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目錄
2014年沈陽師范大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院211翻
譯碩士英語考研真題
2013年沈陽師范大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院211翻
譯碩士英語考研真題
2012年沈陽師范大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院211翻
譯碩士英語考研真題
2014年沈陽師范大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院211翻譯碩士英語考研真題
科目代碼:211
科目名稱:翻譯碩士英語
第一部分:知識(shí)運(yùn)用題(共20題,每題1分,合計(jì)20分)
校對(duì)與改錯(cuò)
ThefollowingpassagecontainsTENerrors.Eachindicatedlinecontains
ONEerroronly.Ineachcase,onlyONEwordisinvolved.Youshould
proofreadthepassageandcorrectitinthefollowingway.
Forawrongword,underlinethewrongwordandwritethecorrectoneinthe
blankprovidedattheendoftheline.
Foramissingword,markthepositionofthemissingwordwitha“∧”sign
andwritethewordyoubelievetobemissingintheblankprovidedattheend
oftheline.
Foranunnecessaryword,crosstheunnecessarywordwithaslash“/”andput
thewordintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.
Manyparentsbelievethattheyshouldbeginto
teachtheirchildrentoreadwhentheyarescarcely
morethantoddlers.Thisisfineifachildshowsa1
realinterestbutforcingachildcouldbe
counter-producibleifsheisn’tready.Wiseparents2
willhavearelaxingattitudeandtaketheleadfrom3
theirchild.Whatweshouldprovideisaselection4
ofstimulatingtoys,booksandotheractivities.
Nowadaysthereisplentyofgoodmaterialsavailable5
foryoungchildren,andofcourse,seeingplentyof
booksinuseaboutthehousewillalsoencourage
themtoread.
Ofcourse,booksarenolongertheonlysource
ofstoriesandinformation.Thereisalsoahuge
rangeofvideos,whichcanreinforceandextendthe
pleasureachildfindsinabookandareequally
valuablehelpingtoincreasevocabularyandconcen-6
tration.Televisiongetsabadpressureasfaras7
childrenareconcerned,mainlybecausetoomany
spendtoomuchtimewatchingprogramsnotintended
fortheiragesgroup.Toomanytelevision8
programsinduceanincurious,uncriticalattitude
thatisgoingtomakelearningmuchmoredifficult.
However,discriminatingviewofprogramsdesigned9.______\
foryoungchildrencanbeuseful.Justas
adultsenjoyreadingabookafterseeingitbeingserialized10
ontelevision,sochildrenwillpounceonbookswhich
featuretheirfavoritetelevisioncharacters,andvideos
canaddanewdimensiontoastoryknownfromabook.
完形填空
Thereare10blanksinthefollowingpassage.Foreachnumberedblank,there
are4choicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.Choosethebestoneandwriteyour
answerontheANSWERSHEET.
Thecrowdedskyhasbecomeaseriousprobleminaviation.Butthe
“crowdedground”isalsoa11problem.Airportshavebecomesolarge
thatitisnotpossibleforpassengerstowalkeverywheretheywishtogo.
Engineersinthetransportationindustrycallairplanes“12people-
movers.”Theelevators,escalators,movingsidewalks,andsurfacevehicles
usedonthegroundare“secondarypeople-movers”.Theproblemof
secondarypeople-movinghappensanywhereintheworldwherethebignew
planesland.Two747jetlinersandtwoairbuses,forexample,mayunload
1,300peopleandthousandsof13baggageintoonesmallareawithina
fiveminuteperiod.Moving14outoftheairportquicklyisamajor
puzzle.Therearealmostmanysolutionsasthereareairports.
AtHuston,Texas,undergroundtunnelsconnect15buildingsonthe
airfield.Fourbattery-poweredtrainsmovethroughthetunnels.Theairportat
Geneva,Switzerland,alsotakespassengers16.Theyrideonmoving
sidewalksinsidetunnelsconnectingthedifferentbuildingswiththemain
terminal.SchipalInternationalAirport,inAmsterdamalsousesmoving
sidewalks.AtKennedyInternationalAirporty,NewYork,busesandtaxis
carrypassengersfromoneairlineterminalto17.Insidetheterminals,
escalatorsandmovingsidewalksareused.
