新視野大學(xué)英語讀寫教程(第二版)第三冊(cè)課文與翻譯

./新視野大學(xué)英語3U1LovewithoutlimitationsMybrother,Jimmy,didnotgetenoughoxygenduringadifficultdelivery,leavinghimwithbraindamage,andtwoyearslaterIwasborn.Sincethen,myliferevolvedaroundmybrother’s.Accompanyingmygrowingupwasalways"gooutandplayandtakeyourbrotherwithyou".Icouldn’tgoanywherewithouthim,soIurgedtheneighborhoodkidstocometomyhouseforsomeout-of-controlkid-centeredfun.MymothertaughtJimmypracticalthingslikehowtobrushhisteethorputonbelt.Myfather,asaint,simplyheldthehousetogetherwithhispatienceandunderstanding.IwasinchargeoutsidewhereIadministeredjusticebytrackingdowntheparentsofthekidswhopickedonmybrother,andtellingonthem.MyfatherandJimmywereinseparable.Theyatebreakfasttogetherandonweekdaysdroveofftothenavyshippingcentereverymorningwheretheybothworked-Jimmyunloadedcolor-codedboxes.Atnightafterdinner,theywouldtalkandplaygameslateintotheevening.Theyevenwhistledthesametunes.Sowhenmyfatherdiedofaheartattackin1991,Jimmywasawreck,beneathhiscarefuldisguise.Hewassimplyindisbelief.Usuallyveryagreeable,henowquitspeakingaltogetherandnoamountofwordscouldpenetratethevacantexpressionheworeonhisface.Ihiredsomeonetolivewithhimanddrivehimtowork,butnomatterhowmuchItriedtomakethingsstaythesame,evenJimmygraspedthattheworldhe’dknownwasgone.OnedayIasked,"YoumissDad,don’tyou?"Hislipsquiveredandthenheasked,"Whatdoyouthink,Margaret?Hewasmybestfriend."Ourtearsbeganflow.MymotherdiedoflungcancersixmonthslaterandIalonewaslefttolookafterJimmy.Hedidn’tadjusttogoingtoworkwithoutmyfatherrightaway,sohecameandlivedwithmeinNewYorkCityforawhile.HewentwhereverIwentandseemedtoadjustprettywell.Still,Jimmylongedtoliveinmyparents’houseandworkathisoldjobandIpledgedtohelphimreturn.Eventually,Iwasabletoworkitout.Hehaslivedtherefor11yearsnowwithmanydifferentcaretakersandblossomedonhisown.Hehasbecomeessentialtotheneighborhood.Whenyouhaveanymailtobepickeduporyourdogneedswalking,heisyourman.Mymotherwasright,ofcourse:Itwaspossibletohaveahomewithroomforbothhislimitationsandmyambitions.Infact,caringforsomeonewholovesasdeeplyandappreciatesmyeffortsasmuchasJimmydoeshasenrichedmylifemorethananythingelseevercouldhave.ThishithomeafewdaysaftertheSeptember11thdisasteronJimmy’s57thbirthday.IhadapartyforhiminmyhomeinNewYork,butnoneofourfamilycouldjoinusbecausetravelwasdifficultandtheywerestillreckoningwiththesheerterrorthedisasterhadbrought.Icalledonmyfaithfulfriendstohelpmakeitamerryandfestiveoccasion,ignoringthefactthatmostofthemwereemotionallydrainedandexhausted.Insteadofthecustomary"Nogifts,please",Ishouted,"Gifts!Please!"Myfriends-peopleJimmyhadcometoknowovertheyears-broughttheidealpresents:countrymusicCDs,asweatshirt,oneleatherbeltwith"J-I-M-M-Y"onit,aknittedwoolhatandacowboycostume.Theeveningleduptothegiftsandthenthechocolatecakefromhisfavoritebakery,andofcoursetheceremonywasn’tcompletewithoutthesinging.AthousandtimesJimmyasked,"Isittimeforthecakeyet?"AfterdinnerandthegiftsJimmycouldnolongerberestrained.Heanxiouslywaitedforthecandlestobelitandthenblewthemoutwithonelongbreathaswellallsang"Happybirthday".Jimmywasn’tsatisfiedwithoureffort,though.Hejumpeduponthechairandstooderectpointingbothindexfingersintotheairtoconductusandyelled,"One…more…time!"Wesangwithalloftheenergyleftinoursoulsandwhenwewerefinishedheputbothhisthumbsupandshouted."Thatwassuper!"Wehadwantedtolethimknowthatnomatterhowdifficultthingsgotintheworld,therewouldalwaysbepeoplewhocaredabouthim.Weendedupremindingourselvesinstead.ForJimmy,thelovewithwhichwesangwasawelcomebonus,butmostlyhehadjustwantedtoseeeveryoneelsehappyagain.Justasmyfather’sdeathhadchangedJimmy’sworldovernight,September11thchangedourlives;theworldwe’dknownwasgone.But,aswesangforJimmyandheldeachtightafterwardprayingforpeacearoundtheworld,wewereremindedthattheconstantloveandsupportofourfriendsandfamilywouldgetusthroughwhateverlifemightpresent.ThesimplicitywithwhichJimmyhadreconciledeverythingforusshouldnothavebeensurprising.TherehadneverbeenlimitationstowhatJimmy’slovecouldaccomplish.無限的愛我哥哥吉米出生時(shí)遇上難產(chǎn),因?yàn)槿毖鯇?dǎo)致大腦受損.兩年后,我出生了.從此以后,我的生活便圍繞我哥哥轉(zhuǎn).伴隨我成長(zhǎng)的,是"到外面去玩,把你哥哥也帶上."不帶上他,我是哪里也去不了的.因此,我慫恿鄰居的孩子到我家來,盡情地玩孩子們玩的游戲.我母親教吉米學(xué)習(xí)日常自理,比如刷牙或系皮帶什么的.我父親宅心仁厚,他的耐心和理解使一家人心貼著心.我則負(fù)責(zé)外面的事,找到那些欺負(fù)我哥哥的孩子們的父母,告他們的狀,為我哥哥討回公道.父親和吉米形影不離.他們一道吃早飯,平時(shí)每天早上一道開車去海軍航運(yùn)中心,他們都在那里工作,吉米在那搬卸標(biāo)有彩色代號(hào)的箱子.晚飯后,他們一道交談,玩游戲,直到深夜.他們甚至用口哨吹相同的曲調(diào).所以,父親1991年因心臟病去世時(shí),吉米幾乎崩潰了,盡管他盡量不表現(xiàn)出來.他就是不能相信父親去世這一事實(shí).通常,他是一個(gè)令人愉快的人,現(xiàn)在卻一言不發(fā),無論說多少話都不能透過他木然的臉部表情了解他的心事.我雇了一個(gè)人和他住在一起,開車送他去上班.然而,不管我怎么努力地維持原狀,吉米還是認(rèn)為他熟悉的世界已經(jīng)消失了.有一天,我問他："你是不是想念爸爸？"他的嘴唇顫抖了幾下,然后問我："你怎么看,瑪格麗特？他是我最好的朋友."接著,我倆都流下了眼淚.六個(gè)月后,母親因肺癌去世,剩下我一人來照顧吉米.吉米不能馬上適應(yīng)去上班時(shí)沒有父親陪著,因此搬來紐約和我一起住了一段時(shí)間.我走到哪里他就跟到哪里,他好像適應(yīng)得很好.但吉米依然想住在我父母的房子里,繼續(xù)干他原來的工作.我答應(yīng)把他送回去.此事最后做成了.如今,他在那里生活了11年,在許多人的照料下,同時(shí)依靠自己生活得有聲有色.他已成了鄰里間不可或缺的人物.如果你有郵件要收,或有狗要遛,他就是你所要的人.當(dāng)然,母親的話沒錯(cuò)：可以有一個(gè)家,既能容納他的缺陷又能裝下我的雄心.事實(shí)上,關(guān)照像吉米這樣一個(gè)深愛又感激我的人,更加豐富了我的生活,其他任何東西都不能與之相比.這一點(diǎn),在9·11災(zāi)難后幾天更顯真切.那天是吉米57歲生日.我在紐約自己的家里為他舉辦生日宴會(huì),但是我們家的人都沒能來參加,因?yàn)榻煌ɡщy,而且災(zāi)難帶來的恐懼使他們依然心有余悸.我邀請(qǐng)了我的好友,請(qǐng)他們來幫忙把宴會(huì)弄得熱鬧些,增加點(diǎn)歡快氣氛,沒去理會(huì)他們多數(shù)人在情感上都有些疲憊這一事實(shí).于是我一反常態(tài),沒說"請(qǐng)不要帶禮物",而是向他們喊"請(qǐng)帶禮物來".我的朋友──吉米認(rèn)識(shí)他們多年了──帶來了中意的禮物：鄉(xiāng)村音樂CD、一件長(zhǎng)袖運(yùn)動(dòng)衫、一條有"吉米"字樣的皮帶、一頂編織的羊毛帽,還有一套牛仔服.那天晚上,我們先是送禮物,然后是切從他喜歡的面包店里買來的巧克力蛋糕,當(dāng)然還唱了"生日歌",否則宴會(huì)就不算完整了.吉米一次次地問："該切蛋糕了吧？"等用完餐和送完禮物后,吉米再也控制不住了.他焦急地等著點(diǎn)上蠟燭,然后在我們"生日快樂"的歌聲中,一口長(zhǎng)氣吹滅了蠟燭.戶然而吉米對(duì)我們的努力還是感到不滿足.他縱身跳到椅子上,直挺著身子,雙手食指朝天,一邊喊一邊指揮我們唱歌："再──來──次！"我們?nèi)σ愿暗爻?待我們唱完時(shí),他翹起兩個(gè)拇指喊道："好極了！"本來我們想讓他知道,無論世上有多難的事情,總是有人來關(guān)心他.現(xiàn)在反倒是提醒了我們自己.對(duì)于吉米來說,我們唱歌時(shí)的愛心,是他心中額外的禮物,但是他原先更想看到的,是別人再次感到快樂.有如父親的去世一夜之間改變了吉米的世界,9·11也改變了我們的生活；我們熟悉的世界不復(fù)存在了.但是,當(dāng)我們?yōu)榧壮?相互緊擁,祈禱全球和平時(shí),我們也意識(shí)到,朋友、家人間永恒的愛和支持可以讓我們克服生活中的任何困難.吉米以樸素的方式為我們協(xié)調(diào)了眼前的一切,他做到這一點(diǎn)并不令人吃驚.吉米的愛可以征服一切,這是任何東西都限制不了的.U2IronandtheEffectsofExerciseSportsmedicineexpertshaveobservedforyearsthatenduranceathletes,particularlyfemales,frequentlyhaveirondeficiencies.NowanewstudybyateamofPurdueUniversityresearcherssuggeststhatevenmoderateexercisemayleadtoreducedironinthebloodofwomen."Wefoundthatwomenwhowerenormallyinactiveandthenstartedaprogramofmoderateexerciseshowedevidenceofironloss,"saysRoseanneM.Lyle,associateprofessoratPurdue.Herstudyof62formerlyinactivewomenwhobeganexercisingthreetimesaweekforsixmonthswaspublishedinthejournalMedicine&ScienceinSports&Exercise."Womenwhoconsumedadditionalmeatortookironsupplementswereabletobounceback,"shenotes."Butthenewexerciserswhofollowedtheirnormaldietshowedadecreaseinironlevels."

