高分子雙語(yǔ)課單體命名

單體有機(jī)物的命名數(shù)字：NamingnonmetaloxidesUsingtheGreekprefixesforboththenumberofoxygenatomandthatoftheotherelementinthecompounds一氧化碳、carbonmonoxide，氫化鈉、sodiumhydride,Silicondioxide、Silica,Sulfurtrioxide,Carbontetrachloride,五氯化磷、phosphoruspentachloride,二硫化碳、Carbondisulfide,五氧化二氮、nitrogenpentoxide,氟化氫、hydrogenfluoride,Ammoniumbromide,trifluoromethane、fluoroform,Carbontrifluoride,碘化鉀、Potussiumiodide,硼氫化鈉、鈉硼氫、Sodiumborohydride,硼、boron11/2123456HemiSemi-MonoUni-dibisTri-TerTetra-QuadricPentaQuinqueHexaSexi-78910111213HeptaSepti-octananoDecaHendecaUndecadodecaTrideca14151617181920tetradecapentadecahexadecaheptadecaoctadecananodecaEi’cosa23有機(jī)化合物命名（OrganicChemicalNomenclature）1、AcyclicHydrocarbons(脂肪族碳?xì)浠衔?命名1.1SaturatedCnH2n+2(alkanes)a.)UnbranchedThefirstfourmembershavesemi-trivialnames(俗名),Followingthemembersoftheseriesaregivensystematicnames.Inthesenames,theending“–ane”iscombinedwiththeGreek(Latin)numericaltermforthenumberofC-atoms,inthechain.MethaneCH4EthaneC2H6PropaneC3H8ButaneC4H104Namesofnormalalkanes(n=totalnumberofcarbonatoms)100:Hectane;132:Dotriacontahectane51:henpentacontane5CnH2n+1radicals(alkyls)CH4methane;CH3—methylethyl-“ane”→“yl”propane→propyl;Butane→butylPentane→pentyl;hexane→hexylHeptane→heptyl;octane→octylNonane→nonyl;decane→decylC33：tritriacontane三十三烷,三十三碳烷6CnH2nradicals(alkylidenes,alkylenes)(1)“ane”→“ylidene”(叉，亞基)H3C-CH=Ethylidene(乙叉，亞乙基)H3C-CH2-CH=Propylidene(2)Adivalentradicalwithtwoterminal‘yl’(撐):“ane”→“ylene”-CH2-:methylene;-CH2-CH2-:Ethylene（乙撐）(3)CnH2n-1radicalsCH≡（ylidyne，次基，“川”）methylidyneCH3C≡ethylidyne（次乙基，乙川）7b)BranchedSaturatedbranchedacyclichydrocarbonisnamedby(1)choosingthelongestmainchain;and(2)prefixingthedesignationsofthesidechainstothenameofthemainchain(inalphabeticalorder)3-ethyl-2,7-dimethyl-4-propyloctan2,3,5-trimethylhexaneDimethylpentyl<ethyl81.2Unsaturated1.2.1CnH2nAlkenes(Alkadienesetc)CnH2n-2Alkynes(Alkadiynesetc)Alkane→alkene(alkadiene):“ane”→“ene”(adiene)Alkane→alkyne(alkadiyne):“ane”→“yne”(adiyne)Retainedtrivialnames9RadicalsCyclichydrocarbons在相同碳原子數(shù)的烷烴名稱前面加“cyclo”(飽和單環(huán)化合物)10FreevalenceEther(醚)（Prefix:…oxy;ether）11Alcohol(phenol)（醇，苯酚）Suffixforprincipalgroup,OH:-ol(prefix:hydroxy)H3COH:methanol(methylalcohol)H3C-CH2OH:Ethanol(Ethylalcohol)Ketone(酮)Suffix:…one;Prefix:…oxo-12Aldehyde(醛)Suffixes:-al,…aldehyde,(Prefix:oxo,formyl)Carbo’xylicAcids(a)Theatom=Oandthegroup–OHononeandthesamecarbonatomaretogetherdenotedbyasuffix“-oic”attachedtothenameoftheparentaliphaticchainandtheword“acid”isaddedthereafter.“ane”→“anoicacid”13常見有機(jī)酸在英文中常用俗名，系統(tǒng)名稱反而不被采用。1415b.Thegroup–COOHistreatedasacompletesub’stituent,denotedbytheending,“carbo’xylicacid”,whichincludesthecarbonatomofthecarboxylgroup.-COOH:“carboxylicacid”Di(tri)carboxylicacids16Acidanhydrides“acid”→“anhydride”(CH3CO)2O:Aceticanhydride;Acylhalides(酰鹵)“ic”→“yl”;“Carboxylic”→“Carbonyl”CH3－COClAcetylchlorideC6H5－COFBenzoylfluorideButanoicacid→butanoylhalide(butyrylchloride)17Ester(酯)Theestersarenamedbythe“yl/ate”method.First,thealcoholintheformofthehydrocarbonradicalremainingaftereliminationoftheOH-groupisnamed,followedbytheacidinitsanionform.Theproceduregivesrisetoanameoftheform:radical+anion.Alcohol(yl)+Acid(ate)(oicacid→oate;icacid→ate)CH3CH2CH2COOCH2CH3Ethylbutanoate18Carboxylicacidamides(酰胺)“oicacid”→“amide”;“icacid”→“amide”“Carboxylicacid”→“carboxamide”19Amine1.PrimaryaminesSuffix:..amine;Prefix:…aminoH5C2－NH2Ethylami