考研英語二全真模擬試卷九

Section UseofArecentparliamentaryreportblamesthegovernmentandthefoodindustryforthegrowthobesity.TheSection UseofArecentparliamentaryreportblamesthegovernmentandthefoodindustryforthegrowthobesity.TheDepartmentofTransportisblamedfornotfulfillingenoughmission1forpedestriansandcyclistsusers.TheMinistryofEducation topressurefrommotoringorganizationsrepresenting ofsellingoffschoolplayingfieldsandnotdoingenough adequatefacilitiesforphysicaleducationandgames.YoungpeopleinBritainhavebecomecrazyaboutfootball(soccerandrugby), toooftenasspectator“couchpotatoes”.Thefoodindustryiscriticizedforpromotinglow-nutritionfoodtoschoolchildrenandnotadequate6sugar,fatsaswellassaltinpreparedfoods.Theindustry,stungby7popularityoftheAtkinslow-carbohydratediet,hasbegun 8,butitwillhavetodo ifitistowardoffincreasedJapanseemslessaffectedsofarbyof11,astheJapanesediet(burgersanddoughnuts),theproblemwilldefinitelygrow.InterestinglyJapanesecuisine(烹飪)hasbecome inBritain.ItisregardedashealthyinawayfromtheMediterraneandietwithitstomatoesandolive withItis thatafairlysmallamountofredwineisbeneficialtotheheart，itsbeneficialproperties.ButBritainhastodomoretheproblemsofalcoholismlinkedtheindulge-drinkingviolenceandvandalism.Limitedconsumptionofalcohol，longasitisnotcombinedwithandpossiblyC.C.C.C.C.C.C.C.C.C.C.C.C.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.B.B.B.B.B.B.B.B.B.B.B.B.B.D.D.D.D.D.orD.D.D.D.D.D.D.D.SectionUseofArecentparliamentaryreportblamesthegovernmentandthefoodindustryforthegrowthobesity.SectionUseofArecentparliamentaryreportblamesthegovernmentandthefoodindustryforthegrowthobesity.TheDepartmentofTransportisblamedfornotfulfillingenoughmission1forpedestriansandcyclists topressurefrommotoringorganizationsrepresentingusers.TheMinistryofEducation ofsellingoffschoolplayingfieldsandnotdoingenough adequatefacilitiesforphysicaleducationandgames.YoungpeopleinBritainhavebecomecrazyaboutfootball(soccerandrugby), toooftenasspectator“couchpotatoes”.Thefoodindustryiscriticizedforpromotinglow-nutritionfoodtoschoolchildrenandnotadequate6sugar,fatsaswellassaltinpreparedfoods.Theindustry,stungby7popularityoftheAtkinslow-carbohydratediet,hasbegun 8,butitwillhavetodo ifitistowardoffincreasedJapanseemslessaffectedsofarbyof11,astheJapanesediet(burgersanddoughnuts),theproblemwilldefinitelygrow.InterestinglyJapanesecuisine(烹飪)hasbecome inBritain.ItisregardedashealthyinawayfromtheMediterraneandietwithitstomatoesandolive withItis thatafairlysmallamountofredwineisbeneficialtotheheart， itsbeneficialproperties.ButBritainhastodomoretheproblemsofalcoholismlinkedtheindulge-drinkingviolenceandvandalism.Limitedconsumptionofalcohol，longasitisnotcombinedwithandpossiblyC.C.C.C.C.C.C.C.C.C.C.C.C.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.A.B.B.B.B.B.B.B.B.B.B.B.B.B.D.D.D.D.D.orD.D.D.D.D.D.D.D..A.A..A.A.A.A.butA.A.A.B.B.B.B.letB.B.B.C.C.C.C.regardlessC.C.C.D.D.D.D.noD.D.D.SectionReadingPartCaliforniahaslaunchedanewcampaignknownastheDigitalTextbook“Startingthecomingfallsemesterwithhighschoolmathandscience,wewillbethefirststatenationwidetoprovideschoolswithastate-approvedlistofdigitaltextbooks,”soproclaimedGovernorArnoldSchwarzeneggerinJune,talkingabouthisprojectionandefforttoboostandinspireschoolstousematerialsavailableonlinewithoutpaying.Hecontendsthatdigitaltextbookscanpresentthelatestinformation,lightentheloadofschoolbags,economizepaperandthereforelessendeforestation,renderlearningmorefunandinteractive,andaboveall,relieveschoolsoftheirconcernaboutfinances