Irondeficiencyisverycommonamongwomeningeneral,affectingoneinfourfemaleteenagersandoneinfivewomenaged18to45,respectively.Buttheratioisevengreateramongactivewomen,affectingupto80percentoffemaleenduranceathletes.Thismeans,Lylesays,that"toomanywomenignoretheamountofirontheytakein";.Womenofchild-bearingageareatgreatestrisk,sincetheirmonthlybleedingisamajorsourceofironloss.Plus,manyhealth-consciouswomenincreasetheirriskbyrejectingredmeat,whichcontainsthemosteasilyabsorbedformofiron.Andbecausewomenoftenrestricttheirdietinanefforttocontrolweight,theymaynotconsumeenoughiron-richfood,andareliabletoexperienceadeficiency."Theaveragewomantakesinonlytwothirdsoftherecommendeddailyallowanceforiron,"notesanotherexpert."Forawomanwhoalreadyhasapoorironstatus,anyadditionalironlossfromexercisemaybeenoughtotipherovertheedgeintoamoreseriousdeficiency,"notestheexpert.

Exercisecanresultinironlossthroughavarietyofmechanisms.Someironislostinsweat,and,forunknownreasons,intenseenduranceexerciseissometimesassociatedwithbleedingofthedigestivesystem.Athletesinhigh-impactsportssuchasrunningmayalsoloseironthroughaphenomenonwheresmallbloodvesselsinthefeetleakblood.Therearethreestagesofirondeficiency.Thefirstandmostcommonishavinglowironreserves,aconditionthattypicallyhasnosymptoms.Fatigueandpoorperformancemaybegintoappearinthesecondstageofdeficiency,whennotenoughironispresenttoformthemoleculesofbloodproteinthattransportoxygentotheworkingmuscles.Inthethirdandfinalstage,peopleoftenfeelweak,tired,andoutofbreath—andexerciseperformanceisseverelycompromised."Peoplethinkthatifthey'renotatthethirdstage,nothingiswrong,butthat'snottrue,"saysJohnL.Beard,whohelpeddesignthePurduestudy."You'renotstage3untilyourironreservesgotozero,andifyouwaituntilthatpoint,you'reintrouble."

However,mostpeoplewithlowironreservesdon'tknowtheyhaveadeficiency,becausetraditionalmethodsofcalculatingtheamountofironinblood<bycheckinglevelsofthebloodproteinthattransportsoxygen>arenotsufficient,Beardstates.Instead,it'simportanttochecklevelsofadifferentcompound,whichindicatestheamountofstorageofironintheblood.Whileactive,child-bearingagewomenaremostlikelytohavelowironstores,henotes,"Menarenotsafe,especiallyiftheydon'teatmeatandhaveahighlevelofphysicalactivity."<Anestimated15percentofmalelongdistancerunnershavelowironstores.>Beardandotherexpertssayit'sadvisableforpeopleinthesegroupstohaveayearlybloodtesttocheckbloodironreserves.

Ifironlevelsarelow,talkwithaphysiciantoseeifthedeficiencyshouldbecorrectedbymodifyingyourdietorbytakingsupplements.Ingeneral,it'sbettertoundotheproblembyaddingmoreiron-richfoodstothediet,becauseironsupplementscanhaveseriousshortcomings.Supplementsmayproduceafeelingofwantingtothrowup,andmaybepoisonousinsomecases.Thebestsourcesofiron,andtheonlysourcesoftheformofironmostreadilyabsorbedbythebody,aremeat,chicken,andfish.Goodsourcesofotherformsofironincludedates,beans,andsomeleafygreenvegetables."Selectbreadsandcerealswiththewords'iron-added'onthelabel,"writessportsdietexpertNancyClark."Thisaddedironsupplementsthesmallamountthatnaturallyoccursingrains.EatthesefoodswithplentifulVitaminC<forexample,drinkorangejuicewithcerealorputatomatoonasandwich>toenhancetheamountofironabsorbed."Clarkalsorecommendscookinginironpans,asfoodcanderiveironfromthepanduringthecookingprocess."Theironcontentoftomatosaucecookedinanironpotforthreehoursshowedastrikingincrease,thelevelgoingupnearly30times,"shewrites.Andpeoplewhoarelikelytohavelowironshouldavoiddrinkingcoffeeorteawithmeals,shesays,sincesubstancesinthesedrinkscaninterferewithironbeingabsorbedintothebody.

