英美國家概況之英國課件

ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdom英美國家概況之英國PartIWarm-upquestions1.Whatarethe4constituentcountriesintheU.K.?

England,Scotland,Wales,andNorthernIreland2.Aloose(andvoluntary)organizationexistsamongthecountriesthatusedtobepartoftheBritishEmpire.Whatistheorganizationcalled?

CommonwealthofNations3.WhendidtheU.K.becomeamemberoftheEuropeanUnion?

TheUKhasbeenamemberoftheEUsince19734.WhatistheorganizationG7?IstheU.K.itsmember?

ItisamemberoftheGroupofSeven(theUnitedStates,Britain,Germany,France,Japan,ItalyandCanada)

英美國家概況之英國PartIIFocalPoints

1.

Acomplicatedcountrywithacomplicatedname

(復雜的名稱，復雜的國家)2.

Theeffectsofitsimperialpast

(帝國主義歷史的影響)3.

Amultiracialsociety

(多種族的社會)4.

Remarkableclass,regionalandeconomicdifferences

(顯著的階級、地域和經(jīng)濟差異)5.

ThesignificantroleofLondon

(倫敦的重要地位)6.

CulturalandeconomicdominanceofEngland

(英格蘭的在文化和經(jīng)濟上的統(tǒng)治地位)7.

TheconquestofBritain（對不列顛的征服）8.

Parliament’sdominanceoverthethrone

(議會成為凌駕于王室權力之上的統(tǒng)治機構)9.

PhysicalfeaturesofScotland

(蘇格蘭的地理特征)英美國家概況之英國10.

Culturaldivisionbetweenhighlandandlowland

(蘇格蘭高地和低地之間的文化區(qū)分)11.

TheBattleofBannockburn

(班諾克本戰(zhàn)役)12.

UnionwithEnglandin1707

{1707年(蘇格蘭)與英格蘭合并}13.

StrongScottishidentity

(仍具有很濃的蘇格蘭特色)14.

BriefintroductionofWales

(對威爾士的簡要介紹)15.

CampaignsforindependenceofUK

(威爾士的獨立運動)英美國家概況之英國Officialname:theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.ThedefinitionoftheUK.,GreatBritain&England.England,Scotland,WalesNorthernIreland.

GreatBritainIrelandhundredsofsmallones.

TheUKGreatBritainTheBritishIsles:PartⅢLanguagepoints

1.Acomplicatedcountrywithacomplicatedname英美國家概況之英國Twolargeislandsseveralsmallonestwostates

TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.

England,WalesScotlandBritishIslestheUKGreatBritain英美國家概況之英國NationalEmblem“UnionJack”---NationalFlag英美國家概況之英國---Nationalanthem：“Godsavethequeen”（如在位的是男性君主，國歌改為“Godsavetheking”）---Nationalflower：Rose---Nationalbird：(robin)英美國家概況之英國英美國家概況之英國

(1)EnglandisinthesouthernpartofGreatBritain.Itisthelargest,mostpopuloussection.(2)ScotlandisinthenorthofGreatBritain.Capital:Edinburgh.(3)WalesisinthewestofGreatBritain.Capital:Cardiff(4)NorthernIrelandisthefourthregionoftheUK.Capital:Belfast.英美國家概況之英國Edinburgh,capitalofScotlandCardiff,capitalofWalesEnglandScotlandWalesRepublicofIrelandNorthernIrelandLondon,capitalofEnglandBelfast,capitalofNorthernIrelandDublin,capitalofRepublicofIreland英美國家概況之英國Population(2002Census)UK 59,289,194England 51,138,831Wales 2,903,085Scotland 5,162,011NorthernIreland 1,685,267英美國家概況之英國AdministrativeDivisionPopulation

(mid2004)AreaSize

(sqkm)

Populationdensity

(peoplepersqkm)England50,093,800130,281383Northern

Ireland1,710,30013,576125Scotland5,078,40077,92565Wales2,952,50020,732142UnitedKingdom59,834.900242,514246Unequallydistributedpopulation英美國家概況之英國PopulationChange英美國家概況之英國Population:

byethnicgroups(1987-89)

