrganizationFrameworkConventiononTobaccoControl(WHOFCTC).Thereportwas

initiatedasaregionalindexbytheSoutheastAsia

TobaccoControlAlliance(SEATCA)in2014.TheGlobalTobaccoIndex2023isproducedbytheGlobalCenterforGoodGovernanceinTobaccoControl(GGTC)withdisseminationsupportfromSTOP.

Design:.au

Funding:Thispublicationisfunded

byBloombergPhilanthropiesandtheBillandMelinda

GatesFoundation.

Suggestedcitation:AssuntaM.GlobalTobacco

IndustryInterferenceIndex2023.GlobalCenter

forGoodGovernanceinTobaccoControl(GGTC).

Bangkok,Thailand.Nov2023.

Disclaimer:ThisIndexisbasedsolelyonpublicly

availableinformationobtainedbycollaboratorsintheir

respectivecountries.Ifyouhaveinformationthatcan

strengthenthisreport,contactusat:info@ggtc.world

Formoreinformationvisit:

Contents

02

Introduction

06

Keyfindings

08

01.Thetobaccoindustry

interferedinpolicydevelopment

andimplementation

14

19

23

02.Tobacco-relatedCSR

03.Thetobacco

04.Inappropriateinteractions

activitiesenhancedaccessto

industryreceivedincentives

occurredbetween

seniorgovernmentofficials

thatbenefiteditsbusiness

governmentsandtheindustry

28

32

36

05.Transparencyand

06.Publicofficialsremained

07.Governmentscanprotect

accountabilitywere

vulnerabletoconflicts

themselvesfromindustry

stilllacking

ofinterest

interference

42

44

46

Conclusion

Recommendations

Summarytable

58

Appendix

67

Collaborators

69

Endnotes

Introduction

02GGTC|STOP

Thetobaccoindustryhasintensifieditsinterferenceinpublichealth

policy.GovernmentsareobligatedundertheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)FrameworkConventiononTobaccoControl(FCTC)toprotecttheirhealthpoliciesusingArticle5.3anditsimplementingguidelines,

whichprovideactionsgovernmentscantaketoprotectpublichealthpoliciesfromcommercialandothervestedinterestsofthetobaccoindustry(TI)andthosewhofurtheritsinterests.1

TheTIanditsallieshaveusedaslewoftacticsto

overwhelmandundermineprotectivemeasures

governmentshavealreadyputinplace,whilepreventinganddiscouragingothereffortsfrombeingadopted.ManygovernmentswereinfluencedbytheTImainlybecause

theyfailedtoactcohesivelywhendealingwiththeindustryanditstactics.

Tacticsthathaveworkedwellfortheindustryinthepast,suchasmakingcorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)

contributionstosocialneedstoaccessseniorofficials,blockingrestrictionsandobtaininglowertaxesfornewtobaccoproductsthatitframedaslessharmfuland

smoke-free,andpersuadingnon-healthdepartmentstodoitsbidding,wererepeatedintheabsenceof

preventivemeasures.

TheTIrecoveredrapidlypost-COVID-19pandemic,

havingelicitedbenefitsfromgovernments,andhas

steppedupitsinterferencebysigningmorevoluntary

agreementswithgovernmentoffices,engagingdiplomaticmissionsandconductingenvironmentalprograms,whichtendtodistractgovernments’attentionfromtargeting

tobacco’stoxicplasticswhennegotiatingtheUNPlasticsPollutionTreaty.

ThisIndex,thefourthinitsseries,documents

governmenteffortstoimplementWHOFCTCArticle5.3.ThefirstIndexin2019reviewed33countries;2

thesecond,57countries;3thethird,80countries;and

thisfourthIndexreviews90countriesfromAfrica,the

EasternMediterraneanregion,theAmericas,Europe,

SouthandSoutheastAsiaandtheWesternPacificregion.ItranksthecountriesusingthesamequestionnaireandscoringmethodastheASEANIndexdevelopedbythe

SoutheastAsiaTobaccoControlAlliance(SEATCA).4

TheIndexisbasedonpubliclyavailableinformationonTIinterferenceincountriesandtheirrespective

governments’responsestothisinterference.Forthe80countriesthatupdatedtheirpreviousreports,

interferenceandresponsesweremeasuredforthe

periodofApril2021toMarch2023.Forthe10newcountries,interferenceandresponsesweremeasuredfromJanuary2019toMarch2023.Thecountriesareranked(Figure1)accordingtototalscoresprovidedbycivilsocietygroups,whopreparedtheirrespectivecountryindices.Thelowerthescore,thelowerthe

overalllevelofinterference,whichaugurswellforthecountry.TheSummaryTable(p.46)providesdisaggregatedscoresforeachcountry.