"Activewomenneedtobealotmorecarefulabouttheirfoodchoices,"sumsupPurdue'sLyle."Ifyoupayattentiontowarningsignsbeforeironreservesaregone,youcanremedythedeficiencybeforeitreallybecomesaproblem."鐵與運(yùn)動(dòng)的關(guān)系運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)專家經(jīng)過多年的觀察,發(fā)現(xiàn)耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)員,特別是女性,經(jīng)常會(huì)缺鐵.普渡大學(xué)研究人員進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)新的研究表明：即使是適度的鍛煉,也可能會(huì)降低女性血液中的鐵含量."我們發(fā)現(xiàn),那些通常不運(yùn)動(dòng)的女性一旦開始適度的鍛煉,就會(huì)出現(xiàn)鐵含量下降的跡象,"普渡大學(xué)羅斯安妮·M.萊爾副教授說.她對(duì)62名婦女進(jìn)行了研究,并將研究結(jié)果發(fā)表在《體育運(yùn)動(dòng)醫(yī)學(xué)與科學(xué)》雜志上.這些婦女原先不怎么運(yùn)動(dòng),后來開始了為期6個(gè)月、每周3次的鍛煉.萊爾指出："那些增食肉類食品或服用鐵質(zhì)補(bǔ)劑的女性能夠恢復(fù)到健康狀態(tài).但突然參加鍛煉卻仍沿用舊食譜的人則顯示出鐵含量降低."缺鐵在女性中是很常見的,每四個(gè)十幾歲的少女中有一人缺鐵,每五個(gè)18至45歲的女性中有一人缺鐵.而在積極鍛煉的婦女中這一比例更高,女耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)員中,缺鐵者比例則高達(dá)80%.萊爾說,這意味著"太多女性忽視了自己攝入的鐵含量".育齡女性危險(xiǎn)最大,因?yàn)樵陆?jīng)是鐵流失的重要原因之一.此外,許多保健意識(shí)太強(qiáng)的女性也很危險(xiǎn),因?yàn)樗齻兙芙^食用牛肉或羊肉,而這些肉中含有的鐵最易被吸收.而且,由于女性常常為了控制體重而節(jié)食,從而未能攝取足夠的含鐵豐富的食物,結(jié)果可能導(dǎo)致缺鐵.另一名專家指出,"普通女性每天攝入的鐵只是應(yīng)攝入量的三分之二."他指出,"對(duì)于那些已經(jīng)缺鐵的女性,任何因鍛煉而產(chǎn)生的更多鐵質(zhì)流失都足以導(dǎo)致體內(nèi)缺鐵狀況的惡化."運(yùn)動(dòng)可能通過多種機(jī)制導(dǎo)致鐵流失.有些鐵隨汗液流失.另外,由于某些未知的原因,高強(qiáng)度的耐力運(yùn)動(dòng)有時(shí)會(huì)引起消化系統(tǒng)內(nèi)出血.運(yùn)動(dòng)員從事跑步之類高強(qiáng)度劇烈運(yùn)動(dòng),也可能會(huì)因?yàn)樽悴垦苁а默F(xiàn)象而使鐵質(zhì)流失.缺鐵分為三個(gè)階段：第一也即最常見的階段,是鐵質(zhì)儲(chǔ)量不足.這一階段一般沒有癥狀.到了缺鐵的第二階段,就會(huì)出現(xiàn)疲倦和力不從心,此時(shí)體內(nèi)已沒有足夠的鐵來形成血蛋白分子,將氧輸至運(yùn)動(dòng)肌肉.在第三即最后階段,人常常感到虛弱、疲乏無力、喘不過氣,運(yùn)動(dòng)成績(jī)大打折扣."人們認(rèn)為,只要不到第三階段就不會(huì)有什么問題.這種想法是不對(duì)的."幫助設(shè)計(jì)普渡大學(xué)研究的約翰·L.比爾德說."只有當(dāng)你的鐵儲(chǔ)量為零時(shí),你才會(huì)進(jìn)入第三階段.而你若坐等到這個(gè)時(shí)候,你的麻煩就大了."然而,比爾德指出,大多數(shù)鐵質(zhì)儲(chǔ)量低的人并未意識(shí)到自己缺鐵,因?yàn)閭鹘y(tǒng)的檢測(cè)血液中鐵含量的方法──檢驗(yàn)血液中輸送氧氣的血蛋白的含量──是不夠的.其實(shí),有必要檢查血液中另一種混合成分的含量,它可以顯示血液中的鐵含量.他還指出,雖然積極鍛煉的育齡婦女最有可能鐵含量低,"但男性也并非不缺鐵,尤其是在他們不吃肉類而又從事高強(qiáng)度的體力活動(dòng)的情況下."〔估計(jì)有15%的男性長(zhǎng)跑運(yùn)動(dòng)員鐵含量低.比爾德和其他專家都說,對(duì)這些人而言,最好每年驗(yàn)一次血,以測(cè)定血液中的鐵含量.如果鐵含量低,就要去看醫(yī)生,以確定是否該通過調(diào)整飲食或服用鐵質(zhì)補(bǔ)劑來校正不足.一般說來,解決問題的最好方法是在食譜中增加含鐵豐富的食物,因?yàn)殍F質(zhì)補(bǔ)劑可能存在嚴(yán)重缺陷."服用鐵質(zhì)補(bǔ)劑可能使人想嘔吐,有時(shí)甚至還會(huì)引起中毒.最好的鐵來源,以及唯一最易為身體所吸收的鐵來源,是肉、雞和魚.其他較好的鐵質(zhì)來源包括棗、豆類和一些多葉綠色蔬菜.""選擇那些標(biāo)有‘加鐵’字樣的面包和麥片,"運(yùn)動(dòng)營(yíng)養(yǎng)專家南?！た死藢懙?"這些增加的鐵質(zhì)補(bǔ)充了谷物中自然含鐵量的不足.將這些食物與含有大量維生素C的食物一起食用──比如吃麥片時(shí)喝橘子汁,或在XX治內(nèi)夾上番茄──可以促進(jìn)鐵質(zhì)吸收."克拉克還建議用鐵鍋烹食,因?yàn)榕胝{(diào)過程中食物能從鐵鍋中吸收鐵質(zhì).她寫道,"在鐵鍋內(nèi)烹煮了3個(gè)小時(shí)的番茄汁,其鐵含量大大提高,增加到原來的30倍左右."她說,鐵含量可能低的人,吃飯時(shí)應(yīng)避免喝咖啡或飲茶,因?yàn)檫@些飲料中所含的物質(zhì)會(huì)妨礙身體對(duì)鐵質(zhì)的吸收."運(yùn)動(dòng)女性應(yīng)特別注意選擇飲食."普渡大學(xué)的萊爾總結(jié)說："如果你在鐵含量流失之前就注意到了警告信號(hào),你就可以在它真正成為問題之前彌補(bǔ)鐵質(zhì)的不足."U3WherePrinciplesComeFirstTheHydeSchooloperatesontheprinciplethatifyouteachstudentsthemeritofsuchvaluesastruth,courage,integrity,leadership,curiosityandconcern,thenacademicachievementnaturallyfollows.HydeSchoolfounderJosephGauldclaimssuccesswiththeprogramatthe$18,000-a-yearhighschoolinBath,Maine,whichhasreceivedconsiderablepublicityforitsworkwithtroubledyoungsters."Wedon'tseeourselvesasaschoolforatypeofkid,"saysMalcolmGauld,Joseph'sson,whograduatedfromHydeandisnowheadmaster."Weseeourselvesaspreparingkidsforawayoflife—bycultivatingacomprehensivesetofprinciplesthatcanaffectallkids."

