浙江大學(xué)《植物生理學(xué)》課程期末考試試卷(A)

植物生理學(xué)考評(píng)方式與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

本課程期未閉卷考試占50%,著重考核基本概念、基本理論的掌握及運(yùn)用能力；實(shí)驗(yàn)成

績(jī)占30%,重點(diǎn)考核動(dòng)手能力和實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的分析能力和深度；平時(shí)成績(jī)占30%,由作業(yè)成

績(jī)、演講成績(jī)、提問和討論等組成。期未考試由試題庫統(tǒng)一抽取。

要求每屆學(xué)生的最終成績(jī)呈正態(tài)分布，上課班級(jí)學(xué)生平均分?jǐn)?shù)在75分。

部分期末考試試卷及參考答案如下：

浙江大學(xué)2007-2008學(xué)年秋冬學(xué)期

《植物生理學(xué)》課程期末考試試卷(A)

開課學(xué)院：生命科學(xué)學(xué)院，考試形式：閉卷，允許帶答題用筆入場(chǎng)

考試時(shí)間：2008年1月22日14：00-16：00,所需時(shí)間：120分鐘

考生姓名：學(xué)號(hào)：專業(yè)：

題序一二三1,2三3,4三5,6三7三8(9)總分

得分

評(píng)卷人

一、.TranslatethefollowingtermsinChineseorexplaintheminEnglish

(Total20marks,0.5markforeach)

1.Boundwater：束縛水2.Guttation：吐水

3.Temporarywilting：暫時(shí)萎焉4.Stomataltranspiration：氣孔蒸騰

5.Stomatalconductance：氣孔導(dǎo)度6.Transpirationefficiency：蒸騰效率

7.Transpiration-cohesion-tensiontheory：蒸騰拉力-內(nèi)聚力-張力學(xué)說

8.Greenhouseeffect：溫室效應(yīng)9.Photosyntheticmembrane：光合膜

10.Primaryreaction：原初反應(yīng)11.Light-harvestingpigment：捕光色素

12.Photosyntheticunit：光合單位13.Emersonenhancementeffect：愛默生雙光增益效應(yīng)14.

Photosyntheticchain：光合鏈15.PQshutter：PQ穿梭

16.Cyclicelectrontransport：循環(huán)式電子傳遞17.Assimilatorypower：同化力

18.Photoinhibition：光抑制19.Anaerobicrespiration：無氧呼吸

20.Terminaloxidase：末端氧化酶21.Macronutrients:大量元素

21.Rhizosphere：根際、根圍22.Solutionculture：溶液培養(yǎng)

23.Antagonism：拮抗作用24.Synergism：協(xié)同作用

25.Allocation：配置，參入26.Metabolicsource：代謝源

27.Phloemtransport：韌皮部運(yùn)輸28.Differentiation：分化

29.Dormancy：休眠30.Growthkinetics：生長(zhǎng)動(dòng)力學(xué)(曲線)

31.Gibberellin：赤霉烷33.Plantgrowthretardant：植物生長(zhǎng)延緩劑

34.Juvenility：幼年期35.Phytochrome：光敏素

36.Reactionoxygen：活性氧37.Deciduoussenescence：脫落衰老

38.Abscission：脫落39.Abioticstress非生物脅迫

40.Chillinginjury：冷害

2.Deflnitions(Choose8of10followings,total24marks,3marksfor

each)

1.Waterpotential:Waterpotentialisdefinedasthedifferenceinfreeenergyperunit

volume,betweenmatrically-bound,pressurized,orosmotically-constrained

waterandpurewater.ltisexpressedasfollowingformula:中w=Auw/Vw.中

wreflectsthecapacityforchemicalreactionandmovementinplantsystem.

2.Symplast:symplastisthehighlyordered,three-dimensional,connectednetworkof

livingprotoplasmandplasmadesama.Itisanimportantpathwayforfree

translocationofwaterandlowmolecularsolutes.

3.C4photosyntheticpathway:C4pathwayisoneofphotosyntheticpathway,in

whichtheinitialproductofCO2fixationisOAA,aC4dicarboxylicacid.Italso

calledHatch-SlackpathwayconsistofCO2fixation,C4dicarboxylicacidlocation

andPEPregeneration.

4.Photorespiration:aprocess,whichcarryoutonlyunderlight,uptakesofO2and

releasesofCO2.

