經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程（精編版）（第二版）課件：Demand and Supply

《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)教程

（精編版）（第二版）》

1.Framework2.ContentsIntroduction16units,andeachunitincludesonetextandoneadditionaltextAlltheunitsconcernmicroeconomics,macroeconomics,populationresourcesandenvironmentaleconomics,developmenteconomics,fiscaleconomics,finance,internationaltrade,andworldeconomy1.FrameworkUnit1

Text:DemandandSupply（需求與供給）AdditionalText:PriceElasticityofDemand（需求的價(jià)格彈性）Unit2Text:CostofProduction（生產(chǎn)成本）AdditionalText:EconomiesandDiseconomiesofScale（規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)與規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟(jì)）Unit3

Text:Monopoly（壟斷）AdditionalText:PerfectCompetition（完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)）Unit4

Text:Oligopoly（寡頭壟斷）AdditionalText:MonopolisticCompetition（壟斷競(jìng)爭(zhēng)）Unit5Text:GrossDomesticProduct（國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值）AdditionalText:SourcesofEconomicDevelopment（經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的源泉）Unit6

Text:Inflation（通貨膨脹）AdditionalText:Unemployment（失業(yè)）2.ContentsUnit7Text:MoneyandBanking（貨幣與銀行）AdditionalText:TheU.S.CentralBank:TheFederalReserveSystem（美國(guó)的中央銀行：聯(lián)邦儲(chǔ)備制度）

Unit8Text:ForeignExchangeandExchangeRate（外匯與匯率）AdditionalText:TheEffectsofExchangeRatesontheEconomy（匯率對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響）Unit9Text:TheBalanceofPayments（國(guó)際收支）AdditionalText:InternationalMonetarySystems（國(guó)際貨幣體系）Unit10Text:FiscalandMonetaryPolicy（財(cái)政政策與貨幣政策）AdditionalText:RoleofGovernmentintheEconomy（政府在經(jīng)濟(jì)中的作用）Unit11Text:Population（人口）AdditionalText:TheConsequencesofHighFertility:SomeConflictingOpinions（高出生率的影響：一些沖突的觀點(diǎn)）Unit12Text:EnvironmentalProtection（環(huán)境保護(hù)）AdditionalText:MethodsofPollutionControl（污染控制的方法）Unit13Text:WTO（世界貿(mào)易組織）AdditionalText:NationalCompetitiveAdvantageandDiamondModel（國(guó)家競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)與鉆石模型）Unit14Text:NontariffBarriers（非關(guān)稅壁壘）AdditionalText:DumpingandAntidumping（傾銷(xiāo)與反傾銷(xiāo)）

Unit15Text:ForeignAid（外國(guó)援助）AdditionalText:ForeignDirectInvestmentandMultinationalEnterprises（外國(guó)直接投資與跨國(guó)企業(yè)）Unit16Text:EconomicGlobalization（經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化）AdditionalText:RegionalEconomicIntegration（區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化）Text:DemandandSupply（需求與供給）1.Keywords2.Howarepricesdetermined?3.Demandschedulesandcurves4.Supplyschedulesandcurves5.Changesindemand6.Changesinsupply7.QuestionsfreeenterprisepricemechanismmakeaprofiteffectivedemandlawofdemandlawofsupplydemandscheduledemandcurveverticalaxishorizontalaxissupplyschedulesupplycurvemarketmechanismequilibriumpricerelatedgoodsconsumertastesFutureexpectationschangesindemandchangesinsupply1.Keywords2.1Pricemechanism2.2Demandandeffectivedemand2.3Lawofdemandandlawofsupply2.Howarepricesdetermined?Ifaneconomyrunsonthelinesofthepurelycompetitivemarketoffreeenterprise,thenwhatisproducedandthepricesatwhichtheproductsaresolddependuponthechoicesanddecisionsmadebyconsumersandproducers.Thepricemechanismistheprocessbywhichpricesriseandfallasaresultofchangesindemandandsupply,andtherebyactsasasignaltoproducerstoguidethemontheirproductionplans.Ifoureconomywereentirelycompetitiveandtherewerenorestrictionsatall,thenthemarketforces,orpricemechanism,wouldoperatefreely.Theonlythingsthatwouldbeproducedwouldbethosegoodsforwhichconsumerswerewillingtopaysufficienttomakeitworthwhilefortheproducerstoputthemonthemarket.Thedemandforaproductandthepriceatwhichitcanbesoldindicatetotheproducerthebestwaytoallocateresourcesinordertomakeaprofit.2.1PricemechanismDemand