ThisIndexshowsaworseningtrendininterference,andnocountryhasbeenspared.Forty-three(43)countriesdeterioratedintheirscorescomparedto

29countriesthatimprovedinprotectingtheirhealth

policies,especiallyinapplyinggreatertransparency,not

collaboratingwiththeindustryandadoptingpoliciesthatprovideaprocedureforinteractionwiththeindustry.

Scoresofeightcountriesremainedunchanged.

GlobalTobaccoIndustryInterferenceIndex202303

Iran,IslamicRep.50

Maldives49

Kenya48

Nicaragua47

Panama46

72Türkiye

70Bolivia

70Honduras

69Madagascar

68CzechRepublic

70LaoPDR

UnitedKingdom48

72Bangladesh

Thailand50

73Bulgaria

Jamaica50

73China

Mexico50

74Argentina

Israel51

75Italy

Myanmar52

76Malaysia

Gabon53

77Zambia

Pakistan53

78Colombia

SolomonIslands53

79Tanzania

Senegal55

80Romania

Spain56

80UnitedStatesofAmerica

Sudan56

81Cameroon

Vietnam57

82Jordan

Kuwait57

83Georgia

BosniaandHerzegovina58

Cambodia5884Indonesia

88Japan

Ghana58

India5895Switzerland

CostaRica58100DominicanRepublic

59Peru

60Philippines

BruneiDarussalam1460Chile

NewZealand27

60Korea,Rep

France3260Lebanon

Netherlands3260Nigeria

Botswana33

60Venezuela

Ethiopia37

60Kazakhstan

Mongolia38

61Sweden

Uganda38

62ElSalvador

Palau39

62Poland

Mauritius41

63Egypt

BurkinaFaso42

64SouthAfrica

Nepal42

65Fiji

SriLanka42

66Uruguay

Norway43

66Brazil

Oman43

66Ecuador

Ukraine44

67Guatemala

Chad46

67Iraq

Montenegro46

67Mozambique

Figure1:Tobaccoindustryinterferenceoverallcountryranking

0

▲

100

Canada48

70Germany

70Paraguay

Coted’Ivoire48

Thelowerthescore,thebettertheranking

Bycolor

0-910-19

20-29

30-39

40-49

50-59

60-69

70-79

80-89

90-100

Bysize

.

9

8

6

7

5

10

4321

LEASTINTERFERENCE

14

27

32

32

33

Brunei

Darussalam

NewZealand

France

MOSTINTERFERENCE

Netherlands

Botswana

100

Dominican

Republic

95

Switzerland

88

Japan

84

Indonesia

83

Georgia

GlobalTobaccoIndustryInterferenceIndex202305

findings

Key

06GGTC|STOP

Fourgovernmentsmadeprogressinprotectingtheirpoliciesfromtobaccoindustryinterference.

BotswanaincludedrecommendationsfromArticle5.3GuidelinesinitsTobaccoControlActin2021.Bosnia,BurkinaFasoandCoted’Ivoirehavedeveloped

draftdecreestoprotecthealthpoliciesfromindustryinterference,whichareawaitingapproval.

Departmentsoffinance,commerceandinvestment

continuedtobetargetedbytheindustryto

championitsinterests.Non-healthdepartments,especiallyfinance,commerceandcustoms,were

persuadedbytheindustry’sexaggeratedclaimsofitscontributionstotheeconomyandbelievedthe

industry’snarrativethatillicittobaccotradewillworseniftaxesareincreased.