5.Lightsaturationpoint:ItisthelightintensityatwhichPnreachesmaximumeven

continueincreaseinlight,Pnincreasenolonger.

6.Respiratoryquotient:Alsocalledrespiratorycoefficient,itreferredastheratioof

moles(orvolumes)ofreleasedCO2toabsorbedO2byplanttissueatthesame

time.

7.Criticalperiodofnutrition：Aperiodduringwhichplantismostsensitivetonutrition

deficiencyandismosteasilyinjuredbythis,butthenutritionrequirementisnotalways

largestatthatperiod.

8.Growthcenter：Growthcenterisapartofplantbody,whichgrowsfastestand

takesupmostofassimilateorinorganicnutrition,suchasshootapicesduring

vegetativestageandfruitsduringfruit-setting.

9.Planthormone:Planthormoneisnaturallyoccurringorganicsubstancethatcan

betransportedfromthesynthetictissuetoaspecifictargettissuewhere,atlow

concentration,exertaprofoundinfluenceonphysiologicalprocess.

10.Photoperiodinduction:Plantscanflowerinbothsuitableandunsuitable

photoperiodconditionsifithasgotenoughdaysofsuitablephotoperiod.This

processiscalledphotoperiodinduction.

3.Questions(Total56marks.1-7arenecessarytoanswerandchoose

onebetween8and9)

1.Whyshouldwenotapplyalargenumberoffertilizerstoplantinonetime?(5

marks)

Ifweapplyalargenumberoffertilizertoplantinonetime,thesoluteconcentrationofsoil

willbehigherthanthatofplanttissue.Thewaterpotentialinrootexceedsthatinsoilandprevent

rootfromwaterabsorption.Consequently,plantwillsufferfromwilting,evendie.

2.Brieflydescribethefactorsaffectingnutrientsuptakebyplantroots(5marks)

(1)Intrinsicfactorssuchasiondiameterandvalenceaffectnutrientsuptakebyplant

roots.Usuallysmalloneandlowervalenceareeasilyabsorbedbyroot.

(2)Environmentalfactorssuchaslight,temperature,waterstatus,O2,pH,ion

concentrationandinteractionsbetweennutrientsaffectsnutrientsuptakebyplant

roots.Thesuitablelight,temperature,andsoilwaterandO2,andmiddlepHarefavor

ofuptake.SynergismenhancesionuptakeeachothersuchasNO3-andK+,NandP

etc.However,antagonisminhibitsionuptakeeachothersuchasK+andNHL.

3.Whatarethemineralnutrientswithdeficientsymptomsappearingonolder

leavesoryoungerleaves?Describethemosttypicalsymptomsofoneof

themforeachclass(5marks)

ThereareelementsN,P,K,Mg,ZnandCLTheirsymptomsappearfirstonolder

leavesThereareelementsS,Ca,Fe,Mn,B,CuandMoetc.Theirsymptomsappearfirst

onyoungerleaves.

ThemosttypicalsymptomofNdeficiencyisoldleafchlorosis.Andthemost

typicalsymptomofCadeficiencyisgrowthapicalrotting.

4.Howdoesplantcontrolthegrowthofstemapicesatthelevelofgene

expression?(5marks)

Thegrowthofstemapicesrequiresincreaseinstemcellnumberswhichis

controlledbyWUSexpression.WhenhigherWUSexpresses,Stemcellnumber

increaseandstemapicesgrowsfast.Whenthestemcellnumbersincrease,they

enhanceCLV3higherexpression,whichcombineswithCLV1proteininhibitsWUS

expression.Thereforestemcellnumbersdecrease,stemapicesgrowsslowly,which

makesCLV3lowerexpressandWUShigherexpress.Anewcyclebegins.This

feedbackofgenebygenecontrolsthegrowthofstemapicesatthelevelofgenes.