54.666millionincluding51.6whites英美國家概況之英國

1)ThedaysofempireendedafterWorldWarII.Buttherearecloserelationshipswhichexistwiththe50ormorecoloniesofthatempire,andwhichmaintainlinksthroughCommonwealthofNations(二戰(zhàn)后，帝國主義時代過去了。但是大英帝國的50多個殖民地之間仍然有著緊密的聯(lián)系，這種聯(lián)系主要通過英聯(lián)邦這個組織來維系).2)IthasgreateffectsonthemakeupoftheBritishpopulation:

對英國的人口構成有著很大的影響

BecauseoftheimmigrationfromIndia,Pakistan,orCaribbeancountriesinthe1950sand1960s,1in20arenon-Europeanethnicity(由于在20世紀50、60年代，來自印度、巴基斯坦或位于西印度群島與中南美洲海域的加勒比國家大量涌入英國，現(xiàn)在1/20的英國人是非歐洲血統(tǒng)的人).

2.Theeffectsofitsimperialpast英美國家概況之英國3.Racial,gender,class,regionalandeconomicdifferencesinthesociety

1)amulti-racialsociety:mostareChristiansandbecauseofimmigration,manyareMuslims;2)genderdifference:maleandfemalelivedifferentlives3)classdifference:theclassstructureofUKsocietyisrelativelyobvious(Awhite-collarworker’slivesareverydifferentfromablue-collarworker’s.)*Economicandregionaldifferencewithineachofthe4countries:1)differencebetweenhighlandandlowlandScots2)differencebetweennorthandsouthEngland(Southisonaveragemorewealthythanthenorth)英美國家概況之英國4.AsignificantroleofLondon

1)capitalcity2)inthesouth;largestcityinthecountry;1/7ofthenation’spopulation3)culturecenter4)businesscenter5)financialcenter,oneofthe3majorinternationalfinancialcentersintheworld(anothertwoareNewYorkandHongKong)6)long-standinghistoricalroleintheUK英美國家概況之英國EnglandPopulation:51MillionLanguage:EnglishPeople:Anglo-Saxons,Scots,Welsh,Irish,WestIndians,Pakistanis,Indians,ChineseReligion:ChurchofEngland,Methodist(循道公會),Baptist,Catholic,Muslim,Hindu,andSikhCapitalCity:London英美國家概況之英國英美國家概況之英國WindsorcastleLeedscastle英美國家概況之英國TowerofLondonLondonBridge英美國家概況之英國RiverThames英美國家概況之英國Nightviewof“BigBen”英美國家概況之英國AgiantFerriswheel英美國家概況之英國St.PaulCathedralSt.JamesPark英美國家概況之英國OlympicStadiumfor2012英美國家概況之英國England1.AculturalandeconomicdominanceofEngland1)LondondominantintheUKingovernment,financeandculture2)England’sdominanceinsize---largestofthe4nationswithlargestpopulationisreflectedinaculturalandeconomicdominance

*Result:peopleinforeigncountriesandEnglishpeoplesometimesmistakeEnglandforU.Kintheirtalks.英美國家概況之英國2.TheconquestofBritain(BeforeAD.1stC.,madeupofmanytribalkingdomsofCelticpeople)

Britishhistoryhasbeenahistoryofinvasions:1.Beforethe1stcenturyADBritishwasmadeupofmanytribalkingdomsofCelticpeople;2.In43ADBritishwasinvadedbytheRomanEmpire,andbecamepartoftheRomanEmpirefornearly400years;3.ThenitcameunderthreatfromGermanicpeoples---theAngles,andtheSaxon;英美國家概況之英國Stonehenge英美國家概況之英國

4.Fromthelate8thcenturyon,raidersfromScandinavia,theferociousVikingsthreatenedBritain’sshores;KingAlfredthegreatturnedinthetideinthesouthagainsttheVikings;5.ThenextinvadersweretheFrench-speakingNormans,fromnorthernFrance,whoweredescendantsofVikings;WilliamtheConquerorin1066crossedtheEnglishChannel,andbecameWilliamtheFirstofEngland;theTowerofLondon;英美國家概況之英國EarlyEnglandCreatedbyThreeInvasions1.RomanOccupation55B.C.-410A.D.2.Anglo-SaxonandVikingInvasions410–1066A.D.3.TheNormanInvasion(TheBattleofHastings)in1066A.D.LATINGERMAN(IC)FRENCH英美國家概況之英國EnglishisaMeltingPotofIndo-EuropeanLanguages

