科技英語文體特征

科技英語文體特征StylisticFeaturesofEST

整理課件WhatisEST?TheEnglishofscienceandtechnology(EST)isactuallyabigvariety.ItincludestheEnglishofchemistry,theEnglishofphysics,theEnglishofmathematics,theEnglishofbiology,theEnglishofmedicine,etc.整理課件Ofallthescientificfields,weusuallysubdividethemintotwomainvarieties:theEnglishofspecializedscienceandtechnology(ESST),專門用途科技英語andtheEnglishofcommonscienceandtechnology(ECST)科普英語整理課件ESTisusedinscientificworks,academicthesis,researchpapers,experimentalreports,thedescriptionorexplanationofnaturalphenomena.InoneworditisavarietyofEnglish,dealingwiththetheoriesandapplicationsofscienceandtechnology.整理課件But,generallyspeaking,theEnglishofallscientificfieldshavesomethingincommonandonwhichwebaseourstudies.ThecommonelementsinvariousESTarticles,papersandthesiscanbeanalyzedintermsoftheirsimilaritiesinlinguisticfeatures.整理課件Thiskindofwritingisusuallyformalinstyleandseriousintone.Itdoesnottakeartisticbeautyoflanguageasitsgoal,instead,ittriestoachieveclarityinlogicandaccuracyinmeaning.Ittiestoavoidsubjectiveopinionsorevaluations,ambiguouswordorexpressions.整理課件GeneralstylisticfeaturesofESTIttendstoemploywordswiththedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.Thesentencesareusuallylongandcompleteandsubordinateappositive(同位語從句)andparentheticalclauses〔插入語從句〕areoftenused.Logicalconnectors,suchashence,insummary,asaresult,appearinESTmorefrequentlythaninothertypesofwriting.整理課件First,letuscomparethefollowingtwoparagraphsabout“man〞:Whatapieceofworkisaman!Hownobleinreason!Howinfiniteinfaculties〔天賦〕!informandmoving,howexpressandadmirable!inaction,howlikeanangel!inapprehension,howlikeaGod!Thebeautyoftheword!Theparagon(典范)ofanimals.………WilliamShakespeare:Hamlet整理課件Manismetazoan[met?`z?u?n]〔后生動物,多細胞動物〕,triploblastic[tripl?’bl?stik]〔三胚層的〕,vertebrate[‘v?:tibrit]〔脊椎動物〕pentadactyl[pent?d?ktil]〔adj.有五指的〕,mammalian[m?‘meilj?n]〔哺乳動物〕,eutherian[ju:θi?ri?n]〔真哺乳亞綱的(動物),primate[‘praimit]〔靈長目動物〕....Themainoutlineofeachofhisprincipalsystemoforgansmaybetracedback,likethoseofothermammals,tothefishes.Fromatextbookofbiology整理課件Ofthetwopassages,thefirstoneisapieceofliterarywork,andthesecond,EST.Bycomparison,wecanseethesharpdifferencesbetweenthestylesofthesetwopassagesalthoughtheyaredealingwiththesamesubjectmatter---humanbeing.整理課件Lexically,inthefirstpassage,wecanseethefrequentuseoffavorableadjectivesandnouns,suchas,noble,infinite,express,admirable,angel,God,beauty,paragon.Whileinthesecondone,wefindtechnicaltermsofbiologypredominatethewholetext,suchasmetazoan,triploblastic,choral,vertebrate,pentadactyl,mammalian,eutheran,primate,etc.