5.WhatfactorsdeterminewhethertheproductofthePCRcyclewillbe

convertedtostarchinthechloroplastorsucroseinthecytosol?(5marks)

Thereare4factorstriose-Pinchloroplast,orthophosphateandsucroseincytosol,

andF-2,6-Pconcentrationincytosol,directlydeterminingtheproductofthePCR

cyclewillbeconvertedtostarchinthechloroplastorsucroseinthecytosol.Higher

concentrationsoftriose-Pinchloroplastandsucroseinthecytosolandlower

concentrationoforthophosphateinthecytosolwillresultinaccumulatestarchinthe

chloroplastbecauseoffeedbackinhibitionbylimitedtransportoutoftriose-Pfrom

chloroplast.Higherconcentrationsoforthophosphateandlowerconcentrationof

sucroseinthecytosolwillmaketheproductofthePCRcycleconverttosucrosein

thecytosolbecausesucrosecanbeexportedoutfromsourceleaftosinkorgansand

enoughorthophosphatecanbeusedforexchangeoftriose-Pinchloroplastwith

orthophosphateincytosol.LowerF-2,6-Pconcentrationincytosolisfavorofsucrose

synthesisincytosol.

6.Howtodelayfruitsenescenceandtostoreitlonger?(8marks)

Fruitscanbedividedintotwosorts:onecalledrespiratory-climactericfruitsuch

asbanana,apply,strawberryetcandtheothercallednon-respiratory-climactericfruit

suchasorange,watermelonetc.Fordifferentsortsoffruits,differentkindsofmethod

shouldbeappliedtostorethemsoastodelaytheirsenescence.

Astothefirsttype,weshouldsticktoageneralprinciple:decreaseRd,anddelay

theclimacteric.Theyshouldbestoredinthoseconditions:(l)lowtemperature,butnot

below0℃avoidingchillingorfreezinginjury;(2)gascontrol,higherCO?below4%

andlowerO2,butnotinducinganaerobicrespiration,andguaranteeingsuitable

ventilation;(3)removingEthwhetherthefruitareinstorageortransportation;(4)gene

modification,creatingtransgenicplantthatisnotactivetoACCorformEth.

Astothesecondtype,likethefirsttype,weshouldcontrolthestoragecondition

too.Suchasrelativelylowtemperature,higherrateofCO2,lowerrateofO2,and

suitableventilationsothatEthwillnotcumulate.

Besidethoseabove,wealsoapplythesomemethodsfordelayingfruitsenescence,

suchsprayingcalciumsolutionandotherflash-keepingmembranesbeforethepicking

andduringthetransportation,respectively,andstorethefruitbyfastfreezing.

7.Howtoregulatetheratioofroottoshoot?Giveanexampleandexplainwhyit

is(8marks).

Root-shootratioasanindexforthecoordinativebetweenrootandshootis

referredtodryrootweightdividingdryshootweight.Regulationoftheratiomeans

increasetheratioordecreasetheratio.

Whenweplantleafvegetable,weshoulddecreasetheratiobyenhancingleaf

growthorinhibitingrootgrowth.Applicationofnitrogeninthesoilorculturesolution

oftenresultsinthelowerratiobecausehighernitrogencancomposethe

photoassimilatetosynthesizeproteinsinleaf.Thoseproteinspromoteleafgrowth.

Therootwillgrowslowlybecauseitgetslessphotoassimilateformtheshootonthe

onehand.Toomuchnitrogenmayinhibitrootgrowthtoo.

Whenwecultureplantfbrroottubers,weshouldincreasetheratiobyenhancing

thetubergrowthbutnotinhibitingleafgrowthsomuch.Applicationofphosphorus

andpotassium,whichmainlyimprovephotoassimilatetransportationoutoftheleaf,

importationintotherootandaccumulationofstarchintheroot,usuallyincreasesthe

ratio.

*Studentscanalsouseotherregulationsiftheyareusefulandexplainwhy

thoseincreaseordecrease.

8.Whatshouldwedofordelayingplantsenescence?(15marks)

Senescenceisaprograminwhichthefunctionoforganorwholeplantnaturally

declinestodeath.Thisisanessentialphaseofthegrowthanddevelopmentinplant.

Bothinternalandenvironmentalfactorscauseplantsenescence.Therefore,weshould

doitinseveralaspects.

First,weshouldusegermplasmsresistanttosenescencebyselectionofvarieties

andcultivarsresisttosenescencebecausemostplantshavetheirresistantvarietyor

cultivarwecanuse.

Second,moderntechnologyhaveprovidedusatoolforsenescence-delayed

transgenesandproducedsomestay-greenplantssuchastobacco,sorghum,soybean

andriceetc.Wecancontinuetoimprovethemfordelayingsenescence.

Third,Applicationofplantsubstancesforresistancetosenescenceisalso

availablesuchasutilizationofCTKs,BRs,polyamines,lAAsfordifferentplants.