Morecountriesdeterioratedandweresubjectedtoindustryinterference.Twenty-ninecountries

showedimprovementsand43countriesregisteredadeterioration,whileeighthadunchangedIndexscores.

ManygovernmentsstillacceptedCSRhandouts

fromthetobaccoindustry.GlobalissuessuchasthecontinuedimpactofCOVID-19,naturaldisastersandthegrowingneedforenvironmentalprotectionresultedin

governmentscontinuedacceptanceofindustrycharityandsubjectedthemselvestocompromisingonpolicies.

Governmentscollaboratedonindustry-sponsoredenvironmentalcampaigns.Governmentandpublicinstitutionendorsementsofindustry-ledcigarettebuttlittercleanupswererecordedinatleast15countries

includingBrazil,Colombia,CostaRica,Korea,Malaysia,Sweden,SwitzerlandandUruguay.

Transparencyandaccountabilityremaineda

problem.Mostofthecountriesdonothaverules

fordisclosureofmeetingswiththetobaccoindustry,a

registeroflobbyists,includingfromthetobaccoindustry,orpoliciestorequiretheTItodiscloseinformationonmarketingandlobbying.

FivecountriesreportedthetobaccoindustrysabotagedeffortstopasscomprehensiveWHOFCTC-compliantlegislation.Omnibustobacco

controllegislationhasbeendelayedinBolivia,

Guatemala,Jamaica,TanzaniaandZambiaoverthepastfewyears.

Fivecountriesthatremainednon-PartiestotheWHOFCTCfacedhighlevelsofinterference.

Argentina,theDominicanRepublic,Indonesia,

SwitzerlandandtheU.S.A.hadnoprogressinbecomingPartiesandfacedhighlevelsoflobbyingorinterference

thatunderminedtobaccocontrol.Thesegovernments,

whichhavetobaccocontrolmeasuresnotcomplaint

withtheFCTC,allowedtheindustrytomeddleinpolicydevelopment,continuedtoprovideincentivestothe

tobaccoindustryorendorsedindustryactivities.

Therewaslittlepubliclyavailableinformationon

countries’programstoconsistentlyraiseawarenessofArticle5.3.FewcountriescoveredinthisIndexfoundpubliclyavailablereportsonprogramstoraiseawarenesswithingovernmentdepartmentsontobaccoindustry

tacticsandpoliciesrelatedtoArticle5.3.

Embassiesoffivecountriesendorsedor

promotedthetobaccoindustry.Diplomaticmissions

offivecountries,China,Germany,Italy,Japanandthe

U.K.,werepersuadedtopromotethetobaccoindustry

inothercountries.

GlobalTobaccoIndustryInterferenceIndex202307

01

Thetobacco

industryinterferedinpolicy

developmentandimplementation

08GGTC|STOP

“Thetobaccoindustryprofitsfromaproductthatkills,impoverishespeopleandcountries,anddestroystheenvironment.Thisindustry

thrivesbyattractingnewusers

andkeepingthemaddicted,evenifitmeanskillingalmosthalfof

them.Despitethesecruelrealities,industryeffortstoundermine

tobaccocontrolnevercease.

TheGlobalTobaccoIndex

chroniclestheindustry’sappallingtactics.Onlycomprehensive

implementationoftheWHO

FCTC,particularlyArticle5.3anditsGuidelinesforimplementation,willstoptheproblem.”

Dr.AdrianaBlancoMarquizo,HeadoftheSecretariatoftheWHOFCTC

Article5.3Guidelinescallsongovernmentstoprotectpublicpoliciesfromcommercialandothervestedinterestsofthetobaccoindustry,whichmeansgovernmentsmustrefusetheindustryaseatatthe

policytable.EvenincountrieswhereTIpresence/membershipisnotregisteredinnationalcommitteesthatdeveloppolicywithoutits

offersofassistance,theindustrystillfoundwaystointerveneinpolicydevelopment(seeFigure2).

