中考英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作論證與證據(jù)拓展方法與實(shí)例講授

中考英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作論證與證據(jù)拓展方法與實(shí)例講授2024-02-06匯報(bào)人：XXCATALOGUE目錄introductionBasicconceptsofargumentationandevidence拓展方法之因果鏈分析ComparativeanalysisofexpansionmethodsExampledemonstrationmethodforexpandingmethodsCATALOGUE目錄Exampleteaching:AnalysisofEnglishwritingquestionsinthemiddleschoolentranceexamination總結(jié)回顧與備考建議CHAPTERintroduction01Toenhancestudents'abilitytoargueandprovideevidenceinEnglishwriting,specificallyforthemiddleschoolentranceexamination.PurposeArgumentationandevidenceexpansionarecrucialskillsforacademicwriting,yetoftenneglectedinEnglishlanguagelearningatthemiddleschoollevel.BackgroundPurposeandbackgroundCoursestructureThecoursewillbedividedintoseveralmodules,eachfocusingonadifferentaspectofargumentationandevidenceexpansion.TeachingmethodsAvarietyofteachingmethodswillbeused,includinglectures,groupdiscussions,andwritingworkshops.LearningoutcomesBytheendofthecourse,studentswillbeabletoidentifyandanalyzearguments,developtheirownarguments,andprovidesupportingevidenceintheirwriting.CourseOutlineIntroductionCHAPTERBasicconceptsofargumentationandevidence02Argumentationistheprocessofpresentingreasonsandevidencetosupportorrefuteaclaimorthesisstatement.ItplaysacrucialroleinEnglishwritingforthemiddleschoolentranceexaminationasithelpstopersuadethereaderanddemonstratethewriter'sunderstandingofthetopic.DefinitionandroleofargumentationFactualevidence:presentingverifiablefactsandstatisticstosupportanargument.Experttestimony:quotingexpertsinthefieldtolendcredibilitytoanargument.Eachtypeofevidencehasitsownstrengthsandweaknessesandshouldbeusedappropriatelydependingonthecontextandpurposeofthewriting.Anecdotalevidence:usingpersonalexperiencesorstoriestoillustrateapointorargument.TypesofevidenceandtheirapplicationinwritingEvidenceisthefoundationofargumentation,asitprovidesthenecessarysupporttobackupclaimsandassertions.Withoutsufficientevidence,argumentationbecomesweakandunconvincing.Therefore,writersneedtocarefullyselectandpresentrelevantevidencetoeffectivelysupporttheirargumentsandpersuadetheirreaders.ElaborateontherelationshipbetweenargumentationandevidenceCHAPTER拓展方法之因果鏈分析03因果鏈定義因果鏈?zhǔn)侵敢幌盗邢嗷リP(guān)聯(lián)、具有因果關(guān)系的事件或行為，其中一個(gè)事件是另一個(gè)事件的原因或結(jié)果。構(gòu)建步驟首先，確定要分析的主題或問(wèn)題；其次，列出與該主題或問(wèn)題相關(guān)的所有可能的原因和結(jié)果；最后，將這些原因和結(jié)果按照時(shí)間順序或邏輯關(guān)系排列，形成完整的因果鏈。因果鏈概念及構(gòu)建步驟分析學(xué)生成績(jī)下降的原因。可以構(gòu)建如下因果鏈：學(xué)生缺乏學(xué)習(xí)動(dòng)力（原因）→不認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)（結(jié)果）→成績(jī)下降（結(jié)果）。通過(guò)這個(gè)因果鏈，可以清晰地看出學(xué)生成績(jī)下降的內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系。舉例1探討環(huán)境污染對(duì)健康的影響?？梢詷?gòu)建如下因果鏈：工業(yè)排放污染物（原因）→環(huán)境污染（結(jié)果）→人體吸入有害物質(zhì)（結(jié)果）→健康問(wèn)題（結(jié)果）。這個(gè)因果鏈揭示了環(huán)境污染對(duì)健康的潛在危害。舉例2因果鏈在論證過(guò)程中應(yīng)用舉例在構(gòu)建因果鏈時(shí)，要確保每個(gè)原因和結(jié)果之間都存在合理的因果關(guān)系，避免將不相關(guān)或弱相關(guān)的事件聯(lián)系在一起。確保因果關(guān)系的合理性要確保因果鏈涵蓋了所有相關(guān)的原因和結(jié)果，避免遺漏重要信息。注意因果鏈的完整性在論證過(guò)程中，要避免使用過(guò)于絕對(duì)或武斷的詞匯，如“一定”、“必然”等，以免引發(fā)邏輯錯(cuò)誤。謹(jǐn)慎使用絕對(duì)性詞匯在構(gòu)建因果鏈時(shí)，要檢查自己是否存在潛在的偏見(jiàn)或假設(shè)，這些因素可能會(huì)影響因果鏈的客觀性和準(zhǔn)確性。