Fourth,itisnecessarytoprovidegoodconditionsforplantswhenweculture

them.Theplantsrequiresufficiencywater,oxygen,mineralnutrition,suitablelight

irradianceandtemperature,andnonbioticorabioticstresses.

9.Describetheeffectsoftemperatureonplantgrowthanddevelopment?(15

Marks)

Plantgrowthanddevelopmentsarebasedonmetabolism,mostofwhichare

catalyzedbyenzymeswhoseactivitieslargelydependsontemperature.Therefore,

temperatureisoneofthemostimportantenvironmentalconditionsforplantgrowth

anddevelopment.Highorlowtemperatureisdisadvantageoustoabsorption,

transportationandutilizationofwaterandmineralnutritionbyplant,resultsingrowth

inhibitionevendeathbecauseofthephysiologicaldroughtandnutritiondeficiency.

Highorlowtemperaturecausesdeclinationofphotosyntheticrateandincreaseof

photo-anddark-respiration,especiallyanaerobicrespiration,whichoftenresultin

starvationtodeathorgrowthstuntbecausetheydamagethestructuresofchloroplasts

andmitochondriaanddecreaseinphotosyntheticandoxidativephosphorylation,and

enzymes9activitiesforthoseprocedures.Highorlowtemperaturestressoftencause

heatingorchillinginjuryandmakecellautolysisowingtolipidliquefactionand

phasechangeofbiomembrane,lossofmetabolismcompartmentationanddeclination

ofenergycharge.Highorlowtemperatureresultsinlowersynthesisoforganic

substanceincludingnuclearacids,proteinsandlipidsandmakeplanthormone

metabolismchange,usuallydecreaseinIAAandCTKbutincreaseinABAetcto

inhibitplantgrowthandtoaccelerateplantsenescence.Temperaturedirectly

influencesplantfloweringandsetting,forinstance,someplantsrequirelow

temperatureforvernlizationandtheycannotflowerunderhightemperaturecondition

andlowertemperatureleadplantsfavortemperaturenotsettingaspollengermination

andpollentuberelongationareinhibited.

Therefore,optimumtemperatureisanessentialprerequisitetoplantgrowthand

development.

浙江大學(xué)2007-2008學(xué)年春夏學(xué)期

《植物生理學(xué)》課程期末考試試卷(A,答案)

開課學(xué)院：生命科學(xué)學(xué)院,考試形式：閉卷，允許帶答題用筆入場(chǎng)

考試時(shí)間：2008年6月26日8：00-10：00,所需時(shí)間：120分鐘

考生姓名：學(xué)號(hào)：專業(yè)：

題序一二三1三2三3三4三5=6(7)三8(9)總分

得分

評(píng)卷人

一、TranslatethefollowingtermsinChineseorexplaintheminEnglish

(Total20marks,0.5markforeach)

1.Aquaporin:水孔蛋白或水通道蛋白2.Rootpressure：根壓

3.Activeuptake主動(dòng)吸收4.Transpiration：蒸騰作用

5.Stomatairesistance：氣孔陰力6.Plasmolysis：質(zhì)壁分離

7.Solutepotential：溶質(zhì)勢(shì)8.Chloroplast：葉綠體

9.Thylakoid：類囊體10.Envelope：被膜

11.Stroma：(葉綠體)間質(zhì)溫表12.Photoassimilate：光合產(chǎn)物(同化物)

13.Carotenoids：類胡蘿卜素14.Xanthophyll：葉黃素

15.Fluorescence：熒光16.Etiolation黃化

17.Photophosphorylation：光合磷酸化18.Aerobicrespiration：有氧呼吸

19.Glycolysis：糖酵解20.Mitochondria：線粒體

21.Essentialelements：必須元素22.Hydrophyte：水生植物

23.Hydroponics：水培(溶液培養(yǎng))24.Chlorosis：失綠發(fā)黃

25.Synthase：合酶26.Partition：分酉己

27.Metabolicsink：代謝庫28.Transfercell：轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)(移)細(xì)胞

29.Development：發(fā)育30.ApicalDominant：頂端優(yōu)勢(shì)

31.Cellmitoticstage：細(xì)胞分生期32.Brassinolide：油菜素內(nèi)酯

33.Plantgrowthinhibitor：植物生長(zhǎng)抑制劑34.Vernalization：春化作用

35.Florigen：成花素36.Criticaldaylength:臨界日長(zhǎng)