.Inaddition,thestatehashadtomakeseverecutsinschoolexpenditurebecauseofdeepfinancialproblems.Afterall,farbeyondsixmillionstudentsattendCaliforniapublicschools.Earlierthisyear,Californiarecruitedanumberofcontentdeveloperstogatherandthenofferdigitalmathandsciencematerialsforhighschools.Thesehadsatisfiedatleast90%ofthestate’slearningrequirements.Speciallytrainedteacherscanvassed16textbooksandapprovetenofthem,sixofwhichhavebeenpublishedbytheCK12Foundation,anon-profitgroupthathadbeendevelopingdigitalscienceandmathbooksforabouttwoyears.ThefoundationpaidteachersandothereducationprofessionalstocompileandeditthemandthefundscamefromagroupbackedbytheKhosiafamily.Californiacannotcompelschoolstoturntothedigitalbooksandsoleavetheoptiontoindividualschooldistricts.SusanMartimo,aCaliforniaDepartmentofEducationofficial,claimsshehasonlyadimanticipationofextensiveadoptionofdigitaltextbooksandherbestguessisthatsomeschoolsalotoftechnologywillbethepioneerstousethem,butaccompaniedbytheirtraditionalSchooladministratorspointedoutthatthetextsmaybefreeonlinebutstudentsneedachanneltoaccessthemandnoteveryoneownsorpossessesacomputerorelectronicreader.Furthermore,schoolscouldprintoutcopiesbutthatwouldnotsoundenvironmentally,andmorepracticallyspeaking,immensecostiscalledfortodisciplinethefacultytoutilizedigitaltextbooks.A.A..A.A.A.A.butA.A.A.B.B.B.B.letB.B.B.C.C.C.C.regardlessC.C.C.D.D.D.D.noD.D.D.SectionReadingPartCaliforniahaslaunchedanewcampaignknownastheDigitalTextbook“Startingthecomingfallsemesterwithhighschoolmathandscience,wewillbethefirststatenationwidetoprovideschoolswithastate-approvedlistofdigitaltextbooks,”soproclaimedGovernorArnoldSchwarzeneggerinJune,talkingabouthisprojectionandefforttoboostandinspireschoolstousematerialsavailableonlinewithoutpaying.Hecontendsthatdigitaltextbookscanpresentthelatestinformation,lightentheloadofschoolbags,economizepaperandthereforelessendeforestation,renderlearningmorefunandinteractive,andaboveall,relieveschoolsoftheirconcernaboutfinances.Inaddition,thestatehashadtomakeseverecutsinschoolexpenditurebecauseofdeepfinancialproblems.Afterall,farbeyondsixmillionstudentsattendCaliforniapublicschools.Earlierthisyear,Californiarecruitedanumberofcontentdeveloperstogatherandthenofferdigitalmathandsciencematerialsforhighschools.Thesehadsatisfiedatleast90%ofthestate’slearningrequirements.Speciallytrainedteacherscanvassed16textbooksandapprovetenofthem,sixofwhichhavebeenpublishedbytheCK12Foundation,anon-profitgroupthathadbeendevelopingdigitalscienceandmathbooksforabouttwoyears.ThefoundationpaidteachersandothereducationprofessionalstocompileandeditthemandthefundscamefromagroupbackedbytheKhosiafamily.Californiacannotcompelschoolstoturntothedigitalbooksandsoleavetheoptiontoindividualschooldistricts.SusanMartimo,aCaliforniaDepartmentofEducationofficial,claimsshehasonlyadimanticipationofextensiveadoptionofdigitaltextbooksandherbestguessisthatsomeschoolswithalotoftechnologywillbethepioneerstousethem,butaccompaniedbytheirtraditionalbooks.Schooladministratorspointedoutthatthetextsmaybefreeonlinebutstudentsneedachanneltoaccessthemandnoteveryoneownsorpossessesacomputerorelectronicreader.Furthermore,schoolscouldprintoutcopiesbutthatwouldnotsoundenvironmentally,andmorepracticallyspeaking,immensecostiscalledfortodisciplinethefacultytoutilizedigitaltextbooksAccordingtothetext,Accordingtothetext,theDigitalTextbookInitiative willtakeeffectsixmonthscoversallthehighschoolhasbeenapprovedbyalltheisadvocatedbyCaliforniastateTheprimaryreasonforpromotingdigitaltextbooksisto