檢查潛在的偏見(jiàn)或假設(shè)TipsforavoidingcommonlogicalerrorsCHAPTERComparativeanalysisofexpansionmethods04Comparativeanalysisisaresearchmethodthatcomparestwoormorerelatedobjectstoidentifytheirsimilaritiesanddifferences.InEnglishwritingforthemiddleschoolentranceexamination,comparativeanalysiscanbeusedtocomparedifferentargumentationandevidenceexpansionmethods,helpingstudentsunderstandtheirrespectiveadvantagesanddisadvantages.Throughcomparativeanalysis,studentscanlearntoselectthemostappropriateexpansionmethodforagiventopicandwritingstyle.IntroductiontothePrincipleofComparativeAnalysisMethod01Whenselectingcomparisonobjectsfordiscussion,itisimportanttoensurethattheyarecloselyrelatedtothetopicandwritingstylebeingdiscussed.02Studentsshouldalsoconsidertherepresentativenessandtypicalityofthecomparisonobjects,aswellastheirabilitytoillustratethekeypointsoftheargumentationandevidenceexpansionmethodsbeingcompared.03Itisrecommendedtoselectcomparisonobjectsthatarefamiliartostudentsandeasytounderstand,suchasexamplesfromtextbooksorreal-lifescenarios.HowtoselectsuitablecomparisonobjectsfordiscussionWhenpresentingcomparisonresults,studentsshouldclearlystatethesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentheargumentationandevidenceexpansionmethodsbeingcompared.Itisimportanttoprovidesufficientevidenceandexamplestosupportthecomparisonresults,ensuringthattheyareobjectiveandconvincing.Studentsshouldalsoanalyzethereasonsforthesimilaritiesanddifferences,helpingthemunderstandtheunderlyingprinciplesandcharacteristicsofthedifferentexpansionmethods.Finally,studentsshouldsummarizethecomparisonresultsandprovidetheirownopinionsandsuggestionsbasedontheanalysis.ComparisonresultpresentationstrategyCHAPTERExampledemonstrationmethodforexpandingmethods05Examplescanhelpstudentsbetterunderstandabstractconceptsorcomplexmethodsbyprovidingconcreteinstances.EnhanceunderstandingVividandinterestingexamplescanstimulatestudents'interestinlearningandmaketheteachingprocessmoreengaging.StimulateinterestByassociatingabstractknowledgewithspecificexamples,studentscanmoreeasilyrememberandrecalltheinformation.FacilitatememoryExplanationoftheadvantagesofusingexamplestodemonstratethemethodRelevance01Chooseexamplesthatarecloselyrelatedtothetopicandcaneffectivelyillustratethekeypoints.Authenticity02Ensurethattheexamplesareauthenticandcredibletoenhancetheirpersuasiveness.Diversity03Includeavarietyofexamplestocatertodifferentlearningstylesandinterests,andtoprovideamorecomprehensiveunderstandingofthetopic.HowtochooseappropriateexamplestosupportviewpointsClearexplanationPresentexamplesinaclearandconcisemanner,explainingtheirrelevanceandsignificancetothetopic.InteractivediscussionEncouragestudentstoactivelyparticipateinthediscussionandanalysisofexamplestodeepentheirunderstanding.AvoidoveruseWhileexamplesarebeneficial,overusingthemcanbedistractingandmaydilutethefocusofthelesson.Therefore,itisimportanttostrikeabalancebetweentheoreticalexplanationandexampledemonstration.ExamplepresentationmethodandprecautionsCHAPTERExampleteaching:AnalysisofEnglishwritingquestionsinthemiddleschoolentranceexamination06TitlerequirementsThetitleoftheEnglishwritingquestioninthemiddleschoolentranceexaminationusuallyrequiresstudentstoexpresstheirviewsonacertaintopic,oftenrelatedtotheirdailylivesorsocialissues.ContentoverviewThecontentofthewritingusuallyinvolvesnarrative,argumentation,andsometimesexpositoryelements.Studentsareexpectedtopresenttheirideasclearly,supportthemwithevidence,andconcludeappropriately.Titlerequirementsandcontentoverview論證結(jié)構(gòu)搭建和證據(jù)選擇策略Agoodargumentativeessayshouldhaveaclearstructure,includinganintroduction,bodyparagraphs,andaconclusion.Eachbodyparagraphshouldfocusononemainpointandprovideevidencetosupportit.論證結(jié)構(gòu)搭建Whenchoosingevidence,studentsshouldconsideritsrelevance,authority,andsufficiency.Relevantevidenceisdirectlyrelatedtothepointbeingmade,authoritativeevidencecomesfromreliablesources,andsufficientevidenceprovidesenoughinformationtosupportthepoint.證據(jù)選擇策略高分范文欣賞Readinghigh-scoringessayscanhelpstudentsunderstandwhatmakesagoodessay.Theseessaysusuallyhaveclearstructures,well-developedarguments,andeffectiveuseoflanguage.要點(diǎn)一要點(diǎn)二啟示Fromhigh-scoringessays,studentscanlearnhowtodeveloptheirownarguments,useevidenceeffectively,andimprovetheirlanguag