meansthequantitywhichbuyersarewillingtopurchaseatagivenpriceoveragivenperiodoftime.Effectivedemandmeansadesiretoobtainanarticleaccompaniedbytheabilityandwillingnesstopayforitatthepriceasked.Ineconomics,whenwespeakofdemand,weareusuallyreferringtoeffectivedemand.2.2DemandandeffectivedemandLawofdemandBuyersarelikelytobuymoreofanitemasthepricefalls.LawofsupplyAspricesrise,sellerswouldliketosellmoreandwill,ifitispossible,offeralargerquantityforsale.2.3Lawofdemandandlawofsupply3.1Demandschedules3.2Demandcurves3.DemandschedulesandcurvesPrice(cents/kg)Quantitydemanded(kg)Price(cents/kg)Quantitydemanded(kg)107050302060602030507010404080Nil3.1DemandschedulesThepriceisshownontheverticalaxis,whilequantityisshownonthehorizontalaxis.Thisistheconventionalwayofdrawingademandandsupplygraph.Aspricesfall,alargerquantityofagoodisdemanded.Thetypicaldemandcurveslopesdownfromlefttoright.Thisindicatesthatconsumersbuymoreofagoodatlowerpricesandlessathigherprices,butatverylowpricesdemanddoesnotnecessarilyincrease.Thisissometimescalledanexpansionorcontraction,oramovementalongthecurve.3.2Demandcurves4.1Supplyschedules4.2Supplycurves4.3Equilibriumprice4.SupplyschedulesandcurvesPrice(cents/kg)Quantitysupplied(kg)Price(cents/kg)Quantitysupplied(kg)8010040607090305060802040507010304.1SupplyschedulesAspricesrise,alargerquantityofagoodissuppliedorsold.Thetypicalsupplycurveslopesdownfromrighttoleft.Thisindicatesthatsuppliersorsellerssupplyorsellmoreofagoodathigherpricesandlessatlowerprices.Thisiscalledamovementalongthecurve.4.2SupplycurvesAcompromisebetweenhowmuchandatwhatpricethesellerdecidestosellandtheconsumers’planstobuymustbearrivedat.Thisiscalledtheequilibriumpriceandisthepriceatwhichthebuyerispreparedtobuythequantitywhichthesellerispreparedtosellatthatprice,sothatthemarketisclearedandthereisnosurplusandnoshortage.4.3Equilibriumprice5.1Influenceswhichcanchangedemandforgoodsandservices5.2Changesindemand5.ChangesindemandPricereceivedfortheitemPricesofrelatedgoodsChangesinconsumertastesPricesofallothergoodsandservicesTheincomeoftheconsumerFutureexpectations5.1InfluenceswhichcanchangedemandforgoodsandservicesDemandchangessimplybecausepriceischanging,butnoneoftheotherfactorswhichaffecttheconsumersbuyinghavechanged.Achangeinthepriceofagoodresultsinamovementalonganexistingdemandcurve.Pricehasremainedunchangedbuttherehasbeenachangeindemandcausedbyfactorsotherthanprice.Thedemandcurvecouldshifttotheleftorrightifthereisachangeinanyoftheseconditionsotherthanprice,influencingpeopletobuylessormoreofacommodityevenifthepriceremainsunchanged.5.2Changesindemand6.1Influenceswhichcanchangesupplyforgoodsandservices6.2Changesinsupply6.ChangesinsupplyThepricereceivedfortheitemThecostofproducingtheitemTaxesimposedwhichrai