37.Overallsenescence：整體衰老38.Programmedcelldeath：程序性細(xì)胞死亡

39.Halophyte：鹽生植物40.Moistureinjury：濕害

41.Hydrogenbond氫鍵42.Beneficialelement有益元素

43.Ionchanneltheory離子通道通道學(xué)說44.Tolerance耐性

45.Assimilatepower同化力46.Photochrome光敏素

47.Differentiation分化48.Microtubule微管

二.Definitions(Choose8of10followings,total24marks,3marksfor

each)

1.Waterrequirement:Waterrequirementisareciprocaloftranspirationefficiency,

meaningthatplantconsumeswaterquantity(g)formaking1gofdrymatter.

2.Guttation：WhensoilhasenoughwaterandatmosphereiswarmandhigherRH,ofteninthe

earlymorming,unwoundedleafcansecretsapformthetipormarginofleafthrough

specializedpores,orhydathodes.

3.Physiologicallyacidsalts：Physiologicallyacidsaltsaredefinedasthesaltscanresultin

solutionacidification,asuptakeofcationbyplantislargerthanthatofanion,suchasNH4C1、

NH4SO4.KCkCaCletc.

4.Quantumefficiency：TheplantassimilatesnumberofCO2byabsorptionof1

moleculeofquantum.

5.Lightcompensationpoint:ThelightintensityatwhichPniszero.

6.Alternativeoxidase:Therespirationisnotblockedbynormalrespiratory

inhibitors,suchasCN-,N3—(azide)orCO.Terminaloxidaseinvoledinthis

respirationpathwayisalternativeoxidase,insensitivetocyanide.

7.Polartransport:ItisspecifictransportforplanthormoneIAA,thatcanonlybetransported

formmorphologicaltoptobottom.

8.Grandperiodofgrowth:Thegrowthoftissues,organsandevenawholeplant

exhibitatypicalmodelwithslower-faster-slowerinlifecycle.Thetotalgrowth

appearsS-shapegrowthcurve---logisticcurveandthegrowthrateisaparabola.

9.Photoperiodism:Theresponseofplantflower(development)tophotoperiod(day

lengthof24hcycle).

10.Adaptation:Adaptationispermanentresistancetostressinmorphologyand

structure,physiologyandbiochemistryunderlong-termstresscondition.

三、Questions(Total56marks.1-7arenecessarytoanswerandchoose

onebetween8and9)

1.Whyshouldwekeepabulkofsoilofrootandcutoffmostofleaveswhen

transplantabigtree?(5marks)

Roothairisthemainorganforabsorptionofwaterfromthesoil.Whenwe

transplantabigtree,mostoftherootbranchandroothairshavebeenremovedor

damaged.Itisnecessarytokeepabulkofsoilforprotectionofrootsfromfurther

damagingtheroothairsbywhichplantcanabsorbsomewatertomeetwater

equilibrium.Meanwhilewecutoffmostofleavesinordertodecreaseleafareafor

lossoflesswaterbytranspiration.Therefore,theplantscancatchwithwater

equilibriumandsurviveaftertransplanting.

2.DescribemainsymptomsofNdeficiencyinplant(5marks).

ThemosttypicalsymptomofNdeficiencyisoldleafchlorosis.Theplant

becameyellowish,stunandradishinthestembase.Theplanthasfewbranchesor

tilleringsandpoorsettingpercentageorfewandsmallfruit.Therootappearsless,

thinnerandlonger.

3.WhycanwesaythatRubiscoisakeyenzymeforphotosynthesis(5)?

RubiscoisonlyanenzymecatalyzingtheinorganicCO2intosugarinlargescaleontheearth.

Ithasfunctionsinbothphotosynthesisandphotorespiration.Asacarboxylase,itcatalyzesthe

reaction,inwhichCO?combineswithribulosebisphosphate(RuBP)toformtwomoleculesof

3-phosphoglycerate(3-PGA).3—PGAcancontinuetoreactiontillphotosyntheticcarboncycle

finishes.Asaoxygenase,itcatalyzesthereaction,inwhichO2combineswithRuBPtoform

3-PGAandglycolicacid-2-phosphate.Thelattercancontinuestoreactiontillphotorespiration(C2

cycle)finishes.Therefore,Rubiscoisakeyenzymeforphotosynthesis.