CelticLatinGermanFrench英美國家概況之英國3.Legends1).KingArthurandhisRoundTable,givingknightsequalprecedence(優(yōu)越)andshowingknights’demandforamoredemocraticsystem(DuringAnglo-Saxon’sinvasion)2).RobinHoodhidintheforest,rebelledagainstNormansandrobbedfromtherichtogivetothepoor(DuringtheperiodofNormanrule)---acluetotheEnglishCharacter:arichlyunconventionalinteriorlifehiddenbyanexternalconformity

(體現(xiàn)英國人個性的跡象:表面上似乎一致,但實際上保持著一種強烈的獨特的生活方式)英美國家概況之英國4.Parliament’sdominanceoverthethrone1)ThenextfewhundredyearsfollowingtheNormaninvasion:jointogetherthevariouspartsoftheBritishIsleunderEnglishRule,unitethekingdominternallyandexternally2)Powergraduallytransferredfromthemonarchtotheparliament①CharlestheFirst’sattempttooverruleparliamentinthe1640sledtoacivilwarinwhichparliamentaryforceswerevictorious,andthekingwasexecutedin1649.英美國家概況之英國②Englandwasruledbyparliament’sleader,OliverCromwellfor11years.In1660,thesonofCharlesIrestoredthemonarchyandwascalledCharlesII(ruled1660-1685,thatis“Restoration”)

③FurtherconflictsbetweenparliamentandthekingledtoremovaloftheScottishhouseofStuartandthefinalestablishmentofparliament’sdominanceoverthethronein1689.

*JamesII(1685-1689)wastheyoungerbrotherofCharlesII.AfterJamesIIwasoverthrown,hisdaughteranddaughter’shusbandMaryandWilliamwereimportedfromHollandtotakethethrone.(1688,the“BloodlessRevolution”or“GloriousRevolution.”),thusfinallyestablishingparliament’sdominanceoverthethrone.英美國家概況之英國BasicfactsaboutScotland1.ScotlandisthemostconfidentofitsownidentitybecauseithaspreviouslyspentasubstantialperiodofhistoryasaunifiedstateindependentoftheUK.2.ThelargestcityisGlasgow,anditscapitalisEdinburgh.Bothcitieshaveancientandinternationallyrespecteduniversitiesdatingfromthe15thcentury.英美國家概況之英國

3.Hadrian’sWall:astonewallwhichtheRomanemperorHadrianorderedtobebuiltacrossthenorthofEnglandin122ADfromtheeastcoasttothewest,inordertodefendRomanBritainfromattackbynortherntribessuchasPicts,theoriginalScottishCelts.英美國家概況之英國DuringRomanOccupationHadrian’sWall英美國家概況之英國ScotlandPopulation:5.1MillionCapitalcity:EdinburghPeople:Celts,Anglo-SaxonsLanguage:English,GaelicReligion:Presbyterian(天主教長老會)ChurchofScotland,otherPresbyterianchurches,Anglicans,Catholics

英美國家概況之英國英美國家概況之英國CastlesinScotland英美國家概況之英國Scotland1.PhysicalfeaturesofScotland1)the2ndlargestofthe4nations2)mostrugged(崎嶇不平)partofUK,themostconfidentofitsownidentity;3)inthenorth---theHighlands---mountainsandlakesinthesouth---theSouthernUplands

inthemiddle---thelowlandzonewith3/4ofthepopulation4)Capital:Edinburgh---eastcoast,famousforitsbeauty,dominatedbyitsgreatcastleonahighrocklargestcity:Glasgow---inthewestofLowlandzone

英美國家概況之英國2.Culturaldivisionbetweenhighlandandlowland

1)ScotlandwasneitherconqueredbytheRomansnorbytheAnglo-Saxons2)AroundtheAD6thC,peoplefromNorthernIrelandinvadedtheSouth-west---thelowlandzone.

3)TheywerecalledScotsandgavethemoderncountryofScotlanditsname

英美國家概況之英國

4)TheoriginalScottishCelts,calledthePicts(皮克特人)wereleftwiththenon-productivehighlandzone,whereinadditiontoEnglish,somepeoplespeaktheoldCelticlanguage—Gaelic(蓋爾語).