INDUSTRYINTERFERENCEDELAYED

TOBACCOCONTROLLAWS

Omnibustobaccocontrollegislationhasbeendelayedin

Bolivia,Guatemala,Jamaica,TanzaniaandZambia

overthepastfewyears.InGuatemala,thetobacco

industryparticipatedindraftingthelaw,whichhasbeen

stalledinCongresssince2019.5InJamaicathejoint

selectcommitteereviewingthetobaccocontrolbilltook

a“collaborative”approachbyinvitingkeystakeholders,

includingCarreras(ownedbyBritishAmericanTobacco

[BAT])tomakesubmissionsonthebill.Theindustry’s

submissionwasobstructionistandcontributedtothebill

beingstalled.6,7

InZambia,whilethetablingofthetobaccocontrolbill

of2018wasdelayedagain,anotherlawfavorableto

theindustry,TobaccoActNo.10/2022,waspassed.The

actthatwasprioritizedoverthe2018tobaccocontrol

bill,consolidatesthefunctionsoftheTobaccoBoard

ofZambiaandpromotesandmonitorsproduction,

marketingandpackingoftobaccointhecountry.8

TheParliamentinBosniaandHerzegovinaapproved

aweakertobaccocontrollaw9inMay2022,afterittook

intoconsiderationtheTI’sarguments:Heatedtobacco

products(HTPs)areexemptfromtheindoorsmoking

ban,designatedsmokingareasarepermittedinsome

publicplacesandtobaccocompaniescanstilladvertise

atpointsofsale.InBolivia,Law1280onPrevention

andControloftheUseofTobaccowasapprovedin

February2020,andalthoughmorethanthreeyears

havepassed,thelawremainsunimplemented.10The

legalvacuumhasresultedinaggressivepromotionsof

tobaccoande-cigarettesviasocialmediaandincreased

consumptionoftheseproducts,riskingthehealthof

adolescentsandyoungpeople.11

GlobalTobaccoIndustryInterferenceIndex202309

Brunei

ElSalvador4

Iran,IslamicRep.4

Maldives4

UnitedKingdom4

Korea,Rep.5

Uganda4

Myanmar5

Senegal5

SouthAfrica5

SriLanka5

Cambodia6

Canada6

France6

Mongolia6

Nigeria6

Spain6

Sudan6

Ukraine6

Bangladesh7

Ghana7

India7

Iraq7

Kuwait7

SolomonIsland7

Pakistan1

Darussalam2

Egypt2

Gabon2

Kenya2

Madagascar2

Mauritius2

Netherlands2

NewZealand2

Nicaragua2

Norway2

Palau2

Fiji3

Lebanon3

Nepal3

Panama3

BurkinaFaso4

Chad4

14Italy

14Colombia

12Vietnam

14Poland

14Zambia

15Brazil

15DominicanRepublic

15Georgia

15Indonesia

15Peru

15Switzerland

15UnitedStatesofAmerica

16Cameroon

16Chile

16Japan

16Jordan

16Malaysia

16Philippines

16Tanzania

16Türkiye

20China

8Argentina

12Sweden

12Romania

12Germany

8Coted’Ivoire

8Ecuador

8Jamaica

8Mozambique

9Bolivia

9CzechRepublic

9LaoPDR

9Mexico

10BosniaandHerzegovina

10Honduras

10Israel

10Thailand

11Botswana

11CostaRica

11Ethiopia

11Guatemala

11Kazakhstan

11Paraguay

12Bulgaria

Bysize

Bycolor

Figure2:Tobaccoindustryinterferesinpolicydevelopment

Montenegro4

Oman4

0

20

12Venezuela

12Uruguay

Thelowerthescore,thebettertheranking

0-2

3-4

5-6

7-8

9-10

11-12

13-14

15-16

17-18

19-20

.

2

1

THEINDUSTRYCHALLENGED

ANDFAILEDTOCOMPLYWITH

STANDARDIZED(PLAIN)PACKAGINGANDHEALTHWARNINGS

Implementationofstandardizedtobaccopackaging,acost-effectivemeasuretodissuadesmoking,hasbeenunderminedbytheTIinGeorgia,MyanmarandUruguay.