helpsavebenefitthereducestudents’Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoparagraph3SpeciallytrainedteacherscompiledigitaltextContentdevelopersgetnopayfortheirworkindigitalCK12FoundationhasissuedsomedigitalKhosiaFamilyhasaskedcontentdeveloperstodosomeFromSusanMartimo’sperspective,digitaltextbooks arenotlikelytohaveawidespreadwillsoonreplacetraditionalwillfirstbeadoptedbygood-willbeusedbytraditionaltechnology Weballowsustomoveinformationonlinethatnowresidesinpaperform.Electroniccommercenotchesupmonth-by-monthtoo.Microsoft,forexample,purchasesmillionsofdollarsofPCsonlineinsteadofbypaper.However,thatisnotafundamentalchangeandthereforecannotbeperceivedaselectroniccommerceinarealsenseandnetpromisesamuchmoreconvenientfuture.Ithasjustenhancedtheefficiencyofanexistingprocessbutcan’tmatchbuyersandsellerswhowouldnotpreviouslyhavefoundeachother.Whenyougotoabooksiteandfindanobscurebookthatyouneverwouldhavefoundinaphysicalbookstore,thatisanewtypeofcommerce.Today,lessthanhalfofallPCsarestillnotconnectedtotheWeb.Gettingcommunicationscostsdownandmakingallthesoftwaresimplerwillbringinthosepeople,andthat,inturn,willmoveusclosertothecriticalmassthatwillmaketheWeblifestyleeveryone’slifestyle.Oneelementthatpeopleunderestimateisthedegreetowhichthehardwareandsoftwarewillimprove.JusttakeAccordingtothetext,Accordingtothetext,theDigitalTextbookInitiative willtakeeffectsixmonthscoversallthehighschoolhasbeenapprovedbyalltheisadvocatedbyCaliforniastateTheprimaryreasonforpromotingdigitaltextbooksisto helpsavebenefittheprovideinterestingreducestudents’Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoparagraph3SpeciallytrainedteacherscompiledigitaltextContentdevelopersgetnopayfortheirworkindigitalCK12FoundationhasissuedsomedigitalKhosiaFamilyhasaskedcontentdeveloperstodosomeFromSusanMartimo’sperspective,digitaltextbooks arenotlikelytohaveawidespreadwillsoonreplacetraditionalwillfirstbeadoptedbygood-willbeusedbytraditionaltechnologySchooladministrators’attitudetowarddigitaltextbooksis Weballowsustomoveinformationonlinethatnowresidesinpaperform.Electroniccommercenotchesupmonth-by-monthtoo.Microsoft,forexample,purchasesmillionsofdollarsofPCsonlineinsteadofbypaper.However,thatisnotafundamentalchangeandthereforecannotbeperceivedaselectroniccommerceinarealsenseandnetpromisesamuchmoreconvenientfuture.Ithasjustenhancedtheefficiencyofanexistingprocessbutcan’tmatchbuyersandsellerswhowouldnotpreviouslyhavefoundeachother.Whenyougotoabooksiteandfindanobscurebookthatyouneverwouldhavefoundinaphysicalbookstore,thatisanewtypeofcommerce.Today,lessthanhalfofallPCsarestillnotconnectedtotheWeb.Gettingcommunicationscostsdownandmakingallthesoftwaresimplerwillbringinthosepeople,andthat,inturn,willmoveusclosertothecriticalmassthatwillmaketheWeblifestyleeveryone’slifestyle.Oneelementpeopleunderestimateisthedegreetowhichthehardwareandsoftwarewillimprove.Justtakeaspect:screentechnology.Idoaspect:screentechnology.Idomye-mailona20-inchliquidcrystaldisplay(LCD)monitor,whichisnotavailableatareasonablepriceyet,butwillbeintwoyears.InteractionwiththeWebalsowillimprove,makingitmucheasierforpeopletobeinvolved.TodaythekeywordsweusetosearchtheWeboftenreturntotoomanyarticlestosortthrough,manyofthemoutofcontext.Ifyouwanttolearnaboutthefastestcomputerchipavailable,youmightendupgettingresponsesinsteadaboutpotatochipsbeingdeliveredinfasttrucks.Itisapromisingfactthatweshallbeeitherspeakingortypingsentencesintothecomputer.Ifyouinquireaboutthespeedofchips,theresponsewillbeaboutcomputers,notpotatoes.Verbalrecognitionalsomeansthatyoumayverywellcallinonaphoneandaskifyouhaveanynewmessages,orcheckonaflight,orcheckontheweather.Toprojectthatitwilltakeovertenyearsforthesetransformationstohappenispessimistic.Weusuallyoverestimatewhatwecandointwoyearsandunderestimatewhatwecandointen.TheWebwillbeasmuchawayoflifeasthecarby2012.Probablybefore.Accordingtothewriter,realelectroniccommerceshould