Now,JoeGauldistryingtospreadhiscontroversialCharacterFirstideatopublic,inner-cityschoolswillingtousethetaxdollarsspentonthetraditionalprogramforthenewapproach.ThefirstHydepublicschoolprogramopenedinSeptember1992.Withinmonthstheprogramwassuspended.Teachersprotestedtheprogram'sdemandsandthestrainassociatedwithmoreintensework.Thisfall,theHydeFoundationisscheduledtobeginapreliminarypublicschoolprograminBaltimore.TeacherswillbetrainedtolaterworkthroughouttheentireBaltimoresystem.OtherUSschoolmanagersareeyeingtheprogram,too.Lastfall,theHydeFoundationopenedamagnetprogramwithinapublichighschoolinthesuburbsofNewHaven,Connecticut,overparents'protests.Thecommunityfearedtheschoolwouldattractinner-cityminorityandtroubledstudents.

AsinMainethequestfortruthisalsowidespreadattheschoolinConnecticut.InoneEnglishclass,the11studentsspendthelastfiveminutesinanenergeticexchangeevaluatingtheirclassperformanceforthedayona1-10scale."Igeta10.""Ichallengethat.Youdidn'tdoeitheryourgrammaroryourspellinghomework.""OK,aseven."

"Yououghttogetasix.""Wait,Iputmybesteffortforthhere.""Yeah,butyoudidn'taskquestionstoday."Explaininghisapproachtoeducation,JoeGauldsaystheconventionaleducationsystemcannotbereformed.Henotes"noamountofchange"withthehorseandcarriage"willproduceanautomobile".

TheHydeSchoolassumes"everyhumanbeinghasauniquepotential"thatisbasedoncharacter,notintelligenceorwealth.Conscienceandhardworkarevalued.Successismeasuredbygrowth,notacademicachievement.Studentsarerequiredtotakeresponsibilityforeachother.ToavoidthecontroversyofothercharacterprogramsusedinUSschools,Gauldsaystheconceptofdoingyourbesthasnothingtodowithforcingthestudentstoacceptaparticularsetofmoralsorreligiousvalues.TheHydecurriculumissimilartoconventionalschoolsthatprovidepreparationforcollege,completewithEnglish,history,mathandscience.Butallstudentsarerequiredtotakeperformingartsand

sports,andprovideacommunityservice.Foreachcourse,studentsgetagradeforacademicachievementandfor"besteffort".AtBath,97%ofthegraduatesattendfour-yearcolleges.CommitmentamongparentsisakeyingredientintheHydemixture.Forthestudenttogainadmission,parentsalsomustagreetoacceptanddemonstratetheschool'sphilosophiesandoutlook.

Theparentsagreeinwritingtomeetmonthlyinoneof20regionalgroups,gotoayearlythree-dayregionalretreat,andspendatleastthreetimesayearinworkshops,discussiongroupsandseminarsatBath.ParentsofMainestudentshaveanattendancerateof95%inthemanysessions.JoeandMalcolmGauldbothsaychildrentendtodotheirutmostwhentheyseetheirparentsmakingsimilarefforts.Thebiggestobstacleformanyparents,theysay,istorealizetheirownweaknesses.Theprocessforpublicschoolparentsisstillbeingworkedout,withalotmoredifficultybecauseitisdifficulttoconvinceparentsthatitisworthwhileforthemtoparticipate.Ofthe100studentsenrolledinNewHaven,about30%oftheparentsattendspecialmeetings.ThelowattendanceisinspiteofcommitmentstheymadeattheoutsetoftheprogramwhenHydeofficialsinterviewed300families.

Oncetheproblemsareworkedout,Hydeshouldworkwellinpublicschools,saysateacheratBathwhotaughtfor14yearsinpublicschools.Heisoptimisticthatonceparentsmakeacommitmenttotheprogram,theywillbedailyrolemodelsfortheirchildren,unlikeparentswhosechildrenareinboardingschools.Oneformerinner-cityhighschoolteacherwhonowworksintheNewHavenprogram,saysteachersalsobenefit."Herewereallybegintofocusonhavingafruitfulrelationshipwitheachstudent.Ourfocusisreallyaboutteachertostudentandthenwetogetherdealwiththe…academics.Inthetraditionalhighschoolsetting,it'steachertothematerialandthentothestudent."Theteacher-studentrelationshipistakenevenfurtheratHyde.Facultyevaluationsareconductedbythestudents.

JimmyDiBattista,19,isamazedhewillgraduatethisMayfromtheBathcampusandplanstoattendauniversity.Yearsago,hehadseenhisfutureas"jail,notcollege".