整理課件Syntactically,inthefirstpassage,wecanfindthefrequentuseofexclamatorysentences〔感慨句〕aswellastwoshortsentencefragments〔片語〕inordertoexpressfeelings;Whileinthesecondpassage,bothsentencesarecompletedeclarativesentences(陳述句)withthepurposeofgivinginformation.整理課件

Graphologically,inthefirstpassagethetypicalfeatureisthefrequentuseofexclamationmarks(whichshowfeelings);whileinthesecondpassage,thefrequentuseofcommas(whichofferinformation).整理課件

Semantically,inthefirstpassage,figurativelanguageisusedinordertoshowastrongfeeling,especiallytheuseofthemetaphor(pieceofwork),hyperboleandmetaphor(thebeautyoftheworld;theparagonofanimals),andsimiles(likeanangel;likeaGod).Asaresult,manisgreatlypraised.整理課件Whileinthesecondpassage,allthewordsareusedintheirconceptualmeanings.Thetoneisfactual,andimpersonal.Asaresult,theinformationofhowmancameintobeingisclearlyrevealed.整理課件科技英語文體特征分析模版

ModelofStylisticAnalysisofEST1、GraphologicalFeatures語相特征2、LexicalFeatures詞匯特征3、Syntactic∕GrammaticalFeatures

