包裝工程導論(雙語)-翻譯

句段翻譯19、P87Polymerresinsarereceivedatamoldingplantintheformofsmallgranulesorpellets,similarinappearancetorice.Regardlessoftheformingprocess，thefirsttaskistoheatandmeltthepolymerresinpelletsintoaflowablefrom.Theplasticatingextruderisaheavybarrelinwhichascrewrotates,drivingpelletsfromthefeedhopperatoneendtotheexitportattheotherend.聚合物樹脂在成型車間是小顆?；蚱牡男问酱嬖?，在外觀上與大米相似。無論在形成過程中，首要的任務是加熱和將高分子樹脂顆粒熔成流動性的形式。塑化擠出機是一個沉重的由螺桿旋轉組成的桶，使片材從進料斗的一端進入另一端出來。英譯漢P35Cylindermachinesdewaterfurnishatthecylinderandpasteathinlayeroffiberagainstthefelt(figure3.4).Thefibersofsubsequentlayersdonotintermingle,andthereforethebondbetweenthelayersisweek.Thedryendissimilartothatfourdriniermachine.圓網造紙機脫水提供氣缸和粘貼一層薄薄纖維毛氈（圖3.4）。隨后的纖維層不交融，因此層與層之間的粘結是一周。這種干燥方式是相似于長網造紙機。2、P38Ifclay-coatedpaperispassedunderhighlypolishedchromedrumsthatarerotatingcountertothepaperorfasterthanthepaperspeed,theclaycoatingswillbepolished.Thesepapersarereferredtoasmachine-glazedorchrome-coatedpapers.如果粘土涂覆層經過高度光度，轉動與紙運動方向相反的或是轉動速度大于紙速的鉻滾齒，那么粘土涂層將會變得很光亮。這些紙是用作機械壓光紙或是涂鉻紙。3、P49Forinstance,inatriplewallboard,onelayerofmediummightbeA-flutewhiletheothertwolayersmaybeC-flute.Mixingfluteprofilesinthiswayallowsdesignerstomanipulatethecompressionstrength,cushioningstrengthandtotalthicknessofthecombinedboard.Figure4.6showscommonfluteprofiles.例如，在三瓦楞紙板中，其中一層芯紙是A型瓦楞，然而其他兩層也許是C型瓦楞。以這種方式混合楞型可以幫助設計者控制結合板的抗壓強度，緩沖強度和總厚度。圖4.6表明了普通楞型的特征4、P51Acorrugatingmachineismadeofanumberofoperatingstationsthattaketheappropriatelinerboardsandmediums,shapetheflutes,andjointheflutedmediumtothelinerboards.一個壓瓦楞機由一系列的操作臺，采取適當面紙和介質，然后成型瓦楞，將瓦楞的芯紙置入面板間。Atthesingle-facerstation(Figure4.7),mediumispreconditionedwithheatandsteamtomakeitpliableandcapableofbeingformedintoaflutedconfiguration.在單瓦楞機站（圖4.7），用熱量和蒸汽預處理介質，使其柔軟形成一個有凹槽的配置。5、P68Sanitaryfoodcansthatmaybethermallyprocessedhaveheadpatternsembossedintothecansidewallstoimproveresistancetocollapsebecauseofexternalpressure.Thispreventscollapse(paneling)duringpressuredifferentialsisencounteredduringretortingandenablesthecantowithstandaninternalvacuum.Sidewallbeadingrequiresmorematerial,reducestop-to-bottomcompressionstrength,andcomplicateslabeling.Manysidewallbeadgeometriesaredesignedtomaximizehoopstrengthwhileminimizingtheaccompanyingproblems.食品衛(wèi)生罐頭可熱加工成環(huán)筋壓印的側壁，可以提高因外部壓力抗壓潰能力。這可以防止崩潰（板）在壓差過程中遇到干餾使其承受內部真空度。罐身環(huán)筋需要更多的材料，減少頂部和底層抗壓強度，便于貼標。許多罐身環(huán)筋幾何形狀旨在最大限度地提高壓潰強度，同時最大限度地減少附帶的問題。衛(wèi)生食品可熱加工罐側壁已可以提高抗倒塌，因為外米的壓力珠浮雕圖案。這可以防止崩潰在壓力差（板）干餾過程中遇到的使能承受內部的真空。邊墻珠需要更多的材料，減少從高端到低端的壓縮強度和復雜標簽。許多側壁珠幾何圖形，旨在最大限度地提高強度，同時最大限度地減少伴隨的問題。6、P70ThebottomofaD&Icanhasthesamethicknessasthestartingdisk;however,thesidewallsareconsiderablyreducedinthickness,andthemetalareaofthefinalcanisgreaterthanthatoftheinitialdisk.Neckingoperationsreducethediameterofthecantop,therebyreducingtheend-piecediameter.Thisresultsinsignificantmetalsaving,sincetheendpieceismuchthickerthanthesidewalls.變薄拉伸的底部可以用相同厚度作為磁盤的開始;然而，側壁厚度大大減少，最后金屬面積大于原始的磁盤?？s頸操作減少最高能頂?shù)闹睆?，從而降低了最后一片直徑。這將導致金屬儲蓄自最后一塊比側壁較厚。