DiBattistaremembershisfirstdaysatHyde."WhenIcamehere,Iinsultedandcursedeverybody.Everyotherschoolwas,'Getout,wedon'twanttodealwithyou.'Icamehereandtheysaid,'Wekindoflikethatspirit.Wedon'tlikeitwiththenegativeattitudes.Wewanttoturnthatspiritpositive.'"品德至上海德中學(xué)的辦學(xué)宗旨是：如果你向?qū)W生傳授諸如求真、勇敢、正直、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力、好奇心和關(guān)心他人等美德的話,學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)自然就會(huì)提高.該校的創(chuàng)始人約瑟夫·高爾德聲稱學(xué)校的教學(xué)很成功.海德中學(xué)位于緬因州巴思市,每年的學(xué)費(fèi)高達(dá)1.8萬美元,因其教導(dǎo)問題少年有方而聞名遐邇."我們并不把自己看作一所專為某一類孩子而開設(shè)的學(xué)校,"馬爾科姆·高爾德說.他是約瑟夫的兒子,畢業(yè)于海德中學(xué),現(xiàn)任海德中學(xué)校長(zhǎng)."我們把幫助孩子培養(yǎng)一種生活方式看作自己的職責(zé),辦法是倡導(dǎo)一整套能影響所有孩子的價(jià)值觀念."現(xiàn)在,喬·高爾德<約瑟夫·高爾德>正試圖將他尚有爭(zhēng)議的"品德第一"的理念向舊城區(qū)的公立學(xué)校推廣.這些學(xué)校愿意將用于傳統(tǒng)教學(xué)計(jì)劃的稅金用于實(shí)施這一新的教學(xué)方法.海德公立學(xué)校第一個(gè)教學(xué)計(jì)劃始于1992年9月.但幾個(gè)月后,該計(jì)劃即告暫停.教師們對(duì)教學(xué)計(jì)劃的高要求以及高強(qiáng)度工作所帶來的壓力表示抗議.今年秋天,海德基金會(huì)計(jì)劃在巴爾的摩啟動(dòng)初步的公立學(xué)校教學(xué)計(jì)劃.教師要接受培訓(xùn),以便今后能在整個(gè)巴爾的摩體系內(nèi)勝任工作.美國(guó)其他學(xué)校的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)們也在關(guān)注這個(gè)教學(xué)計(jì)劃.去年秋天,在家長(zhǎng)的一片抗議聲中,海德基金會(huì)在康涅狄格州紐黑文市郊區(qū)的一所中學(xué)內(nèi)啟動(dòng)了一個(gè)引人注目的教學(xué)計(jì)劃.當(dāng)?shù)鼐用駬?dān)心該?？赡苷羞M(jìn)來舊城區(qū)的少數(shù)民族學(xué)生和問題學(xué)生.就像在緬因州那樣,求真也在康涅狄格州的這所中學(xué)得到廣泛推崇.在一堂英語課上,11名學(xué)生用最后的5分鐘展開激烈的討論,依照1－10的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相互評(píng)價(jià)他們當(dāng)天的課堂表現(xiàn)."我得10分.""我有意見.你既沒做語法作業(yè),也沒做拼寫練習(xí).""那好,就7分吧.""你只能得6分.""等等,我可是全力以赴的.""是的,可你今天沒提問."在解釋自己的教育方法時(shí),喬·高爾德指出,對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的教育體制不能只是改革.他說"無論怎樣改革",用馬和馬車"是改革不出汽車的".海德中學(xué)認(rèn)為"每一個(gè)人都有自己的獨(dú)特潛能",這種潛能的基礎(chǔ)是品格而不是智力或財(cái)富.良知和苦干受到推崇.成功由不斷進(jìn)步來衡量,而不是由學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)來評(píng)定.學(xué)生必須相互負(fù)責(zé).為了避免美國(guó)中學(xué)使用的其他品格培養(yǎng)方案所引發(fā)的爭(zhēng)議,高爾德解釋說,"全力以赴"這一概念并不是要強(qiáng)迫學(xué)生接受某一套道德原則或宗教觀念.海德中學(xué)的課程與那些為升入大學(xué)做準(zhǔn)備的傳統(tǒng)學(xué)校所開設(shè)的課程相似,包括英語、歷史、數(shù)學(xué)和自然科學(xué).但所有的學(xué)生都必須選修表演藝術(shù)和體育,還要提供社區(qū)服務(wù).在每門課程中,學(xué)生都會(huì)得到一個(gè)綜合了學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)和"努力程度"的分?jǐn)?shù).在巴思市,97%的海德中學(xué)畢業(yè)生都升入了大學(xué)本科.在海德中學(xué)的綜合教育中,父母的參與是一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的組成部分.為了使孩子被該校錄取,家長(zhǎng)也必須同意接受并實(shí)踐學(xué)校的思想和觀點(diǎn).家長(zhǎng)們簽約同意每月出席一次區(qū)域小組會(huì)議<共20個(gè)區(qū)域小組>,每年去區(qū)域休養(yǎng)所三天,每年至少參加三次巴思市的研修班、討論組和研討會(huì).在很多活動(dòng)中,緬因州學(xué)生家長(zhǎng)的出席率高達(dá)95%.喬和馬爾科姆·高爾德都說,當(dāng)孩子們見到自己的父母都在全力以赴時(shí),他們也會(huì)竭盡全力.他們說,對(duì)許多家長(zhǎng)而言,最困難的是讓他們意識(shí)到自己的不足.公立學(xué)校學(xué)生家長(zhǎng)的活動(dòng)計(jì)劃仍在制定之中.這項(xiàng)工作的困難要大得多,因?yàn)楹茈y使家長(zhǎng)相信他們的參與很有價(jià)值.在紐黑文市錄取的100名學(xué)生中,有30%左右的家長(zhǎng)出席了各類特別會(huì)議.這一低出席率違背了他們?cè)诮虒W(xué)計(jì)劃開始實(shí)施時(shí)所做的承諾,當(dāng)時(shí)海德中學(xué)的官員曾與300個(gè)家庭進(jìn)行了面談.巴思市一名在公立學(xué)校教書達(dá)14年之久的教師說,一旦問題得到解決,海德教學(xué)計(jì)劃就會(huì)在公立學(xué)校中獲得成功.他樂觀地認(rèn)為,一旦家長(zhǎng)們投入到計(jì)劃當(dāng)中,他們就會(huì)成為孩子們?nèi)粘Ｐ袨榈陌駱?這與寄宿學(xué)校的學(xué)生家長(zhǎng)完全不同.一名曾任教于舊城區(qū)學(xué)校的教師如今在從事紐黑文教學(xué)計(jì)劃.他說,教師也能從中受益."在這里,我們真正開始集中精力與每一個(gè)學(xué)生建立卓有成效的關(guān)系.我們的重點(diǎn)真的是先考慮師生關(guān)系,然后是師生共同探討學(xué)業(yè).而在傳統(tǒng)的中學(xué)里,是先考慮教師和教材的關(guān)系,然后再考慮師生關(guān)系."師生關(guān)系在海德中學(xué)被進(jìn)一步深化了.對(duì)教職員工的評(píng)估由學(xué)生來進(jìn)行.19歲的吉米·迪巴蒂斯塔今年5月將從巴思校區(qū)畢業(yè),并準(zhǔn)備升入大學(xué).對(duì)此他感到驚奇.幾年前,他還覺得自己的前途"是在監(jiān)獄,而不是在大學(xué)".迪巴蒂斯塔還記得他剛到海德中學(xué)時(shí)的情景."我來這兒時(shí),見人就侮辱,就咒罵.其他每所學(xué)校都會(huì)說：‘滾出去！我們這兒不要你.’我來到這兒,他們卻說：‘我們有幾分喜歡這種活力,但并不喜歡它消極的一面,我們要將它轉(zhuǎn)化成積極的東西.’"U4FiveFamousSymbolsofAmericanCultureTheStatueofLibertyInthemid-1870s,FrenchartistFredericAugusteBartholdiwasworkingonanenormousprojectcalledLibertyEnlighteningtheWorld,amonumentcelebratingUSindependenceandtheFrance-Americaalliance.Atthesametime,hewasinlovewithawomanwhomhehadmetinCanada.Hismothercouldnotapproveofherson'saffectionforawomanshehadnevermet,butBartholdiwentaheadandmarriedhislovein1876.