句法∕語法特征4、SemanticFeatures語篇特征整理課件1.GraphologicalFeaturesGenerallyspeaking,ESTmakesfulluseofgraphologicaldevices.First,scientiststendtousevisualaidsmorethanotherpeople,suchaspictures,tables,charts,formulae,etc.inordertoexplainmattersclearly.語相特征：包括標點，圖表，大小寫，段落的劃分，空格等。整理課件Asfaraspunctuation〔標點〕isconcerned,themostfrequentlyusedmarksarethefullstop〔句號〕,thecomma〔逗號〕,andtheparentheses〔括號〕.ThisisduetothenatureofESTwriting.整理課件AsthebasicfunctionofESTistoinform,thereforeobjectivestatementsarethemostpreferredsentencetype,thusthefullstop.Andthesentencesareusuallylong;therefore,commasareusedtosetoffsomeelementsofthesentencefromwhatproceeds,andwhatfollows.Parenthesesareusedtoenclosesupplementarydetails.整理課件2.LexicalFeaturesESTvocabularyusuallyconsistsofthefollowingkindsofwords:1)commonwords〔withspecificmeaning〕;2)highlytechnicalwords;3)semi-technicalwords;4)nominalization5)nouncompounds6)newlycoinedwords.整理課件1monwords普通詞英語科技文體中的普通詞或稱非技術詞是屬于語言共核局部的詞,通用于各類文體,包括代詞、連詞、數(shù)詞、動詞,以及無技術意義的形容詞、副詞、名詞等。在專用語中,非技術詞既有結(jié)構上的關聯(lián)作用,又有語義上的補充作用:整理課件【例句】Theprincipleoftheelectronmicroscopeisasfollows;Electronsfromahotcathodeareacceleratedbyapositivepotentialonananode〔陽極〕andarefocusedsoastoformabeamofhigh-speedelectronswhichfalluponasampletobeobserved.Electronsemergingfromthissamplearefocusedbyanotherelectronlensand,mayformamagnifiedimageonafluorescentscreen.整理課件[譯文]電子顯微鏡的原理如下:從熱陰極發(fā)射的電子受到陽極上正電位的加舉作用,并聚集形成一束高速電子,落到要觀察的樣品上。從這個樣品上出來的電子又有另一個電子透鏡聚焦并可在螢光屏上形成一個極大的物像。從上面英文斜體詞可知,這些非技術詞或是連詞造句、連句成段的功能詞,或是具有普通意義的常用詞,即使在正式程度很高的語篇中,非技術詞對其構成也是極為重要的。整理課件在專用語文體中,非技術詞的主要特點是除了本身的結(jié)構意義或概念意義外,詞義色彩中性,即既沒有貶褒色彩,也沒有感倩色彩。這與文學語體截然不同,如以escape一詞為例:【例句】Thehigh-ceilingedrooms,thelittlebalconies,alcoves,nooksandanglesallsuggestssanctuary,escape,creaturecomfort.[譯文]天花板高高的房間,小巧的樓廳,凹進的斗室,僻靜的角落,這一切都使人聯(lián)想到靜謐的圣殿，遁世避俗的處所和舒適的享受。整理課件escape原意為“逃遁〞含義較抽象,此處聯(lián)系上下文,譯作逃遁之事物與處所,這就使人聯(lián)想到遠離塵世喧囂和煩惱的意境。這種聯(lián)想正是文學創(chuàng)作和欣賞所必不可少的條仵。而同樣一個詞(盡管詞性不),用在科技英語中決不可能引起如此的聯(lián)想。【例句】Thefirstbubblestoescapefromtheliquidareamixtureofairandhydrogen.整理課件[譯文]最初從液體中溢出的氣體是空氣和氫的混合物。這里,escape只表示一種狀態(tài)，別無其他附加意義。又如beam一例:【例句】Hebeamedwelcomeatthedistinguishedvisitorsandcomplimentedthemontheirlooks.[譯文]他滿面春風地向貴客們表示歡送,恭維他們氣色好。整理課件beam原意為“發(fā)光〞“發(fā)熱〞“發(fā)射〞,此處喻義為臉上露出快樂、微笑等神情,譯為“滿面春風〞形象地傳達了beam的含義。beam在這里帶有濃重的感倩色彩,但在以下科技英語例句中,卻只有單一的“發(fā)射〞之意了。整理課件Arobotmightcarryitspower,forexample,storagebatteries,andhasitsinstructionsbeamedbyshort-waveshort-rangeelectromagneticwaves〔短波短程電磁波〕.[譯文]機器人可以攜帶電源,例如蓄電池,并用短波短程電磁波發(fā)射信號。整理課件2.technicalwords技術詞〔術語〕Highlytechnicalwordsareoftenusedforaparticularscientificdiscipline,usuallyformedfromelementsprovidedbyGreekorLatin,suchasthewordslikemetazoen,triploblastic,chodal,vertebrate,pentadactyletc.usedintheexampleoftheIntroductionofthischapter.Manyofthehighlytechnicalwordsremainforeigntooutsiders,eventoeducatednativespeakers.整理課件3.semi-technicalwords半技術詞Semi-technicalwordsrefertowordsthathavethesameorslightlydifferentmeaninginseveralscientificortechnicaldisciplines,buthavemeaningdifferentfromtheirnon-technicaluse,suchasenergy,force,mass,matter,power,movement,solution,etc.整理課件半技術詞(semi-technicalwords)是科技文體中應用最廣的詞,科學思想和技術內(nèi)容的展開主要依靠半技術詞來實現(xiàn)。半技術詞亦稱次技術詞(sub-technicalwords)。半技術詞大局部來自英語詞匯的共核局部,具有一定的技術含義,且各科通用。〔context–independentwordswhichoccurwithhighfrequencyacrossdisciplines.〕整理課件半技術詞的主要文體特征為:1詞頻高：任何高級復雜的科學技術,往往可通過根本規(guī)律或根底技未概念加以闡述。一般專著的主題或跟主題詞密切相關的詞多用技術詞,而表示根本規(guī)律或根底技術的詞那么多用半技術詞。正是通過這些半技術詞表示的根本技術概念,加上普通詞的輔助與銜接,使之上下貫穿,專門技術思想才得以表達。因此,半技術詞的詞頻比技術詞要高得多,但又低于普通詞。整理課件2、跨學科半技術詞的詞義隨專業(yè)、學科的不同而有變化。例如:power在日常用語中有“能力、動力、權力、國家、政權〞等詞義,在科技文獻中那么有“功率、電源、電力、信率、乘方、率、價〞等詞義。整理課件current:在水力學方面譯作“水流〞,而在電學中譯為“電流〞。cable:可以是電纜〞,也可以是“光纜〞。parallel:在數(shù)學上,為“平行〞而在電學上為“并聯(lián)〞。level:在電氣通信中為“電平〞,而在光通信中為“光平〞。整理課件3、多義性：許多半技術詞搭配靈活,即使在同一專業(yè)內(nèi),因詞的聯(lián)立關系不同,詞義也有差異。有一篇譯文僅6000字的文章,facility這個詞,就用了近20次,譯者須得體地處理同詞異義的現(xiàn)象:整理課件【例1】.Inordertoperformaneffectiveauditor〔檢驗〕,theauditor(s)mustbefamiliarwithallaspectsofafacilityoperation.【譯文】為了進行有效的檢驗,檢驗人員必須熟悉設備的操作?！纠?】Regulaionregardingthehandlingofhazardouswasteshavebecomemorestringentandcomplex.Facilitiescannolongerignoretheirwastes.整理課件[譯文]處理有害廢物的規(guī)程變得更嚴格、更復雜。工廠不能再無視所產(chǎn)生的廢物?！纠?】Regulationsrequirethatanyreactiveandignitablewastebestoredatleast500metersfromthefacility’spropertyline.整理課件[譯文]條例要求,但凡會發(fā)生反響和可燃的廢物,應存放于離廠家財產(chǎn)至少500米的地方?！纠?】Thesiteideallyshouldhavesufficientlandtoprovideabufferzonebetweenthefacilityandthepublicsurroundingit.[譯文]理想的處理現(xiàn)場應該有足夠的土地,以便在設施及其周圍環(huán)境之間有一緩沖區(qū)。整理課件以上四例中將facility分別譯為“設備、工廠、廠家、設施〞如將譯詞任意替換是不得體的。半技術詞沒有嚴格的體系性,其詞義取決于專業(yè)內(nèi)容和詞的聯(lián)立關系。有的半技術詞由于用法不同，還可以有不同的詞性,如上述power一詞,除用作名詞外,也可用作動詞,并可由過去分詞轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞。整理課件4、語義負荷低半技術詞雖有多義性,但比起普通詞來,它們的詞義負荷要低得多。如work一詞,作為普通詞,一般辭典對它的釋義都寫得較長，甚至多達數(shù)頁。它的詞性靈活,搭配很多,詞的意義很大程度上取決于上下文。例如，work作為普通詞,還有許多固定的配搭,產(chǎn)生出無數(shù)的詞義,而如作為半技術詞,其詞義負荷就小得多。與其他半技術詞一樣,在科技英語中增添了新義,詞義帶上不同的專業(yè)色彩,詞的用法與搭配獲得相對穩(wěn)定,例如:整理課件【例句】Pushingorpulling,however,doesnotnecessarilymeandoingwork.[譯文l然而,推或拉未必意味著作功。(物理學)【例句】Theworksofthesewatchesarehome-producedandwearwell.[譯文]這些表的機件是國產(chǎn)的,耐磨的。(機械)整理課件【例句】Temperaturerequiredforannealingisafunctionoftwofactors,(1)thenatureofthematerial,and(2)theamountofworkthathasbeendonepriortoannealing.[譯文]回火所需溫度隨兩個因素而變:(1)材料特性;(2)退火前的加工量?！矙C械，冶金〕整理課件4.