7、P79Typicalproductionratesrangefrom60to300bottlesperminute,dependingonthenumberofsectioninamachine,thenumberofgobsbeingextruded,andthesizeofthecontainer.典型的生產速率范圍從60到300個瓶子每分鐘，這取決于在一臺機器一些部分，被擠壓的采空區(qū)，容器的大小等。Theblownbottleisremovedfromtheblowmoldwithtakeouttongsandplacedonadeadplatetoaircoolforafewmomentsbeforetransfertoaconveyorthattransportsittotheannealingoven.用取出夾具把成形瓶從成型模中移出并放置在一個灰暗的盒子里進行自然冷卻一段時間，然后再轉移到能將其運輸?shù)酵嘶馉t的傳送裝置中。8、P85Amonomercanjointoitselftoformacomplexpolymerstructureinanumberofways.Themonomerunitscansimplyjoinintoeachothertoformlongchainsasinathermoplastic,ortheycancross-linkbetweenthechainsinathree-dimensionalpattern,resultinginathermosetplastic.單體可以在若干步驟后自己連結形成復雜的聚合物的結構。單體單元可以簡單地加入到彼此形成長鏈作為熱塑性塑料，也可以在三維圖案中鏈間交聯(lián)形成熱固性塑料。9、P91:Theextrudersectionofaninjectionmoldingmachinemusthaveprovisionforejectingapreciseamount,or“shot,”ofpolymermeltintothemoldasrequired.Ram-screw-typemachinesuseameltconveyancescrewdesignedtoprovidereciprocalaswellasrotarymotion.combiningthefunctionofscrewandpiston.注射成型機器的擠出部分必須有或逐出按要求所需的聚合融熔物的精確量或范圍。桿式螺旋機使用熔融物傳送螺桿提供相互的旋轉的運動，將桿及活塞的功能結合在一起。對于注射熔融聚合物其他的機器有獨立的活塞模型的內凹處與所需要的形狀一致。因而，當冷卻后，將模型打開所需部分就被擠出。10、P135:Paperforlithographicprintingneedstohaveacertainamountofwaterresistancesincesomewatermaybetransferredfromtheplatedampeningsystem.Paperstocksalsoneedastrong,cleansurfacewithgoodanchorageofsurfacefiberandclaycoatingstoresistbeingpickedorpulledapartbytheheavypasteinksastheblanketrollliftsfromthesubstratesurface.平版印刷紙需要有一定量的的抗水性能，因為一些水可轉移板塊抑制系統(tǒng)。紙材還需要一個強大的，干凈的表面，具有固定的表面纖維和粘土涂料抵制被拖著沉重的漿狀油墨除了從基板表面毯輥離開。段落1、P48Flutescomeinseveralstandardshapesorfluteprofiles(A,B,C,E,F,etc.).A-flutewasthefirsttobedevelopedandisthelargestcommonfluteprofile.B-flutewasnextandismuchsmaller.C-flutefollowedandisbetweenAandBinsize.E-fluteissmallerthanBandF-fluteissmalleryet.瓦楞有幾種級別的楞形或楞型（A,B,C,E,F）A型瓦楞是最先被發(fā)展的最大普通型楞型。B型次之，比A型小點，C型大小屈于A型與B型之間。E型比B型小點，F(xiàn)型最小。Inadditiontothesefivemostcommonprofiles,newfluteprofiles-bothlargerandsmallerthanthoselistedhere-arebeingcreatedformorespecializedboards.Generally,largerfluteprofilesdelivergreaterverticalcompressionstrengthandcushioning.Smallerfluteprofilesprovideenhancedstructuralandgraphicscapabilitiesforprimary(retail)packaging.除了這五種普通楞型，更大或更小的新型瓦楞可用于制造更多的特殊紙板?？傮w看來，越大的瓦楞型號能承受更大的垂直抗壓強度和緩沖力。越小的瓦楞型號為初級包裝提供剛性和可印刷性。Differentfluteprofilescanbecombinedinonepieceofcombinedboard.Forinstance,inatriplewallboard,onelayerofmediummightbeA-flutewhiletheothertwolayersmaybeC-flute.Mixingfluteprofilesinthiswayallowsdesignerstomanipulatethecompressionstrength,cushioningstrengthandtotalthicknessofthecombinedboard.Figure4.6showscommonfluteprofiles.不同的楞型可以結合成同一紙板。例如，在三瓦楞紙板中，其中一層芯紙是A型瓦楞，然而其他兩層也許是C型瓦楞。以這種方式混合楞型可以幫助設計者控制結合板的抗壓強度，緩沖強度和總厚度。圖4.6表明了普通楞型的特征P53Edgewisecompressiontest(TAPPIT811)邊壓測試Inanedgewisecompressiontest(ECT),asmallspecimen(2in.×2in.)isplacedbetweentheplatensofacompressiontesterandloadeduntilfailureoccurs.[figure4.9(b)].Edgewisecompressionvaluesareafunctionofthestiffnesscontributedbythefacingsandthemedium.ECTvalueshaveadirectrelationshiptotheprojectedstackingstrength.