ThatsameyearBartholdihadassembledthestatue'srightarmandtorch,anddisplayedtheminPhiladelphia.Itissaidthathehadusedhiswife'sarmasthemodel,butfeltherfacewastoobeautifulforthestatue.Heneededsomeonewhosefacerepresentedsufferingyetstrength,someonemoreseverethanbeautiful.Hechosehismother.

TheStatueofLibertywasdedicatedonanislandinUpperNewYorkBayin1886.Ithadhismother'sfaceandhiswife'sbody,butBartholdicalledit"mydaughter,Liberty".BarbieBeforeallthedifferenttypesofBarbiedollsforsalenow,therewasjustasingleBarbie.Actually,hernamewasBarbara.BarbaraHandlerwasthedaughterofElliotandRuthHandler,co-foundersoftheMattelToyCompany.RuthcameupwiththeideaforBarbieafterwatchingherdaughterplaywithpaperdolls.Thethree-dimensionalmodelforBarbiewasaGermandoll—ajokegiftforadultsdescribedashavingtheappearanceof"awomanwhosoldsex".Mattelrefashionedthedollintoadecent,all-American—althoughwithanexaggeratedbreastsize—versionandnameditafterBarbara,whowasthenateenager.

Sinceherintroductionin1959,BarbiehasbecometheuniversallyrecognizedQueenoftheDolls.MattelsaystheaverageAmericangirlownstenBarbiedolls,andtwoaresoldsomewhereintheworldeverysecond.

Nowmorethansixtyyearsold,Barbara—whodeclinesinterviewsbutissaidtohavelovedthedoll-maybethemostfamousunknownfigureontheplanet.Barbie'sboyfriend,Ken,wasintroducedin1961andnamedafterBarbara'sbrother.TherealKen,whodiedin1994,wasdisgustedbythedollthatmadehisfamilyfamous."Idon'twantmychildrentoplaywithit,"hesaidin1993.AmericanGothicGrantWoodinstantlyrosetofamein1930withhispaintingAmericanGothic,anoften-copiedinterpretationofthesolemnprideofAmericanfarmers.Thepaintingshowsaserious-lookingmanandawomanstandinginfrontofafarmhouse.HewasstronglyinfluencedbymedievalartistsandinspiredbytheGothicwindowofanoldfarmhouse,butthefacesinhiscompositionwerewhatcapturedtheworld'sattention.

Woodlikedtopaintfacesheknewwell.Forthegravefarmerheusedhisdentist,asour-lookingman.Forthewomanstandingalongsidehim,theartistchosehissister,Nan.Hestretchedthemodels'necksabit,buttherewasnodoubtwhoposedfortheportrait.NanlaterremarkedthatthefameshegainedfromAmericanGothicsavedherfromaveryboringlife.TheBuffaloNickelToday,AmericancoinshonorprominentfiguresoftheUSgovernment—mostlyfamousformerpresidents.ButtheBuffalonickel,producedfrom1913to1938,honoredapairofconnectedtragediesfromthesettlementoftheAmericanfrontier—thedestructionofthebuffaloherdsandtheAmericanIndians.