Movingsidewalksarenotpracticalforuseover18greaterthan900
feet.LoveField,atDallas,Texas,usesamonorailbetweentheterminalanda
remoteparking19.AtToronto,Canada,theparkingareaisinthe
centeroftheterminal.Carsareparkedondecksandpassengersridetothe
properlevelonelevators.
Whereveryougo20plane,youwillfindthatengineersaresolvingthe
people-movingproblemindifferentways.
A.developingB.growingC.expandingD.enlarging
A.effectiveB.efficientC.primaryD.major
A.piecesB.itemsC.articlesD.bags
A.thisB.thoseC.themD.it
A.separateB.importantC.variousD.modern
A.downgroundB.undergroundC.belowgroundD.beneathground
A.theotherB.anotherC.othersD.anyother
A.dimensionsB.radiusesC.diametersD.distances
A.fieldB.lotC.squareD.ground
A.withB.inC.onD.by
第二部分:詞匯語法題(共20題,每題1分,合計(jì)20分)
詞匯題
Choosethewordthatissimilarinmeaningtotheunderlinedwordineach
sentence.
21.Throughoutthenineteenthcenturyandintothetwentieth,citizensofthe
UnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities,andmostofthemlivedon
farmsandinsmalltowns.
A.diagonalB.slopeC.distortionD.prejudice
22.Countrieshavedifferentopinionsabouttheprotectionofwildlife,so
thedesignofwildliferefugesisstillamatterofconsiderablecontroversy.
A.significanceB.debateC.urgencyD.concern
23.Cashiersmustgenerallyaccountfordiscrepanciesbetweenmoney
takeninandtheamountrecordedonregistertapes.
A.deficitsB.delaysC.inconsistenciesD.uncertainties
24.Themissilecrisisthattookplaceintheyearof1961almostbroughtthe
worldtothevergeofanall-outwar,whichwouldbeacatastrophetothe
humanbeingsifitdidbreakout.
A.horrorB.brinkC.prospectD.danger
25.TheLibertyBellisanobjectofgreatreverencebecauseitwasrungin
1776toproclaimthesigningoftheDeclarationofIndependence.
A.sadnessB.respectC.fameD.worth
26.TheissueoflooseconstructionversusstrictconstructionoftheUnited
StatesConstitutionledtotheemergenceofpoliticalparties.
A.urgencyB.appearanceC.activityD.joining
27.TheOlympicGamesattemptedtotranscendnationalinterestsandbring
togetherthebestinternationalathletesinaspiritoffriendlyrivalryandpeace.
A.debateB.celebrationC.instructionD.competition
28.Becauseofhisoutstandingaccomplishments,hewaselectedchairman
ofthecommitteebyaconsensusofthevoters.
A.(an)electionB.personalmanifestationC.(an)all-outeffortD.
generalagreement
29.Men,women,andchildrenadornthemselveswithbeadsandinsome
culturescertainbeadsareoftenwornfrombirthuntildeathandburiedwith
theirownersfortheafterlife.
A.protectB.decorateC.purchaseD.enjoy
30.Toxicfumesfromautomobilescantriggersevereheadachesorother
discomforts.
A.softenB.preventC.intensifyD.cause
語法題
Questions31-40areincompletesentences.Beneatheachsentenceyouwill
seefourwordsorphrases,markedA,B,C,andD.Choosetheonewordor
phrasethatbestcompletesthesentence.
31.Theformationofimagesbylenses,microscopes,telescopes,andother
opticaldevicesisdescribedbyrayoptics,whichassumesthat______
lightcanberepresentedbystraightlines.
A.bypassingB.thepassageofC.passageD.passedof
32.WarmertemperaturesledtochangesintheecologyofEurope,______
theanimalpopulationandmethodsofhunting.
A.affectingB.andaffectedC.whichaffectsD.effecting
33.Caseshavebeen______sleddogswereactuallyfedonthemeatfrom
frozenmammothcarcassesthathadbeguntothawoutoftheicethathadheld
themforalmost30,000years.