improvetheefficiencyoftransactionsgatherbuyersandsellerstogetherbeforemakenewbuyersandsellersfindeachotheronD.offersgoodsthatcanbefoundinphysical Accordingtotheauthor,connectiontoWebisnotverycommonbecausehighcostandunfriendlybackwardlifestyleandclosemasslowinterestandlowefficiencyofwebTheexampleofpotatochipsisusedtoillustrate thedefectofcomputersatthepresentstageofthesimilaritybetweenacomputerchipandapotatotherichnessofinformationavailableonthetheirrelevantresponsesthewebsometimesWithregardtotheimprovementofwebservice,theauthorseems Thepassageismainlytryingtoshowthat thewebisbecomingawayofconveyingthewebwillbringaboutanewwayofelectroniccommercedevelopswiththeaspect:screentechnology.Idomye-mailona20-inchliquidcrystaldisplay(LCD)monitor,whichisnotavailableatareasonablepriceyet,butwillbeintwoyears.InteractionwiththeWebalsowillimprove,makingitmucheasierforpeopletobeinvolved.Todaythekeywordsweaspect:screentechnology.Idomye-mailona20-inchliquidcrystaldisplay(LCD)monitor,whichisnotavailableatareasonablepriceyet,butwillbeintwoyears.InteractionwiththeWebalsowillimprove,makingitmucheasierforpeopletobeinvolved.TodaythekeywordsweusetosearchtheWeboftenreturntotoomanyarticlestosortthrough,manyofthemoutofcontext.Ifyouwanttolearnaboutthefastestcomputerchipavailable,youmightendupgettingresponsesinsteadaboutpotatochipsbeingdeliveredinfasttrucks.Itisapromisingfactthatweshallbeeitherspeakingortypingsentencesintothecomputer.Ifyouinquireaboutthespeedofchips,theresponsewillbeaboutcomputers,notpotatoes.Verbalrecognitionalsomeansthatyoumayverywellcallinonaphoneandaskifyouhaveanynewmessages,orcheckonaflight,orcheckontheweather.Toprojectthatitwilltakeovertenyearsforthesetransformationstohappenisprobablypessimistic.Weusuallyoverestimatewhatwecandointwoyearsandunderestimatewhatwecandointen.TheWebwillbeasmuchawayoflifeasthecarby2012.ProbablyAccordingtothewriter,realelectroniccommerceshould improvetheefficiencyoftransactionsgatherbuyersandsellerstogetherbeforemakenewbuyersandsellersfindeachotheronD.offersgoodsthatcanbefoundinphysical Accordingtotheauthor,connectiontoWebisnotverycommonbecausehighcostandunfriendlybackwardlifestyleandclosemasslowinterestandlowefficiencyofwebTheexampleofpotatochipsisusedtoillustrate thedefectofcomputersatthepresentstageofthesimilaritybetweenacomputerchipandapotatotherichnessofinformationavailableonthetheirrelevantresponsesthewebsometimesWithregardtotheimprovementofwebservice,theauthorseems Thepassageismainlytryingtoshowthat thewebisbecomingawayofconveyingthewebwillbringaboutanewwayofelectroniccommercedevelopswiththeinteractionwiththeWebwillbecomeFourlegalapproachesmaybefollowedinattemptingtochanneltechnologicaldevelopmentinsociallyusefuldirections:specificdirectives,marketincentivemodifications,criminalprohibitions,andchangesindecision-makingstructures.SpecificdirectivesFourlegalapproachesmaybefollowedinattemptingtochanneltechnologicaldevelopmentinsociallyusefuldirections:specificdirectives,marketincentivemodifications,criminalprohibitions,andchangesindecision-makingstructures.Specificdirectivesinvolvethegovernment’sidentifyingoneormorefactorscontrollingresearch,development,orapplicationofagiventechnology.Directivesaffectingsuchfactorsmayvaryfromadministrativeregulationofprivateactivitytogovernmentownershipofatechnologicaloperation.Marketincentivemodificationsaredeliberatealterationsofthemarketwithinwhichprivatedecisionsregardingthedevelopmentandapplicationoftechnologyaremade.Suchmodificationsmaycompriseimposingtaxestocoverthecoststosocietyofagiventechnology,grantingsubsidiestopayforsocialbenefitsofatechnology,creatingtherighttoappealtopreventcertaintechnologicaldevelopment,oreasingproceduralrulestoenabletherecoveryofdamagestocompensateforharmCriminalprohibitionsmaymodifytechnologicalactivityinareaswhichmayfundamentalsocialvalues,ormodifyhumanbehaviorlikelytoresultfromtechnologicalapplications,liketheinactivenessofautomotivepollutioncontroldevicesinordertoimprovevehicleperformance.Alterationofdecision-makingstructuresincludesallpossiblemodificationsintheauthority,constitution,orresponsibilityofprivateandpublicentitiesdecidingquestionsoftechnologicaldevelopmentandapplication.Suchalterationsincludetheadditionofpublic-interestmemberstocorporateboards,theimpositionbylawsoractsofdutiesongovernmentaldecisionmakersandextensionofwarrantiesinresponsetoconsumerEffectiveuseofthesemethodstocontroltechnologydependsonwhetherornotthegoalofregulationistheoptimalallocationofresources.Whentheobjectisoptimalresourceallocation,thatcombinationoflegalmethodsshouldbeusedthatmostnearlyyieldstheallocationthatwouldexistiftherewerenoexternalcostsresultingfromallocatingresourcesthroughmarketactivity.Thereareexternalcostswhenthepricesetbybuyersandsellersofgoodsfailstoincludesomecosts,toanyone,thatresultfromtheproductionanduseofthegoodsandsuchcostsareinternalizedmaterialsdamage,anddisease,theseexternalitiesresultfromfailuretoplaceapriceonair,thusmakingitafreegoodcommontoall.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith objectivesandlegalmethodsforguidanceoftechnologicaltechnicalapproachestotheproblemofcontrollingmarketeconomicproceduresforfacilitatingtransactionsbetweenbuyersandreasonsforslowtechnologicaldevelopmentinlightofenvironmentalistWhichofthefollowingsisincludedinMarketincentiveTorequiretechnologyenterprisestopayTosimplifyrulestorestoretechnologicalTosubsidizetheimportingofhighFourlegalapproachesmaybefollowedinattemptingtochanneltechnologicaldevelopmentinsociallyusefuldirections:specificdirectives,marketincentivemodifications,criminalprohibitions,andchangesindecision-makingstructures.SpecificFourlegalapproachesmaybefollowedinattemptingtochanneltechnologicaldevelopmentinsociallyusefuldirections:specificdirectives,marketincentivemodifications,criminalprohibitions,andchangesindecision-makingstructures.Specificdirectivesinvolvethegovernment’sidentifyingoneormorefactorscontrollingresearch,development,orapplicationofagiventechnology.Directivesaffectingsuchfactorsmayvaryfromadministrativeregulationofprivateactivitytogovernmentownershipofatechnologicaloperation.Marketincentivemodificationsaredeliberatealterationsofthemarketwithinwhichprivatedecisionsregardingthedevelopmentandapplicationoftechnologyaremade.Suchmodificationsmaycompriseimposingtaxestocoverthecoststosocietyofagiventechnology,grantingsubsidiestopayforsocialbenefitsofatechnology,creatingtherighttoappealtopreventcertaintechnologicaldevelopment,oreasingproceduralrulestoenabletherecoveryofdamagestocompensateforharmcausedbydestructivetechnologicalCriminalprohibitionsmaymodifytechnologicalactivityinareaswhichmayfundamentalsocialvalues,ormodifyhumanbehaviorlikelytoresultfromtechnologicalapplications,liketheinactivenessofautomotivepollutioncontroldevicesinordertoimprovevehicleperformance.Alterationofdecision-makingstructuresincludesallpossiblemodificationsintheauthority,constitution,orresponsibilityofprivateandpublicentitiesdecidingquestionsoftechnologicaldevelopmentandapplication.Suchalterationsincludetheadditionofpublic-interestmemberstocorporateboards,theimpositionbylawsoractsofdutiesongovernmentaldecisionmakersandtheextensionofwarrantiesinresponsetoconsumeraction.Effectiveuseofthesemethodstocontroltechnologydependsonwhetherornotthegoalofregulationistheoptimalallocationofresources.Whentheobjectisoptimalresourceallocation,thatcombinationoflegalmethodsshouldbeusedthatmostnearlyyieldstheallocationthatwouldexistiftherewerenoexternalcostsresultingfromallocatingresourcesthroughmarketactivity.Thereareexternalcostswhenthepricesetbybuyersandsellersofgoodsfailstoincludesomecosts,toanyone,thatresultfromtheproductionanduseofthegoodsandsuchcostsareinternalizedwhenbuyerspaythem.Airpollutionfrommotorvehiclesapparentlycreatecosts,intheformofsoiling,materialsdamage,anddisease,theseexternalitiesresultfromfailuretoplaceapriceonair,thusmakingitafreegoodcommontoall.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith objectivesandlegalmethodsforguidanceoftechnologicaltechnicalapproachestotheproblemofcontrollingmarketeconomicproceduresforfacilitatingtransactionsbetweenbuyersandreasonsforslowtechnologicaldevelopmentinlightofenvironmentalistWhichofthefollowingsisincludedinMarketincentiveTorequiretechnologyenterprisestopayTosimplifyrulestorestoretechnologicalTosubsidizetheimportingofhighTheword“impinge”(ParagraphTheword“impinge”(Paragraph4)probablymeans playemphasispayattentionhavepassionhaveimpactOneofthechangesofdecision-makingstructuresis tochangethecompositionoftoreflectopinionsfromthetomakegovernmentsdecidetogivepublictherighttovoteTheauthorcitesairpollutionfrommotorvehiclesto revealcostestimatescalculatedbyincludingthecostsofindicatelegalmethodsusedtopreventtechnologicalillustratetherearesomecostsnotincludedinbuyer-sellershowtechnologicalresearchundertakenforthecommonFormorethantwodecades,U.S.courtshavebeenlimitingaffirmative-programsuniversitiesandotherareas.Thelegalprincipleisthatracialpreferencesareunconstitutional,eventhoseintendedtocompensateforracismorintolerance.Formanycolleges,thismeansstudentscanbeadmittedonlyonmerit,notontheirraceorethnicity.IthasbeenadivisiveissueacrosstheU.S.,aseducatorsblametheprolongedreactiontoaffirmative-actionfordeclinesinminorityadmissions.Meanwhile,activistscontinuetobattleracepreferencesincourtsfromMichigantoNorthCarolina.Now,chiefexecutivesofabouttwodozencompanieshavedecidedtoplungeintothispoliticallyunsettleddebate.They,togetherwith36universitiesand7non-profitorganizations,formedaforumthatputforwardanactionplandesignedtohelpcollegeseludecourt-imposedrestrictionsonaffirmativeaction.TheCEOs’motiveis“Ouraudienceisgrowingmorediverse,sothecommunitiesweservebenefitifouremployeesareraciallyandethnicallydiverseaswell”,saysoneCEOofacompanythatownsninetelevisionstations.Amongthestepstheforumispushingincludefindingcreativeyetlegalwaystoboostminorityenrollmentthroughnewadmissionspolicies,promotingadmissionsdecisionsthatlookatmorethantestscores,andencouraginguniversitiestostepuptheirminorityoutreachandfinancialaid.Andtocounteraccusationsbycriticstochallengethesetacticsincourt,thegroupsaysitwillgivelegalassistancetocollegessuedfortryingthem.