Nominalization名詞化Nominalizationreferstothegrammaticalprocessofformingnounsfromotherpartsofspeech,usuallyverbsoradjectives.Nominalizationismoreformalthanitscounterpart,thereforemorefrequentlyoccurinEST.整理課件名詞化指名詞性轉(zhuǎn)化,如起名詞作用的非謂語動詞和與動詞同根或同形的名詞;也包括一些形容詞來源的名詞。這些詞可起到名詞的作用,也可表達謂語動詞或形容詞所表達的內(nèi)容,常伴有修飾成分或附加成分,構成短語。這種短語稱為名詞化結(jié)構。名詞化結(jié)構的組合方式多,意義容量大,適宜于表達精細復雜的思想,使文章具有莊重感和嚴肅感。整理課件名詞化的詞主要是指表示動作或狀態(tài)的抽象名詞,或起名詞作用的非謂語動詞:它們一般由動詞派生,但也包括由形容詞加后綴-ability,-ity,-ness等構成的名詞,例如possible—possibility,available-availability,clean-cleaness.整理課件例句：a)Thedependence(todepend)oftherateofevaporation(toevaporate)ofaliquidontemperatureisenormous.b)Theaddition(toadd)andremoval(toremove)ofheatmaychangethestateofmovingobjectsbyradiowaves.整理課件名詞化的功能：1、句法簡單2、表述客觀3、突出重點名詞化的語義特征：1、抽象性2、包容性整理課件名詞化的語義轉(zhuǎn)化：名詞化的詞(不定式除外)還經(jīng)?？赊D(zhuǎn)化為具體名詞,轉(zhuǎn)化的方式是加冠詞,復數(shù)加詞尾(e)s。轉(zhuǎn)化的結(jié)果是:(1)變抽象意義為具體詞義;(2)功能改變,可以用普通名詞特有的修飾語來修飾,也可作名詞定語。整理課件如一些名詞化的詞加冠詞后,即取得具體意義:Institution(建立)→aninstitution(機構)construction(建筑)→aconstruction(建筑物)mixture(混合)→amixture(混合物)selection(選擇)→aselection(選集)building(建筑)→abuilding(建筑物)drawing(繪圖)→adrawing(圖)整理課件