In2022withtheapprovalofDecree282/022,12thegovernmentofUruguaymodifiedtheexistingplain

packagingpolicy,whichdoesnotprohibittobacco

companiesfromusinginsertstomarkettheirproducts,thusunderminingthepurposeofplainpackaging.ThePresidentoftheRepublicacknowledgedthisdecreewasissuedattherequestofthemaintobaccocompany,Montepaz.13

TheBusinessOmbudsman’sOffice(BOO)ofGeorgia,afterconsultationswithTIrepresentatives,recommendedthepostponementofplainpackagingregulationstotheParliament.14,15TheBOOannouncedthattheParliament

hadconsidereditsrecommendationandpostponedimplementationtoDecember31,2024,whichissix

monthsbeyondtheoriginalextensiondateofJuly31,2024.

InMyanmar,standardizedtobaccopackaging,approvedinOctober2021forimplementationinApril2022,was

initiallypostponedforseven-and-a-halfmonthstoJanuary

2023,andthenforanother12monthstoDecember

2023.Transnationaltobaccocompaniesandlocalcigaretteandcherootproducerssuccessfullylobbiedforthe

implementationdeadlinetobepushedback16foralmost20months.

BangladeshandLaoPDRallowedtheTItodelay

implementingthelegallyrequiredpictorialhealth

warnings(PHW)oncigarettepacks.InBangladesh,theimplementationofPHWtobeappliedtotheupper

halfoftobaccopackshasbeendelayedsincetheHigh

CourtpostponedthegovernmentorderofJuly4,2017,followingafurtherpetitionbytheBangladeshCigaretteManufacturers’Association;aftersixyears,PHWremainonlyonthelowerhalfoftobaccopacks.17InLaoPDR,thetobaccoindustryisnotfullycompliantinapplyingthe75%-sizewarningsonallitscigarettepacks.18

ImplementationofPHWonpackswasdelayedin

Chad(thirdphase)andNigeria(fivemonths),19

whileinSudan,anincreaseinwarningsfrom30%to

75%hasbeendelayedsinceMarch2021becausethe

standardizationorganizationhasnotfinisheditsdrafting.

Onthepositiveside,OmanissuedMinisterialDecision67/2023forstandardizedpackagingoftobacco

productspublishedintheOfficialGazetteonMarch5,2023,tocomeintoforceaftersixmonthsfromthedateofpublication.20

THEINDUSTRY21HELPEDREVOKEANDUNDERMINEBANSONELECTRONIC

TOBACCOANDNICOTINEDEVICES,ANDNICOTINEPOUCHES

HealthdepartmentsacrosstheglobeexperiencedTI

interferenceintheireffortstoregulatebybanningor

restrictingelectronicnicotinedeliverysystems(ENDS

ore-cigarettes)andHTPs.Theinterferenceincluded

attemptstorevokeexistingbans,weakenregulation,

opposeanddelaytaxincreasesontheseproductsand

lobbypolicymakerstopasslawsfavorabletotheindustry.

WhileArgentina,Brazil,Mexico,NicaraguaandPanamajoinedmanyothercountriesinbanning

e-cigarettesandHTPs;22inUruguay,EgyptandKenya,thetobaccoindustrylobbiedsuccessfullytohavetheirbansrevoked.

In2021,theUruguaygovernmentissuedanewdecree,whichremovedabanonHTPsthathadbeeninplace

since2009,therebybenefitingthetobaccoindustry.23

ItwasrevealedthattheMinistryofPublicHealthhad

persuadedtheLegislaturebyusinginformationfromPhilipMorrisInternational(PMI),insteadofsendingtheresponsepreparedbytheministry’stechnicalservices.24A2022

exposérevealedhowPMIusedthisUruguayandecreetopromoteitsHTPsinothercountriesintheregionsuchasBrazil,PanamaandMexico,followingitsapproval.25

Kenyabannednicotinepouchesin2020,26howeverBAT

lobbiedthegovernmentfortheirreintroduction.27The

HealthCabinetSecretaryreportedlyactedinfavorofthe

industrytoreversetheban,withBATannouncingthatithadagreedwiththeMinistryofHealth(MoH)toreintroduce

thenicotinepouchesintothemarket.28InMexico,a

congressmansupportiveofPMI29triedtooverturnthebanone-cigarettesandHTPsbutfailed.However,alegalchallengelaunchedbyPMIresultedintheCollegiate