“Diversitydiminishedbythecourtmustbemadeupforinotherlegalways,”says,aforummember.Oneofthemorecontroversialmethodsadvocatedistheso-called10%rule.Theideaisforpublicuniversities—whicheducatethree-quartersofallU.S.undergraduates—toadmitstudentswhoareinthetop10%oftheirhighschoolgraduatingclass.Doingsoallowscollegestotakeminoritieswhoexcelinaverageurbanschools,eveniftheywouldn’thavemadethecutunderthecurrentstatewiderankingmanyuniversitiesTheword“impinge”(ParagraphTheword“impinge”(Paragraph4)probablymeans playemphasispayattentionhavepassionhaveimpactOneofthechangesofdecision-makingstructuresis tochangethecompositionoftoreflectopinionsfromthetomakegovernmentsdecidetogivepublictherighttovoteTheauthorcitesairpollutionfrommotorvehiclesto revealcostestimatescalculatedbyincludingthecostsofindicatelegalmethodsusedtopreventtechnologicalillustratetherearesomecostsnotincludedinbuyer-sellershowtechnologicalresearchundertakenforthecommonFormorethantwodecades,U.S.courtshavebeenlimitingaffirmative-programsuniversitiesandotherareas.Thelegalprincipleisthatracialpreferencesareunconstitutional,eventhoseintendedtocompensateforracismorintolerance.Formanycolleges,thismeansstudentscanbeadmittedonlyonmerit,notontheirraceorethnicity.IthasbeenadivisiveissueacrosstheU.S.,aseducatorsblametheprolongedreactiontoaffirmative-actionfordeclinesinminorityadmissions.Meanwhile,activistscontinuetobattleracepreferencesincourtsfromMichigantoNorthCarolina.Now,chiefexecutivesofabouttwodozencompanieshavedecidedtoplungeintothispoliticallyunsettleddebate.They,togetherwith36universitiesand7non-profitorganizations,formedaforumthatputforwardanactionplandesignedtohelpcollegeseludecourt-imposedrestrictionsonaffirmativeaction.TheCEOs’motiveis“Ouraudienceisgrowingmorediverse,sothecommunitiesweservebenefitifouremployeesareraciallyandethnicallydiverseaswell”,saysoneCEOofacompanythatownsninetelevisionstations.Amongthestepstheforumispushingincludefindingcreativeyetlegalwaystoboostminorityenrollmentthroughnewadmissionspolicies,promotingadmissionsdecisionsthatlookatmorethantestscores,andencouraginguniversitiestostepuptheirminorityoutreachandfinancialaid.Andtocounteraccusationsbycriticstochallengethesetacticsincourt,thegroupsaysitwillgivelegalassistancetocollegessuedfortryingthem.“Diversitydiminishedbythecourtmustbemadeupforinotherlegalways,”says,aforummember.Oneofthemorecontroversialmethodsadvocatedistheso-called10%rule.Theideaisforpublicuniversities—whicheducatethree-quartersofallU.S.undergraduates—toadmitstudentswhoareinthetop10%oftheirhighschoolgraduatingclass.Doingsoallowscollegestotakeminoritieswhoexcelinaverageurbanschools,eveniftheywouldn’thavemadethecutunderthecurrentstatewiderankingmanyuniversitiesU.S.courtrestrictionsonaffirmativeactionU.S.courtrestrictionsonaffirmativeactionmayleadto lossofthefavorsminoritiesoncecompromisebetweeneducatorsanddisputebetweentheminoritiesandThedivisiveissueacrosstheUnitedStatesfocuseson whetheraffirmativeactionshouldcontinuetowhetherthislawshouldgoonhelpingwhetherracismexistsinAmericancollegewhetherracialintoleranceshouldbeBigcompaniesdecidedtohelpcollegesenrollmoreminoritystudentsbecause thinkitwrongtodeprivetheminoritiesoftheirrightstowanttopreservethefinecharacteristicsofAmericanwantastaffthatreflectsthediversityoftheirthinkittheirdutytohelpdevelopeducationoftheThetacticstheforumusesisintendedto battletheracialpreferencesinsupportcollegesinvolvedinlawsuitsofstrivetosettlethispolitical