A.reportedinwhichB.reportswhereC.areportD.reportingthat
34.Perhapsweshouldthinkintermsofraisinginterestrates______them,
inconsiderationofthenewreportsaboutinflationreportedlastJune.
A.thenreducingB.andreduceC.althoughreduceD.ratherthanreducing
35.Fromcavepaintingsandfrom______onboneandreindeerhorn,itis
knownthatprehistorichumanswerecloseobserversofnaturewhocarefully
trackedtheseasonsandtimesoftheyear.
A.apparentlyregularscratchesB.scratchingapparentlyregularly
C.regularscratchesapparentlyD.scratchesregularapparently
36.Theforceofattractionbetweenthefundamentalunitsofasubstance
dictate,whether______,thesubstancewillexistinthesolid,liquid,orgas
phase.
A.givingtemperatureandpressureB.atagiventemperatureand
pressure
C.pressureandtemperaturearegivenornotD.togivepressureand
temperature
37.Therearetwocorerequirementcoursesthatmustbepassedto
successfullygaincreditforthecomputerengineeringcourse:software
programmingand______.
A.hardwaredesigningB.anotherthatishardwaredesigning
C.OneishardwaredesigningD.Alsohardwaredesigning
38.Althoughhesufferedfromdiscrimination,MartinLutherKingisaman
whobelievedinreconciliationandonlyrarely______agrudgeduringhis
CivilRightsmovement.
A.hecarriedB.didhecarryC.whenhecarriedD.thathecarried
39.Lasereyesurgeries,onceconsideredriskyanddangerous,______that
90percentofrecipientscannowexpecttolivemorethanayearafterthe
operation.
A.whicharenowsosuccessfulB.arenowsosuccessful
C.theyarenowsosuccessfulD.isnowsosuccessful
40.Intheirquesttocreatealawabiding,cleanandgreensociety,the
Singaporeangovernment______theentirepopulationundertight
regulations.
A.opensandkeepsB.openkeptC.openlykeepingD.openlykeeps
第三部分:閱讀理解(共20題,每題2分,合計(jì)40分)
Passage1Questions41—45
ReadthefollowingpassageandchoosethecorrectanswerfromA,B,CorD.
Noseshaveitprettyhard.Boxersflattenthem.Doctorsrearrangethem.
Peoplemakejokesabouttheirunflatteringcharacteristics.Worstofall,when
itcomestosmell,noonereallyunderstandsthem.
Despitethenose’sconspicuouspresenceitsworkingsaresubtle.Smell,or
olfaction,isachemosense,relyingonspecializedinteractionsbetween
chemicalsandverveendings.Whenarose,forexample,isbetween
chemicalsandnerveendings.Whenarose,forexample,issniffed,odor
moleculesarecarriedbytheriggingairstreamstothetopofthenasalcavity,
justbehindthebridgeofthenose,wherethetipsoftensofmillionsof
olfactorynervecellsareclusteredinthemucouslining.Themolecules
somehowtriggerthenerveendings,whichcarrythemessagetotheolfactory
lobesofthebrain.Becausesmellinformationthentravelstootherregionsof
thebrain,thescentofarosecanelicitnotonlyapleasurablesensationbut
emotionsandmemoriesaswell.
Thoughjusthowodorsstimulatethenervesisunknown,scientistsdoknow
thatoursenseofsmellissurprisinglykeen,capableofdistinguishingupto
tensofthousandsofchemicalodors.Thelaboratorytaskofisolatingthe
componentsofanodorisfarfromsimple,Tobacco-smoke,forexample,is
madeupofseveralthousanddifferentodorsthatnosedetects.People
generallyrefertosmellsbytheirsourcesorassociations.Descriptionssuchas
“l(fā)ikeawetdog”or“l(fā)ikemyelementaryschool”mayconveyperceptionsbut
arevastlyinadequateforlabelingthechemistryinvolved.
Tofurthercomplicateresearch,olfactionisconnectedtoothersensations.