AdministrativeCourtinMexicoCityrulingonMay31,2023,thatthedecreebythePresidentwasunconstitutional.30

GlobalTobaccoIndustryInterferenceIndex202311

ThePhilippinesapprovedanindustry-friendly

e-cigarettelaw31.32in2022thatloweredthepurchase

agefrom21to18years,allowedonlinemarketing,

loosenedtheexistingflavorrestrictionsandtransferredregulatoryauthorityfromtheFoodandDrugAuthoritytotheDepartmentofTradeandIndustry.33

InThailand,anon-healthdepartmentwaslobbied

torevokethebanone-cigarettes.InJanuary2022,

theMinisterofDigitalEconomyandSociety,after

beinglobbiedbyanNGOlinkedtothePMI-funded

FoundationforaSmoke-FreeWorld,setupaworkinggrouptostudylegalizinge-cigarettes.34InFebruary

2023,aSub-CommitteeintheHouseCommitteeon

PublicHealthissuedareportrecommending“harm

reduction”intobaccocontrolandthelegalizationof

e-cigarettesinThailand.35TheThaigovernmentrejectedtherecommendation.

InItaly,althoughtheHealthMinisterproposed

newrestrictionsone-cigarettesandHTPs,several

governmentofficialsandtheleaderofthemainpoliticalparty,whoreceivedfundingfrome-cigarettecompanies,opposedtheproposedrestrictions,whichconsequentlywerenotapproved.36IntheNetherlands,thebanonnon-tobaccoflavorsine-cigaretteswaspostponedforsixmonthsaftertheENDSindustryraisedconcerns.37

FINANCEDEPARTMENTSWERE

LOBBIEDONTAXATIONOF

E-CIGARETTES

InUkraine,alawmakerpubliclystatedthatheinitiatedthereductionoftheexcisedutyforHTPsattherequestofPMI.38InFebruary2021,heregisteredanamendmenttodraftlawNo.4278,39whichprovidedforareductionoftaxratesforHTPsticksbymorethan30%from

April1,2021.40Theamendmentwasnotacceptedbythetaxcommittee.

InAugust2022,BATinBangladesh(BATB)wrote

totheNationalBoardofRevenue(NBR)tooppose

theproposedamendmenttothetobaccocontrol

law,whichincludesabanone-cigarettes,claiming

thattheproposedamendmentwas“impracticaland

unimplementable”andlobbiedNBRtointerveneon

itsbehalfintheongoingamendmentbytheMinistryof

HealthandFamilyWelfare.OnDecember22,2022,NBRwrotetotheHealthServicesDivision,urgingthemto

considerthepointsraisedbyBATB.41.42

Georgia,Ethiopia,Ghana,andKuwaitexperienced

industryinterferenceintaxationofe-cigarettes.In

Georgia,theBusinessAssociationofGeorgia(BAG)is

oneofthemainlobbyistsofPMGeorgia,asubsidiaryofPMI.43BAG’sVicePresident(formerDeputyChairmanoftheParliamentofGeorgia)anditsLegalDirectorwere

involvedindirectlobbyingtopromotePMI’sHTP,IQOS,inGeorgia.OnbehalfofBAG,theLegalDirectorfiledalegislativeproposalinParliamenttoreducetaxonHTPsande-cigarettesandlegalizethepromotionofthese

newproducts.Hemadeofficialstatementsagainstthestrengtheningoftobaccocontrollegislation.44,45

AlthoughEthiopiaprivatizeditsstate-ownedtobacco

enterprise,thegovernmenthasanagreementwith

theNationalTobaccoEnterprisethattheyshouldbe

consultedduringmodificationorpreparationoftobaccotaxation,regulations,orlegislation.46InMarch2023,

theMinistryofFinancetookapositionsimilartothe

industry47thatincreasingtaxratesontobaccoproductswouldleadtohigherillicittradeandproposedtax

ratessimilartolevelsleviedin2020.48TheMinistryofFinanceincludede-cigarettesandshisha(waterpipes)asexcisablegoodsandsettheirtaxrateinthedraft

excisetaxbill,49althoughProclamation1112/2019hadprohibitedtheseproducts.50

InGhana,theMinisterofFinance,inhis2023BudgetStatement,announcedaproposaltotaxe-cigaretteswhicharebanned,effectivelylegalizingthem,amoveattributedtothegovernment’sinteractionwiththe