*ThedivisionbetweenhighlandandlowlandScotlandremainsaculturaldividetoday,inmuchthesamewayasnorthandsouthEnglandseethemselvesasdifferentfromeachother.英美國家概況之英國3.theBattleofBannockburn(班諾克本戰(zhàn)役)

Time:24thJune,1314Who:ScotsundertheleadershipofRobertBruceandEnglisharmyResult:Scotswerevictorious,leadingto300yearsoffullindependence英美國家概況之英國StatueofRobertBrucenearBannockburnmonumentthearmiesatBannockburn.

英美國家概況之英國4.UnionwithEnglandin1707

1).In1603,QueenElizabethIofEnglanddied.Jamesthe6thofScotlandtookthethrone,calledJamestheFirstofEngland;unitingthetwothrones2).Scotlandmaintaineditsseparatepoliticalidentity.3).In1707,ScotlandjoinedtheUnionbyagreementoftheEnglishandScottishParliaments4).Scotlandsends72representativestotheLondonParliament.In1922,only3werefromtheScottishNationalistParty,wantinganindependentScotland;49wasfromtheLaborParty,wantingtosetuparegionalparliamentforScotlandtomanageitsowninternalaffairswithintheUK.

英美國家概況之英國5.StrongScottishidentityScotlandhasagreattraditionofinnovationinthearts,philosophyandscience.*RobertLouisStevenson’sfamousnovelDrJekyllandMrHyde《吉基爾醫(yī)生與海德先生》showsthat:ScotlandwassuperficiallyfullyintegratedintotheUK,butconcealedbeneaththisisastill-strongScottishidentity.英美國家概況之英國Wales---Population:2.9Million---Capitalcity:Cardiff---People:Celts,Anglo-Saxons---Language:Welsh,English---Religion:Nonconformist(非國教)Protestants,Anglicans,Catholics英美國家概況之英國英美國家概況之英國BeaumarisCastleinN.WalesCaerphillyCastleinS.Wales英美國家概況之英國Wales1.AbriefintroductionofWales

1)capital:Cardiff,onthesouthcoast2)richcoaldepositsattractforeigninvestmentfromJapanandU.S,etc.---newindustriestoreplacecoalandsteel3)smallestontheBritishmainland;closetocentralEngland;hillyandrugged4)retainsapowerfulsenseofdifferencefromEngland5)retainsitsownlanguage;19%populationspeakingGaelic英美國家概況之英國2.CampaignsforindependenceofUK---resisttheEnglish1)1267,LlywelynapGruffudd(盧埃林·阿普·格魯菲德),forcedtheEnglishtoacknowledgehimasPrinceofWalesbyamilitarycampaign,andunifiedWalesasanindependentnation.2)1282,hewaskilled.TheEnglishKingEdwardInamedhissonthePrinceofWales,tryingtobringWalesintotheBritishnation.3)1400,OwainGlyndwr(歐文·格林道瓦爾)ledanunsuccessfulrisingagainsttheEnglish.4)1536,WaleswasbroughtlegallyintotheUKbyanactoftheBritishParliament.5)Walessends38representativestotheLondonParliament.4arefromtheNationalistParty.英美國家概況之英國NorthernIrelandPopulation:1.6MillionCapitalcity:BelfastPeople:IrishLanguage:English,andIrishReligion:95%RomanCatholic,3.4%ProtestantintheRepublic;60%Protestant,40%RomanCatholicinNorthernIreland英美國家概況之英國英美國家概況之英國NorthernIreland

1.PopulationandphysicalfeaturesofNorthernIreland(北愛爾蘭的人口和地理特征)1)

oftencalledUlster,smallestofthe4(inarea&population)2)1.5millionpeople,smallerthanmanyChinesecities3)

capital:Belfast,thebiggestcityintheprovince,eastcoast4)

mostlyrural,lowhills,beautifullakedistrictinthesouth-west,ruggedcoastline,includingitsmostfamouslandmark,theGiant’sCauseway(巨型長堤)英美國家概況之英國theGiant’sCauseway,theWorldNaturalHeritage英美國家概況之英國theGiant’sCausewaytheGiant’sBoot英美國家概況之英國2.Politicalproblems

Irelandhasbeendividedbyalongandbloodyconflictasaresultofitscolonialhistory.Until1921thefullnameoftheUKwas“TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland”.Oneofthekeyissuesinlate19thcenturyBritishpoliticswasacampaigninparliamentforwhatwascalled“theHomeRuleBill”---IrishpoliticalcontrolofIrishaffairs.1)Ordinarylifecontinues,andtroublesareanaddition.2)Crimeisverylow.3)Problemsaremainlyconcentratedinparticularareas.3.Activeculturallife---theatres,restaurants,pubsandmuseums英美國家概況之英國