4.Howtostoredryfoodandseedlonger?(7marks)

Highrespiratoryratesofthedryseedwillconsumemorestoredorganicnutritionofthem.

Thereforeitismostimportantforthemtoreducetherespiratoryrateduringthestorageperiods.

Therespiratoryratecanbegreatlyimpairedbymicroorganism,environmentalconditionsindry

foodandseed.Ifyouwanttostorethemlonger,followingthingsshouldbedone.

Whenkeeptheseedandfoodlonger,youfullydrytheseedsandcontroltheseedwater

contentbelowsafetywatercontent,inwhichseedcanbestoredonecycleyearordo

seed-ultradriedstorage;youcanlowerfoodtemperatureto-4?4℃,evensuper-lowtemperature

storage(-193℃);AndyouregulategascomponentsbyfillingwithN2,CO2orautonomously

decreaseinO2byrespirationaswellasyouusethechemicalstokillthemicrobeorinsects.

5.Describetherelationshipbetweenplanthormoneandflower(7marks).

Mostofplanthormonescaninfluenceplantflowerformation.GAandEtharewellknown

planthormoneswhichregulateflowering.GAcanpromotingboltingandfloweringinsteadoflow

temperatureandlongdaytimeandenhancemaleflowerinitiationofcucumberbutfemaleflower

initiationinalotoftree.Ethcanpromotemaleflowerinitiationofmanykindsofplants,

especiallyforcucumber,pumpkinetc.IAAalsoenhancesmaleflowerinitiationandfloweringdue

toinductionofEth.

6.Describetherelationshipbetweensourceandsink?(8marks)

Sourceormetabolicsource,referredastheorgansortissueswhichproduce

or/andtransportsoutassimilate,suchasdevelopedleaf,roottuberortuberduring

germination.Sinkormetabolic,refeiTedastheorgansor/andtissueswhichconsume

or/andstoreassimilate,suchasroot,seed,fruit,roottuberandtuberduring

developing.

Therelationshipbetweensourceandsinkshowthefollowings:(1)variable.For

instance,theyoungleafissink,half-developedleafisbothsinkandsourceandwell

developedleafissource.(2)promotionandinhibitionbyeachother,asmallsource

mustresultasmallsink,andsmallsinkalsoinhibitssourceactivity.Buttoostrong

sourcemakessinklowactivitybecausethesourceusesmuchassimilateitselfand

applythesinklessassimilate.Toostrongsinkresultsinprematureofsourcebecause

itattractmuchmoreassimilatefromsourceandinhibitssourcegrowthand

development.

7.Describewhattypesofgenemutationresultinapetala2-2,apetala3-1and

aganous1ofthefollowingfigure,respectively,basedonthedevelopmental

modelof4floralwhorls.(8marks)

八

。雷D

DD

巴

apetala2-2

Thedevelopmentalmodelof4floralwhorlsindicatesthatsepal,petal,stamen

andcarpelofflowermorphologyarecontrolledby3typesofgenescalledA,BandC

respectively.Eachgenetypecontrolstwoadjacentfloralwhorlsdevelopment.Atype

regulatessepalandpetaldevelopment,Bcontrolspetalandstamendevelopmentand

Ccontrolsstamenandcarpeldevelopment.Fromthefigurewecandeducethat

apetala2-2isAtypemutantduetolossofsepalandpetal,apetala3-1isPtype

mutantduetolossofpetalandstamenandaganous7isCtypemutantduetolossof

stamenandcarpel.

8.Describephysiologicalandbiochemicalchangesduringsenescence(15marks).

Senescenceisaprograminwhichthefunctionoforganorwholeplantnaturallydeclinestodeath.

ThisisanessentialphaseofthegrowthanddevelopmentinplantoLotsofthingshappen

duringsenescence.

A.SAGsexpression.Senescenceiscontrolledbyspecialgenescalledsenescence-associated

genes(SAGs),peoplehaverecognizedtheincreasingexpressionofsenescence-upward

genes,mostofgenescodeenzymesforhydrolase,suchasDNase,RNase,Protease,

phospholipaseo

B.Degradationofbiomacromolecules.(1).DNAdegrades,RNAchangesinqualityandquantity.

(2)Proteinsynthesisdecreasesanditsdegradationincreases.Forinstance,soluble

protein-----Rubiscodecreasesby85%,thylakoidmembraneproteindecreasesby50%inthe

laststageo

C.Disorderofplantgrowthsubstance.CTKcontentdecreasesandEth,ABA,andJAetalincrease.