有些詞的復數(shù)形式即為具體名詞:

agreement(同意)→agreements(契約)connection(連接)→connections(結(jié)合處)development(開展)→developments(開展成果)Instruction(指示)→Instructions(說明書)translation(翻譯)→translations(譯作)整理課件use(使用)→uses(用途)finding(尋找)→findings(調(diào)查結(jié)果)surrounding(環(huán)繞)→surroundings(環(huán)境)beginning(開始)→beginnings(早期階段)reading(讀)→readings(讀數(shù))整理課件3.Syntactic/grammaticalFeatures(1)moredeclarativesentences多陳述句Asfarassentencetypeisconcerned,therearemoredeclarativesentences,sincetheprimarypurposeofESTistosupplyinformation,andtoachieveclarity,concisenessandaccuracy.整理課件〔2〕morelongsentences.多長句Asfarassentencelengthisconcerned,therearemorelongsentences.Sentencesofmorethan30wordsarebynomeansrareinESTwritings,andtheyoftencontainseveralclausesandnon-finiteverbphrasesaspre-andpost-modifiersandtheseclausesandphrasesareusuallyinterwovenwitheachother,thusformingverylongsentences.整理課件〔3〕frequentuseof“it〞introducedsentences。it引導的無人稱句Anothertypicalsyntacticfeatureisthefrequentuseof“it〞introducedsentenceswhichaddasenseofimpersonalityandformality.Forexample:a)Itispossibletomakeconcreteofanyrequiredstrengthwithinreasonablelimits.b)Itisnecessarytouseamorereliablemethodofinspectionintheformofasuitabletest.整理課件〔4〕ThefrequentuseofprepositionalphrasesandparticiplephrasesarealsocommoninESTwritings.介詞短語和分詞結(jié)構的普遍使用Allthesemakethesentencestructuremorelogical.Forexample:a)theactionofaironanairplaneinflightatlowaltitudeisgreaterthanthatathighaltitude.b)Travellingatthespeedoflight,ittakestwomillionyearstoreachthenextgalaxy星系.整理課件〔5〕frequentuseofpassivevoice.被動語態(tài)的廣泛使用ThemostconspicuousgrammaticalfeatureofESTisthefrequentuseofpassivevoice.Aboutone-thirdoftheverbsinESTwritingsareinthepassivevoice.Thisindicatesthatscientistsandengineersusethepassivevoicemuchmorefrequentlythanmostotherwriters.整理課件Thereasonsare:a)Scientistsaremoreinterestedintheactionorfactsratherthanthedoers;b)Passivesentencesareusuallyshorterandmoreconcisethanactiveones;c)Passivesentencesappearmoreobjectiveintone.整理課件被動語態(tài)的使用場合：1、不提動作的執(zhí)行者2、以客體為話題3、便于句子結(jié)構安排整理課件被動語態(tài)的翻譯1.ComputersandPeopleInfuture,cashwillbeusedlessandless.Wemayliveinacashlesssocietywhereallfinancialtransactionsareprocessedb