Besidesolfactorynerves,thenasalcavitycontainspain-sensitivenervesthat
perceivesensationssuchasthekickinammoniaortheburninginchili
peppers.Smellalsointertwineswithtastetocreateflavor.Acoffeedrinker
holdinghisnosewhilesippingwouldtasteonlythebitterinhisbrew,for
tastereceptorsgenerallyappearlimitedtobitter,salty,sour,andsweet.The
senseofsmellistenthousandtimesmoresensitivethantasteandmakes
subtledistinctionsamonglemon,chocolate,andmanymoreflavors.
Sohowdoesthenosemanagethissophisticateddiscrimination?Lackof
evidencehasn’tkeptscientistsfromspeculating.Oneideaisthateveryodor
moleculevibratesatitsownfrequency,creatingpatternsofdisturbanceinthe
airsimilartothewavepatternsproducedbysoundaccordingtothistheory,
thenervesactasreceiversfortheuniquevibrationsofeveryodormolecule.
Theschemerequiresnodirectcontactbetweenthemoleculeandnervecell.
Anothersuggestionisthatprimaryodors,equivalenttotheprimarycolorsof
vision,underlieallsmellsandaredetectedbyreceptorsitesontheolfactory
nerves.Differentcombinationsofaboutthirtybasicsmellswithlabelssuch
asmalty,minty,andmusky,couldformaninfinitenumberofodors.
Otherscientiststhinkthateachsmellisitsownprimarysmell.Theybelieve
theolfactorynerveendingshavespecificreceptorproteinsthatbindtoeach
ofthechemicalspeoplecansense.Thistheory,however,callsforthousands
ofdifferentproteins,noneofwhichhasbeenfound.
“Thescienceofsmellissoempirical,”saysRobertGestelnd,aneurobiologist
atNorthwesternUniversity,“there’snopredictivebaseforexperiments.”
Unlikethesensesofsight,touch,andhearing,olfactionstudieshaveattracted
onlyasmallshareofscientificinterest.Thatmaychange.Researchershope
thatunravelingthemysteryofsmellwilladvanceourunderstandingofthe
brain.Smellresearchpromisestohelpphysiciansbetterdiagnosethesmell
andtastedisordersthataffecttwomillionAmericans.Andinthefuture,with
enoughknownaboutsmell,itmightbepossibletoendowstrange,
unappealingbutnutritiousfoodswithmorefamiliarodors,perhaps
expandingtheworld’sfoodsupply.Forthemoment,however,whatthenose
knowsitisn’trevealing.
41.Wemayconcludefromthepassagethat______.
A.thereismuchmoretobelearnedaboutthenose
B.olfactorystudyhasbecomeamajorresearcharea
C.oursenseofsmellisasimportantasanyofourothersenses
D.smellresearchislimitedinitspracticalapplications
42.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisNOT
true?
A.Doctorsusesmellresearchtobetterunderstandtastedisorders.
B.Significantprogresshasbeenmadeinseparatingthevariousproteinsin
thenerveendings
C.Scientistsarenotsureofthedegreeofodorstimulatingthenerves.
D.Botholfactoryandpain-sensitivenervesarelocatedinthenasalcavity.
43.Whichofthefollowingsentencesfromthepassageillustratestheneed
forfurtherresearch?
A.Smellalsointertwineswithtastestocreateflavor.
B.Themoleculessomehowtriggerthenerveendings,whichcarrythe
messagetotheolfactorylobes
ofbrain.
C.Thescienceofsmellissoempirical,there’snopredictivebasefor
experiments.
D.Smell,orolfaction,isachemosense,relyingonspecializedinteractions
betweenchemicalsand
nerveendings.
44.Theauthorattemptstolightenthisseriousbiologicalreportbymeansof
______.
A.theincongruityofwidespreadsmellresearchB.similessuchas“l(fā)ikeawet
dog”
C.theopeningandclosingstatementsD.theconfessionofourbasic
ifnorance
45.Thecomparisonofasmelltoaperson’selementaryschoolwasmadein
orderto______.
A.illustrateauniqueperception
B.stateodormoleculesworkinthesamewaythatsoundwavesdo
C.pointouttheuselessnessofsuchadescriptiontoscientists
D.personalizeacomplicatedtopic
Passage2Questions46—50
ReadthefollowingpassageandchoosethecorrectanswerfromA,B,CorD.