4.Economy1)hasproblems:①partlybecausethetroublesdiscouraginginvestment

②partlybecauseofitsperipherality(周邊)inrelationtotheUK2)wealthperheadisthelowestofUK3)livingcostsarecomparativelylow4)Industrialcompaniesincludetheaircraftmanufacturers.英美國家概況之英國

5.TheHomeRuleBill(自治法案)From1801to1921,thefullnameofUKwas“TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandIreland”,becausethewholeislandofIrelandwaspoliticallyintegratedwithGreatBritain.ButduetoIrishdesiresforanindependentIrishstate,acampaigninparliamentfor“Home-rule”waslaunched,andtheHomeRuleBillwasfinallypassedin1914.從1801年到1921年，英國的全名是大不列顛及愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國，因為整個愛爾蘭島在政治上都與大不列顛是一體的但是由于愛爾蘭人想要建立一個獨立的愛爾蘭國家，由愛爾蘭人管理自己管理愛爾蘭的事務，國會中掀起了一場爭取自治的運動，自治法案在1914年最終得以通過。英美國家概況之英國

6.GuerillaorterroristactivitiesagainsttheBritishinstitutionsandtheBritishmilitaryforces1)

TheEasterRisingof1916(復活節(jié)起義)---therebelsoccupiedDublin’sPostOfficeandforcedtheBritishtotakeitbackbymilitaryforce.TheleadersoftherebellionwereexecutedbytheBritishauthorities.2)

theSinnFeinParty(“OurselvesAlone”新芬黨)---alegalpoliticalparty,supportersoftheIrishterrorists;supporttheIRA’s(愛爾蘭共和軍)righttofightbyatwincampaign,bothpoliticalandmilitarywhichtheycallthepolicyof“theBulletandtheBallotBox”(暴力和民主手段)英美國家概況之英國PatrickPearse,headofthe'ProvisionalGovernment'proclaimedintheEasterRising.

TheProclamationoftheRepublicreadbyPatrickPearseoutsidetheGPOin1916.英美國家概況之英國

7.ReligiousconflictsbetweentheIrishandtheBritish(愛爾蘭人和不列顛人之間的宗教沖突)---IrelandwasnotinvadedbytheRomansortheAnglo-Saxons---mostIrishareCatholics;mostBritainareProtestants---Inthe17thC.,peopleemigratedfromScotlandandNorthernEnglandtothenorthofIreland.ThepeoplesofthispartthoughtofthemselvesasBritish,andwishedtoremainapartoftheBritishstate.TheywereProtestants.英美國家概況之英國8.ApartitionofIrelandin1921(1921年愛爾蘭的分裂)Acompromise:theSouthern26counties---anindependent“freestate”(theRepublicofIreland)The6north-easterncounties---apartoftheUK.

*End700yearsofBritishruleinsouthernIreland.NorthernIrelandwasgivenitsownParliamenttodealwithNorthernIrishinternalaffairs,basedatStormont.(斯多蒙特)英美國家概況之英國

9.Troublesandsolutions(沖突與解決辦法)Themajority,theProtestantscontrolledthelocaldemocratically-electedparliamentandusedthatpowertosupporttheirowneconomicandsocialdominanceintheprovince.40%ofthepopulationwereCatholicIrish,whofoundithardertogetjobs,ortobenefitfromsocialprogramssuchaspublichousing.Thearmedconflict“troubles”developed.英美國家概況之英國1)aCivilRightsMovement(北愛民權運動)In1960s,Catholicsoftenmarchedinthestreetsandfoughtforequality.2)thepresenceofBritishsoldiersonNorthernIrelandsince1969---firsttoprotecttheCatholicpeople,laterwereseenasthesymbolofBritishruleinNorthernIreland.英美國家概況之英國3)IRA’sviolenceinthe1970s(IRA:IrishRepublicArmy愛爾蘭共和軍，unofficiallyparamilitaryforce)①

setupin1919,OfficialIRA(正式派):concentrateonapoliticalprocess,runcandidatesforelection②splitin1969,ProvisionalIRA(臨時派):feltarmedforcewastheonlyway③IRAbombedandshotsecurityforcesandcity-centersin1970s.ProtestantstookrevengeonCatholics

*Result:NorthernIrishcitiesweredividedintoexclusivelyProtestantandexclusivelyCatholicareas.Twocommunitieshardlymixatall.英美國家概況之英國4)BloodySunday(血腥星期日，1972/1/30)In1972,468peoplewerekilledinNorthernIreland,ofwhom13wereCatholicswhohadbeentakingpartinapeacefulcivilrightsmarch.ItisanimportantsymbolofBritishoppression.