WhilewhitepeoplehadpreviouslybeenusedasmodelsformostAmericancoins,famedartistJamesEarleFraserwentagainsttraditionbyusingthreeactualAmericanIndiansasmodelsforhiscreation.Forthebuffaloontheotherside,sincebuffalonolongerwanderedaboutthegreatgrasslands,FraserwasforcedtosketchanagingbuffalofromNewYorkCity'sCentralParkZoo.Twoyearslater,in1915,thisanimalwassoldfor$100andkilledformeat,ahide,andawalldecorationmadefromitshorns.UncleSamFourteen-year-oldSamWilsonranawayfromhometojoinhisfatherandolderbrothersinthefighttoliberatetheAmericancoloniesfromtheBritishduringtheAmericanRevolution.Atage23,hestartedameatpackingbusinessandearnedareputationforbeinghonestandhardworking.Duringalaterwarin1812,WilsongainedapositioninspectingmeatforUSArmyforces,workingwithamanwhohadsignedacontractwiththegovernmenttoprovidemeattothearmy.Barrelsofmeatsuppliedtothearmywerestamped"EA-US",identifyingthecompany<EA>andcountryoforigin<US>.

Accordingtoonestory,whenagovernmentofficialvisitedtheplantandaskedabouttheletters,acreativeemployeetoldhim"US"wasshortfor"UncleSam"Wilson.SoonsoldiersweresayingallArmysupplieswerefrom"UncleSam".

Afterthewar,acharactercalledUncleSambeganappearinginpoliticalcartoons,hisformevolvingfromanearliercartooncharactercalledBrotherJonathanthatwaspopularduringtheAmericanRevolution.UncleSamsoonreplacedBrotherJonathanasAmerican'smostpopularsymbol.ThemostenduringportraitofUncleSamwascreatedbyartistJamesMontgomeryFlagginhisfamousarmyrecruitingpostersofWorldWarsIandII.Thatversion—atallmanwithwhitehairandasmallwhitebeardonhischin,adarkbluecoatandatallhatwithstarsonit—wasaself-portraitofFlagg.美國(guó)文化的五大象征<B>自由女神像</B>19世紀(jì)70年代中期,法國(guó)藝術(shù)家弗里德里克·奧古斯特·巴托爾迪正在設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)大項(xiàng)目,名為"自由照耀世界".這是一座慶祝美國(guó)獨(dú)立和美法聯(lián)盟的紀(jì)念碑.與此同時(shí),他愛上了一位他在加拿大認(rèn)識(shí)的女子.他母親不贊成自己的兒子和一個(gè)她沒有見過的女子戀愛,然而巴托爾迪不為所動(dòng),和心中所愛于1876年結(jié)為伉儷.同年,巴托爾迪組裝完雕像的右臂和火炬,并將它們陳列在費(fèi)城.據(jù)說,他用了妻子的手臂為模本,但覺得她的臉太漂亮,不適合做雕像模本.他需要這樣一個(gè)女人：面容滄桑卻不失堅(jiān)定,莊重多于美麗.他選擇了自己的母親.1886年,自由女神像在紐約灣北部落成.雕像綜合了他母親的臉和他妻子的身材,不過巴托爾迪稱之為"我的女兒,自由之神".<B>芭比娃娃</B>在現(xiàn)今銷售的各式各樣的芭比娃娃之前,原本部門只有一種芭比娃娃.實(shí)際上,她的名字叫芭芭拉.芭芭拉·漢德勒是馬特爾玩具公司的聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人艾略特和魯思·漢德勒夫婦的女兒.魯思是在見到女兒玩紙娃娃之后才想到做芭比娃娃的.芭比娃娃的三維模特是一個(gè)德國(guó)洋娃娃,一個(gè)哄成年人開心的禮物,被描繪成具有"風(fēng)塵女子"的模樣.馬特爾公司將這個(gè)娃娃做了一番改造,變成了體面而地道的美國(guó)版本,盡管胸圍有些夸張.它以當(dāng)時(shí)10多歲的少女芭芭拉的名字命名.自從1959年面世,芭比娃娃就成了全球公認(rèn)的"娃娃女王".馬特爾公司說,一般的美國(guó)女孩擁有10個(gè)芭比娃娃,全球每秒鐘就有兩個(gè)芭比娃娃售出.如今芭芭拉已有60多歲了,她拒絕接受采訪,但據(jù)說她非常喜歡芭比娃娃.她可能是當(dāng)今世上最著名的不為人知的人物了.1961年,芭比娃娃的男朋友面世,按芭芭拉的弟弟肯的名字命名.真正的肯于1994年去世.他對(duì)令自己全家名揚(yáng)天下的娃娃極為厭惡.他在1993年說："我可不想讓我的孩子玩這洋娃娃."<B>《美國(guó)哥特人》</B>1930年,格蘭特·伍德因其畫作《美國(guó)哥特人》一舉成名.此畫體現(xiàn)了美國(guó)農(nóng)民莊嚴(yán)的自豪,常常被人復(fù)制.畫面展示了一位神色嚴(yán)肅的男子和一位女子站立在農(nóng)舍之前.伍德深受中世紀(jì)藝術(shù)家的影響,他的靈感來自于一所古老農(nóng)舍的哥特式窗戶,但最令世界注目的是畫中人物的臉.伍德喜歡畫他熟悉的臉.為畫神色嚴(yán)肅的農(nóng)夫,他選擇了他那表情木訥的牙醫(yī),至于站在他身邊的農(nóng)婦,他選擇了自己的姐姐南.他把模特的脖子稍稍畫長(zhǎng)了一些,但無疑能看出誰是畫像的原型.南后來說道,《美國(guó)哥特人》帶給她的名譽(yù)使她擺脫了一種非常乏味的生活.<B>野牛鎳幣</B>今天,美國(guó)的硬幣都用來紀(jì)念美國(guó)政府的杰出人物,其中大部分是著名的前總統(tǒng).但1913至1938年間發(fā)行的野牛鎳幣,卻是為了紀(jì)念由美國(guó)拓居引起的兩起相互關(guān)聯(lián)的悲劇──野牛群的滅絕和美