D.EquilibriumlossofCa^+betweenintro-andextra-cell.IncreasesinCa^+ofcellresultsinthe

hugechangeinmetabolism.

E.Freeradicalsburstandthedeclineinthecapacitiesofscavengersystems.Inorganicfree

redicals(C)2、*02andOH)andOrganicfreeredicals:(ROO\RO°)riseandeNon-

protectiveenzymesystem-antioxidant:(Cytf>glutathione>ascorbicacid、ubiquinone,

vitaminEandcarotenoids)andProtectiveenzymesystems(SOD^AAO、glutathione

reductase>catalaseandglutathioneperoxidase)aredown-regulated.

9.Howtoimprovephotosyntheticproductivityinphysiologyandproduction(15

marks)?

Inphysiology,photosyntheticproductivityisnothighenoughbecauseofthosereasons:

(1)Lowernetphotosyntheticrate(Pn)ofsingleleaf.

(2)LowerPnofplantcanopy(populations),resultinginmuchleakageofsunlight,higher

transmittanceor/andreflectanceoflightbyleaf,andlight-saturationforcarbonfixation.

(3)Noenoughaccumulationofassimilateinproducts.

Therefore,increaseinphotosyntheticproductivitycanbeconsideredasfollowings:

(1)IncreaseinPnofleafincludeshigherabilityoflightabsorption,transferunderlowerlight

condition,suchashigherphoto-electrontransportandphotophosphorylation,less

photoinhibitionunderhigherlightcondition,andhigheractivityofenzymesforcarbon

fixation(especialRubiscoanditsactivase)etcbyselectionofhigherPnvarietiesandsome

transgeneplants.

(2)IncreaseinPnofplantcanopyincludesincreaseinleafareabyasuitableplantingdensity,and

goodapplicationoffertilizerandutilizationoferectplanttype,extendingofphotosynthetic

timebyenhancingplantingsystem,suchasincreaseinmultiplecropindex,intercroping

andusingvarietywithlongergrowthperiod,anddecreaseinphotorespirationand

respirationbyselectionofhigherPnvarietiesandsometransgeneplants.

(3)Increaseinaccumulationofassimilateinproductiveorganincludespromotionofharvestindex

byusingbettervariety,goodconditionsforsetting,suchasapplicationofmineralnutrition,

light,CO2,waterandtemperatureetc.

浙江大學(xué)2008-2009學(xué)年秋冬學(xué)期

《植物生理學(xué)及實(shí)驗(yàn)》課程期末考試試卷(A)

開課學(xué)院：生命科學(xué)學(xué)院，考試形式：閉卷，允許帶答題用筆入場(chǎng)

考試時(shí)間：2009年1月區(qū)日8：00-10：00,所需時(shí)間：120分鐘

考生姓名：學(xué)號(hào)：專業(yè)：

一、Choice(Selectthebestoneofthefollowingfouranswers,total10marks,1markforeach)

1.PlanttissuewillG)whenitisputintoahypotonicsolution.

(1)takeupwater(2)losswater

(3)getwaterequilibrium(4)occurallabove

2.Permanentwiltingismainlyresultedfrom(2).

(1)thetranspirationratehigherthanwateruptakerate(2)noavailablesoilwater(3)the

higherrespiratoryrate(4)toohighrelativehumidity

3.ThetransmembranetransportofNHZorNO3-mainlydependson(2).

(1)ionpassivetransport,(2)ionactivetransport

(3)ionfreediffusion(4)ionconcentrationgradient

4.Inthefollowingsaltgroups,(1)belongtophysiologicallyacidsalt.

(1)NH4CI,K2SO4and(NH4)2SO4(2)NH4C1,K2so4andNH4HCO3

(3)NH4CLK2SO4andNH4NO3(4)KNO3,CaNO3andCaHPO4

5.ThereceptorforCO2fixationinmesophyllcellofC4plantis(1).

(1)PEP(2)PGA(3)Ru5P(4)RuBP

6.Increaseinlightintensitywill(1)inCO2compensationpointwhenthelightintensity

isbelowthesaturationpoint.

(1)decrease(2)increase(3)beequal(4)allhappen

7.P/Oratioforcyanide-resistantrespirationis(3)

(1)3(2)2(3)1(4)1.5

8.Theleftleavesofplantwill(2)i