*Result:strengthenCatholicoppositiontotheBritishpresence.由于宗教沖突和政治問題不斷升級，1972年1月30日,468人在北愛被殺，其中13名是參加民權運動和平游行的天主教徒這一天被稱為血腥星期日，是英國人壓迫北愛的天主教徒的代表性。它加劇了天主教徒對英國人的反抗情緒。英美國家概況之英國

5)thePower-Sharingmechanism①1973,anagreementofaPower-Sharingmechanismwasreached,allowingtheminorityCatholicpoliticalinfluence.②TheProtestantmajoritywasoutragedandwentonstrike,leadingtothecollapseofit.③TheNorthernIrishparliamentwassuspendedandreplacedby“direct-rule”fromLondonuntilnow英美國家概況之英國6)cooperationbetweentheBritishandIrishgovernmentsIn1985,theAnglo-Irishagreementwassignedbetweenthetwogovernments,givingtheIrisharighttoconsultationonNorthernIrishmatters.英美國家概況之英國

7)IRA’srefusaltohandovertheirweapons①

InAugust1994,theIRAdeclaredaceasefire.②TomaketheSinnFeinpresenceatthetalksacceptabletoUnionistpoliticians,theBritishgovernmentaskedtheIRAtohandoveratleastsomeofitsweaponstoshowitseriousness.TheIRArefused,andinFebruary1996,theysetofftwoexplosionsinLondon.

*Result:ThefutureforNorthernIrelandisstillindoubt.英美國家概況之英國

10.TheGoodFridayAgreement

(《北愛和平協(xié)議》)Asaresultofmulti-partynegotiations,theGoodFridayAgreementwasapprovedon10April1998.ThisagreementassurestheloyalistcommunitythatNorthernIrelandremainspartoftheUnitedKingdomanditwon’tchangeitspoliticalstatusunlessthemajorityofthepeopleofNorthernIrelandagree.Underthetermsoftheagreement,NorthernIrelandshouldbegovernedbythreeseparatejurisdictions:thatoftheRepublicofIreland,thatofGreatBritainandthatofitsownelectedexecutivegovernmentoftenministers.

由于多黨協(xié)商的結果，《北愛和平協(xié)議》于1998年4月10日獲準通過。這一協(xié)議向親英派保證，北愛屬于英國，并且只有征得北愛大多數(shù)人同意才能統(tǒng)一愛爾蘭。按照此協(xié)議，北愛由愛爾蘭政府、英國政府以及由北愛自行選出的十名部長組成的政府三方共同實施司法管轄。英美國家概況之英國ClassExercisesⅠI.Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse:()1.Britainisnolongeranimperialcountry.(

)2.TheCommonwealthofNationsincludeallEuropeancountries.(

)3.1in10oftheBritishpopulationareofnon-Europeanethnicity.(

)4.ThestereotypeoftheEnglishgentlemanneverappliedthemajorityoftheBritishpeople.

(

)5.GreatBritainincludes3constituentcountries:England,Scotland,andWales.

TFFTF英美國家概況之英國II.Choosethecorrectanswertoeachofthefollowing.1.WhichofthefollowingisnotconsideredacharacteristicofLondon?(a)Theculturalcentre(b)Thebusinesscentre(c)Thefinancialcentre(d)Thesportscentre2.WhichofthefollowingisnottrueaboutthecharacteristicsofBritain?(a)Economicdifferencesbetweennorthandsouth.(b)DifferencesofsocialsystemsbetweenScotlandandWales.(c)Classdifferencesbetweenawhite-collarworkerandablue-collarworker.(d)CulturaldifferencesbetweenimmigrantsandtheBritish.