BergmanTurnstoScreenwritingin“Sunday’sChildren”
Justover10yearsago,IngmarBergmanannouncedthatthewidely
acclaimedFannyandAlexanderwouldmarkhislasthurrahasafilmmaker.
Althoughsomecriticshadwrittenhimoffasearnestbutponderous,others
weresaddenedbythedepartureofanartistwhohadexploredcinematic
moods—fromhightragedytolowcomedy—duringhisfour-decadecareer.
WhatnobodyforesawwasthatBergmanwouldfindavarietyofwaysto
circumventhisownretirement—directingtelevisionmovies,stagingtheater
productions,andwritingscreenplaysforotherfilmmakerstodirect.Hislatest
enterpriseasascreenwriter,Sunday’sChildren,completesatrilogyof
family-orientedmoviesthatbeganwithFannyandAlexanderandcontinued
withTheBestIntentionswrittenbyBergmananddirectedbyDanish
filmmakerBilleAugust.
BesidesdealingwithmembersofBergman’sfamilyinbygonetimes—it
beginsafewyearsafterTheBestIntentionsleavesoff—thenewpicturewas
directedbyDanielBergman,hisyoungestson.Althoughitlackstheurgency
andoriginalityoftheelderBergman’sgreatestachievements,suchasThe
SilenceandPersona,ithasenoughvisualandemotionalinteresttomakea
worthyadditiontohisbodyofwork.
SetinruralSwedenduringthelate1920s,thestorycentersonayoungboy
namedPu,clearlymodeledonIngmarBergmanhimself.Pu’sfatherisa
countryclergymanwhosedutiesincludetravelingtothecapitaland
ministeringtotheroyalfamily.Whilethisisanenviableposition,itdoesn’t
assuageproblemsinthepastor’smarriage.Puisyoungenoughtobefairly
oblivioustosuchdifficulties,buthisawarenessgrowswiththepassageof
time.SodothesubtletensionsthatmarPu’sownrelationshipwithhisfather,
whosedesiretoshowaffectionandcompassionishamperedbyacertain
stiffnessinhisdemeanorandchillinessinhisemotions.
Thefilm’smostresonantpassagestakeplacewhenPulearnstoseehisfather
withnewclaritywhileaccompanyinghimonacross-countrytriptoanother
parish.Inaremarkablechangeoftone,thisportionofthestoryispunctuated
withflash-forwardstoatime40yearsinthefuture,showingtherelationship
betweenparentandchildtobedramaticallyreversed:Thefatherisnowcared
forbytheson,anddesiresaforgivenessforpastshortcomingsthatthe
youngermanresolutelyrefusestogrant.
Briefandabruptthoughtheyare,thesescenesmakeapungentcontrastwith
thesunnylandscapesandcomicinterludesintheearlypartofthemovie.
Sunday’sChildrenisafilmofmanylevels,andallareskillfullyhandledby
DanielBergmaninhisdirectionaldebut.Gentlescenesofdomestic
contentmentaresensitivelyinterwovenwithintimationsofunderlying
malaise.Whilethemorenostalgicsequencesarephotographedwithaneye-
dazzlingbeautythatoccasionallythreatenstobecomecloying,anysuch
resultisforeclosedbythejaggedinterruptionsoftheflash-forwardsequences
—anintrusivedevicethatfewfilmmakersareagileenoughtohandle
successfully,butthatisputtoimpressiveusebytheBergmanteam.
HenrikLinnrosgivesasmartlyturnedperformanceasyoungPu,and
ThommyBerggren—whostarredinthepopularElviraMadiganyearsago—
issteadilyconvincingashisfather.Tophonorsgotothescreenplay,though,
whichcarriesthecrowdedcanvasofFannyandAlexanderandtheemotional
ambiguityofTheBestIntentionsintofreshandsometimesfascinating
territory.
46.OvertheyearscriticalviewsofBergman’sworkhave
A.withoutexceptionbeenpositive.B.deploredhisseriousness.
C.oftenbeenantithetical.D.usuallyfocusedonhispersonality.