TIonpolicydevelopmentmatters.51InJuly2023,

Ghanaannouncedabanone-cigarettes.52InKuwait,sinceSeptember2022theGeneralAdministrationofCustomshastwicedelayedwithoutclearreasonsthe

implementationof100%customsdutiesone-cigarettes.53

TheItalianMinistryofEconomicDevelopmenthas

beenlinkedtotobaccoindustrylobbyingfortaxand

regulatoryadvantagesfore-cigarettes:54TheDeputy

MinisterofEconomicDevelopment,alongwithother

seniorofficials,attendedtheinaugurationeventofPhilipMorrisInstituteforManufacturingCompetenciesintheDistrictofBologna.55AnexposéreportedthatministersandundersecretariesattendedBAT’slaunchofanew

plantfortheproductionofnicotineproductsinTrieste.56

12GGTC|STOP

POLICYMAKERSWEREPERSUADEDTOTAKEREGRESSIVESTEPS

InUkraine,inNovember2021,inamovetocounter

theadoptionofcomprehensiveanti-tobaccodraftlaw

No.4358,amemberofparliamentfromtheCommitteeonHumanitarianandInformationPolicyproposedto

“align”draftlawNo.4212(onadvertising)withdraftlawNo.4358,61whichwouldhaveallowedtobaccoproduct

advertising.62ThepassingofthecomprehensivelawmeantdraftlawNo.4212wasnotadoptedinparliament.

InMarch2023,Malaysianpolicymakersde-listed

nicotineasapoisonfromtheNationalPoisonAct,

leavingtheindustryunregulatedandfreetopromoteandselle-cigarettes,eventominors.63JapanTobacco

International(JTI)hadearliercalledforamendmentstotheNationalPoisonActclaimingithad“gonethroughtheprocessofapplying[sic]licensetosellvaping

products,butitwasunsuccessful.”64

DuringthedebateontheSwissbilltobantobacco

advertising,theSwissFederalCouncil(government)

andtheSwissFederalAssembly(parliament)favored

TIinterestsoverinternationalstandards.Theytookthe

positionthattheyouthadvertisingbangoestoofarandthatpartialrestrictionsaresufficienttoprotectyouth

fromtobaccoadvertising.65Switzerlandlaterpassed

legislationinMay2023tobanadvertisingoftobaccoande-cigarettesdirectedatyoungpeople,whichwillcome

intoforceonlyin2026.66

NATIONALSTANDARDSBOARDSWEREPERSUADEDTOLEGITIMIZEELECTRONICTOBACCOAND

NICOTINEDEVICES

Insevencountries,Cameroon,CostRica,Indonesia,Iraq,Nigeria,SudanandVietnam,nationalstandardsboardswereinfluencedbytheindustrytodevelop

standardswhichlaidthegroundworktolegalizenewtobaccoandnicotineproducts.InCameroon,the

standardsforBAT’sVeloandVuseweredevelopedbytheAgencyforStandardsandQuality(ANOR)whichinvolvedtheactiveparticipationoftheTI,andwhich

providedfinancialsupportforthework.ANOR'sTC47committeeontobaccoissuesischairedbyaTI

representativeandthedraftstandardswereproposedbytheindustry.57

TheInstituteofTechnicalStandardsofCostaRica

(INTECO),aprivateassociationrecognizedbylaw

asaNationalStandardizationEntity,accordingtotheNationalQualitySystemLaw(8279),developedthequalitystandard“INTEQ191:2021:Tobaccoproductsforheatingandliquidsforelectroniccigaretteswithnicotine.Minimumlabelingrequirements.”Duringthedevelopmentofthestandard,companiesthatimportENDSandHTPs,includingPMI,aswellasconsumerassociationsandtheindustrychamber,participated.