英美國家概況之英國3.WhichofthefollowingcannotbefoundinLondon?(a)Teahouses(b)Galleries(c)Museums(d)Theatres4.WhichofthefollowingisnottrueaboutBritain?(a)Itusedtobeanimperialcountryintheworld.(b)ItplaysanactiveroleasamemberofEuropeanUnion.(c)Itisarelativelywealthyanddevelopedcountry.(d)Itusedtobeoneofthesuperpowersintheworld.

英美國家概況之英國SupplementaryreadingsArtisticandCulturalActivityintheU.K.ArtisticandculturalactivityinBritainrangesfromthehighestprofessionalstandardstoawidevarietyofamateurinvolvement.Londonisoneoftheleadingworldcentersfordrama,music,operaanddance.Some650professionalartsfestivalstakeplaceeachyear.TheEdinburghInternationalFestivalisthelargestofitskindintheworld.英美國家概況之英國TheatreBritainhasabout300theatresintendedforprofessionaluse,ofwhichabout100areinLondon,includingtheRoyalNationalTheatre.TheRoyalShakespeareCompanyperformsinStratford-upon-Avon,Shakespeare'sbirthplace,andinLondon.Sixty-fourcompaniesreceivesubsidiesfromtheArtsCouncils.ContemporaryBritishplaywrightswhohavereceivedinternationalrecognitionincludeHaroldPinter,AlanAyckbourn,CarylChurchillandDavidHare.ThemusicalsofSirAndrewLloydWebber,including"Evita","Cats"and"PhantomoftheOpera",havebeenhighlysuccessfulinBritain,NewYorkandaroundtheworld.英美國家概況之英國

MusicThereismusicforeverytasteinBritainincludingopera,choralandclassicalorchestraspieces,rockandpop,folkandjazz,militaryandbrassbands,acousticandnewlyemergingmusicalcollaborationssuchasmusictheatre,musicvideoandmusicwithlivearts.Inmusicalcomposition,experimentationisinvogue,withcomposersmixingtheirsources:medievalmodesandminimalism,quotationsfromWagnerandfromDebussy,IndianmelodiesandAfricanrhythms.Sincetheearly60swiththeemergenceoftheBeatles,TheRollingStones,andtheWho,throughthe70swithGenesis,LedZeppelinandPinkFloydandthe80swithDireStraitsandThePoliceandpunkpioneerslikeTheSexPistolsandothers,Britishbandshavegeneratedmajorfollowingsworldwiderepresentingamulti-milliondollarindustry.Andthelegacycontinuedintothe90withPopphenomsTheSpiceGirlsandgroupslikeOasis,TheVerve,Jamiroquai,andthelistgoeson.BritishPopmusicisaliveandwellandwillcontinuetobein2000andbeyond.

英美國家概況之英國

Britain'sleadingsymphonyorchestrasincludetheLondonPhilharmonic,theCityofBirminghamSymphony,andtheUlsterandtheRoyalScottishOrchestras.TherearealsochamberorchestrassuchastheEnglishChamberOrchestraandtheAcademyofSt.Martin-in-the-Fields.BritishconductorssuchasSirColinDavis,SimonRattleandJaneGloverreachawideaudiencethroughtheirrecordingsaswellastheirperformances.WellknowncomposersincludeSirMichaelTippettandSirHarrisonBirtwistle,PercussionistEvelynGlennieandviolinistNigelKennedyareamongsoloperformerscurrentlyenjoyinggreatacclaim.

英美國家概況之英國

OperaOperaisenjoyingunprecedentedaudiencesandattentioninthe90sduetoperformancesontelevisionandwellpublicizedcommercialrecordingsoftheclassics.RoyalOpera,CoventGardens,andtheEnglishNationalOperaarethemainLondonoperacompanies.Scotland,WalesandNorthernIrelandhavetheirownoperacompanies.ScottishOperahasregularseasonsattheTheatreRoyalinGlasgowandtoursmainlyinScotlandandnorthernEngland.WelshNationalOperapresentsseasonsinCardiffandothercitiesinEngland.NorthernIrelandOperaperformsintownsandcitiesinNorthernIreland.英美國家概況之英國

DanceAudienceshaveawidechoiceofdanceinBritainincludingclassicalballet,Africanpeople'sDance,physicaltheatre,jazz,newdanceandcontemporarydance.Thelion'sshareofArtsCouncilfundingfordance,about90percentgoestosupporttheRoyalBallet(housedwiththeRoyalOperainCoventGarden),theB