47.ThesubjectmatterofSunday’sChildren
A.ispresentedchronologically.B.takesplaceinthe19thcentury.
C.occursallinonelocale.D.isderivedfromreminiscences.
48.FromthepassagewecaninferthatPu’sfatherisportrayedasa
A.demonstrativeandcaringparent.B.reservedandreticentman.
C.compassionateandsentimentalspouse.D.spontaneousanddynamic
minister.
49.Thereviewerthinksthatthe“flashforward”techniquesis
A.seldomhandledskillfully.B.responsibleforthefilm’ssuccess.
C.toodisruptiveforordinaryfilmgoers.D.bestlefttoamateur
experimentation.
50.Inthereviewer’sopinion,Sunday’sChildren
A.isacinematicfirst.B.hasanoriginalandinterestingscript.
C.isvisuallyandemotionallydepressing.D.surpassesBergman’sprevious
work.
Passage3Questions51—55
ReadingPassage3hassevenparagraphsA-G.Choosethemostsuitable
headingsforparagraphsB-Ffromthelistofheadingsbelow.
NBTherearemoreheadingsthanparagraphssoyouwillnotuseallofthem.
Youmayuseanyoftheheadingsmorethanonce.
ListofHeadings
iAneducatedmotheroftenmeanseducatedchildren
iiEducationandfinancialcredit
iiiWomenarestillwaybehind
ivPuzzlesofthesexes
VAreasinwhichwomenarebetter
viEducationisthemostimportant
viiGreatchangestakenplaceinthelast20years
viiiWhywomenareinadisadvantageousposition
ixSchoolingandfertilityrate
xGovernmentactionneededtohelpwomen
xiMentaldifferencesbetweenthetwosexes
Example
ParagraphAAnsweriii
51.ParagraphB
52.ParagraphC
53.ParagraphD
54.ParagraphE
55.ParagraphF
ClosingtheGap
A
Strikingprogresstowardssexualequalityhasbeenmadeinthepasttwo
decades,particularlyconcerningadultliteracy,schoolenrolment,and
maternalmortalityrates.Nonetheless,amongthe900milliteratepeoplein
poorcountries,womenoutnumbermenbytwotoone;60%ofthe130m
childrenwithnoaccesstoprimaryschoolaregirls;andwomen’swagesare
typicallyonly60%~70%thoseofmen.Fewwoulddenythatnarrowingthis
gapyetfurtherwouldmakeforafairersociety.Butthereisalsoagrowing
consensusamongdevelopmenteconomiststhatitwouldalsodoagreatdeal
topromotefastereconomicgrowth,ifwomenareprovidedwithmore
opportunitiesforeducation,nutrition,accesstocreditandpropertyfights.
B
Theempiricalevidenceisstrongestinthecaseofeducation.Becauseit
improvesacountry’sstockofhumancapital,educationisanimportantfactor
inraisingoutput.Asonewouldexpect,economictheorysuggeststhata
better-educatedworkforce,ofbothmenandwomen,islikelytospura
country’sgrowth.Inthecaseofwomen’seducation,however,thereseemto
beadditional,growth-promotingbenefits.Forastart,educatingwomen
seemstoreducefertility.Foranygivenamountofinvestment,lowerfertility
impliesmorecapitalaccumulationperworker—andthisraisesgrowthrates
perhead.
C
Studiesfromindividualcountriespointoutthatoneyearoffemaleschooling
canreducethefertilityratebybetween5%and10%.Asimulationstudyof
72countriesaroundtheworldshowsthat,ifallotherfactorswereheld
constant,doublingfemalesecondary-schoolenrolmentsin1975wouldhave
reducedtheaveragefertilityratein1985from5.3to3.9childrenandlowered
thenumberofbirthsbyalmost30%.Bettereducationreducesfertilityin
severalways.First,itincreasesthepotentialwagesthatwomencan
command;inthisway,itraisesthevalueofwomen’stime,andsoaddstothe
effectivecostofbearingchildren.Also,better-educatedwomentendtomany
later,andknowmoreaboutcontraception.
D
Aswellashavingfewerchildren,educatedwomenaremorelikelytohave
betterfed,andthereforehealthier,children-whowillthemselvesbebetter
educated.EvidencefromWorldBanksurveysinNicaragua,Pakistan,
VietnamandCoteD’Ivoiresuggeststhattheprobabilityofachildbeingin
schoolincreaseswiththemother’sowneducation.Educationandnutrition
aretheclearestlinksconnectinggreaterequalityandeconomicgrowth,but
theWorldBanksaysthattheremaybeotherchannelstoo.Forexample,
womengetdisproportionatelylittleaccesstocreditfromtheformalbanking
systeminmostdevelopingcountries,largelybecausetheyareassumedto
havenocollateraltooffer.InLatinAmerica,forinstance,womenmakeup
only7%~11%ofborrowers.However,studiesfromBangladesh,wherea
numberofschemessteercredittopoorwomen,showthatmakingiteasierfor
themtoborrowcandomoretocutpovertyandraiseinvestmentthanlending
tomen.
E
Fromatheoreticalpointofview,thesefindingsraiseanintriguingquestion.
Ifimprovingtheeconomicopportunitiesofwomenbringssuchbenefits,why
dosexualinequalitiespersistatall?Putanotherway,whydohouseholds
themselvesnotallocatetheirexistingresourcesaccordingly,intheinterests
ofincreasingtheirincome?Toanswerthisquestion,itisnecessaryto
understandhoweconomicdecisionswithinhouseholdsaremade.
F
Economistshavecustomarilythoughtofthehouseholdasasingle,or
“unitary”,decision-makingbody.Householdswerethoughttomaximisetheir
welfarebyallocatingincomeandotherresourcestothemembersthat
promisedthehighestratesofreturn,asreflectedinwagesandprices.Soone
rationaleforthepersistenceofinequality,consistentwiththisviewof
householddecision-making,isthatmarketsfailtocapturethefallbenefitsto
societyofinvestinginwomen.Thesebenefits,inturn,arenotreflectedin
wages.Householdsthereforemakechoicesthatfailtomaximisetheirwell-
being.Alternatively,andprettyobviously,this“unitary”modelofhousehold
behaviourmaybeincomplete.Someeconomistshaveanalysedthehousehold
asa“collective”entity—i.e.,theyassumethatthewelfareoftheindividual
membersdoesnotnecessarilymoveinparallelwiththewelfareofthe
householdasawhole.Eachfamilymemberhashisownpreferences.Asa
result,decisionsreflectnotjustmarketratesofreturn,butalsothebargaining
powerofdifferenthouseholdmembers.Women,asaresultofsocialand
culturalnorms,aswellasbecauseofoutsidefactors,tendtobeinaweaker
bargainingpositionthanmen.
G
Whetheritistoaddressamarketfailureortoimprovetherelativebargaining
positionofwomenwithinthefamily,orboth,theredoesseemtobeacasefor
governmentactiontohelpwomen.TheWorldBankconcludesthat
governmentsshouldtry,whereverpossible,tochangelawsandregulationsin
waysthatpromoteequalopportunities,and,ifnecessary,tointerveneto
correctsexualinequalities.Thiswouldbebothfairandefficientwhichisas
closeaseconomicpolicygetstoafreelunch.
Passage4Questions56—60
Inthefollowingarticlesomeparagraphshavebeenremoved,choosethemost
suitableparagraphfromthelistA—Ftofitintoeachofthenumberedgaps.
Thereisoneparagraphwhichdoesnotfitintoanyofthegaps.
Doyoumakethemostofyourmind?LifespanpsychologyadviserJohn
Nicholsonexplainshowtorevealthehiddenpotentialofyourmind,andhow
toimproveyourmentalefficiency.
Psychologicalresearchshowsweconsistentlyunderestimateourmental
powers.Ifyouthinkthisdoesnotapplytoyou,thenhereisasimpletestto
showyouarewrong.
WritedownthenamesofalltheAmericanstatesyoucanremember.Putthe
listawayandthensetyourselfthesametaskaweeklater.Providedyouhave
notcheatedbyconsultinganatlas,youwillnoticesomethingrather
surprising.Thetwolistswill
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