在邊壓試驗（ECT）中，一個小樣品（2英寸×2英寸）被放置在一個壓縮測試儀的壓盤上，直到發(fā)生故障。[圖4.9（b）]。邊壓值是一個函數(shù)所提供的剛度和介質襯片。變壓測試的值預計和堆碼強度有直接的關系。OneobjectiontotheMullenbursttestisthatithasnorelationshiptoabox’scompressionstrength,whileanumberofformulashavebeendevisedthatrelateECTvaluestoexpectedboxcompressionstrength.對于一個異常的馬倫爆破試驗，它與箱子的壓縮強度沒有關系，而與公式中的邊壓強度值與預計箱子抗壓強度相關。CarrierrulechangesalloweitherMullenvaluesorECTvaluestospecifytheboardsusedtoconstructacorrugatedcontainer.ThemajorityofshipperschoosetouseECTvalues.運營商習慣改變爆破值或邊壓強度值用來制造瓦楞紙箱板。大多數(shù)托運商選擇使用的邊壓強度值。Flatcrushtest(TAPPIT808)平壓強度Theflatcrushtestissimilartotheedgecompressiontestexceptthatthespecimeniscompressedintheflat[figure4.9(c)].Thetestprovidesameasureoffluterigidity.平壓測試是類似于邊壓強度試驗，區(qū)別在于樣品被壓縮在平面上[圖4.9（c）]。該測試提供了瓦楞強度的措施。P68Allthree-piececanbodiesarepressuretestedandhavetheendsflangedtoreceivethecantopandbottomends.Thecanmakerappliesonecanendandsendstheotherendtotheusefordoubleseamingafterthecanisfilled.所有三片式罐身壓力測試翻邊可以接受頂部和底部的兩端。制造商應用一個可以終止并傳送到另一端使雙縫填滿。Sanitaryfoodcansthatmaybethermallyprocessedhaveheadpatternsembossedintothecansidewallstoimproveresistancetocollapsebecauseofexternalpressure.Thispreventscollapse(paneling)duringpressuredifferentialsisencounteredduringretortingandenablesthecantowithstandaninternalvacuum.Sidewallbeadingrequiresmorematerial,reducestop-to-bottomcompressionstrength,andcomplicateslabeling.Manysidewallbeadgeometriesaredesignedtomaximizehoopstrengthwhileminimizingtheaccompanyingproblems.衛(wèi)生食品可熱加工罐側壁已可以提高抗倒塌，因為外米的壓力珠浮雕圖案。這可以防止崩潰在壓力差（板）干餾過程中遇到的使能承受內部的真空。邊墻珠需要更多的材料，減少從高端到低端的壓縮強度和復雜標簽。許多側壁珠幾何圖形，旨在最大限度地強度，同時最大限度地減少伴隨的問題。Canendsintendedforthermalprocessingarestampedwithaseriesofcircularexpansionpanels(Figure5.5).Thisallowsformovementoftheendpanelssothatthecontentsareabletoexpandandcontractwithoutbulgingorotherwisedistortingthecan.Thechuckpanelisdesignedtogivetheproperclearancetothedouble-seamingchuckusedtosealthecanendtothebody.Avitalcan-endcomponentisthecompoundappliedaroundtheperimetercurl.Thiscompoundactsasacaulkingsealantwhentheendismatedanddouble-seamedtothecanbody(Figure5.6andFigure5.7)罐頭端頭預計用熱處理壓了一系列膨脹圓（圖5.5）。這讓端板移動以便內裝物能夠擴大和收縮而不膨脹或變形。夾盤板旨在給予適當空隙在雙縫夾頭中用來密封罐端部分和身體。一個重要罐端部分是圍繞卷曲物的化合物。這種化合物作為專用填隙密封膠嚙合雙縫罐身（圖5.6和圖5.7）4、P89Thepropertiesofcastandblownfilmandsheetcanbeimprovedbyphysicallyorientingthepolymermolecules.Castsheetisorientedinthemachinedirectionbybeingpulledawayfasterthanitisextruder,thusstretchingitinthemachinedirection.Thisisusuallyaccomplishedbypassingthecastfilmthroughaseriesofrolls,eachrollrotatingprogressivefasterthanthepreviousroll.擠出模和吹脹膜及片材的特性可以通過物理定向聚合物分子來提高，擠出片材在縱向的定向是橫向拉伸速度快于其擠出速度來實現(xiàn)的，因而在橫向拉伸它，這通常是將擠出模通過一系列滾子而得以完成實現(xiàn)的，每一個滾子轉動速度都要比前一個滾子快。Cross-ortransverse-directionorientationisdoneinatenterframe.Clipstravelingdowndivergingtracksgraspthefilmalongeachedgeandstretchitinthecrossdirectionuptoaboutseventimesitsoriginalcastwidth.Filmorientedintwodirectionsissaidtohave“biaxialorientation”.橫向定向進行拉伸裝置。夾子沿增幅導軌夾住薄膜邊緣，拉伸交叉方向到原來的七倍左右寬度。夾子沿增幅導軌夾住薄膜邊緣，拉伸交叉方向到原來的七倍左右寬度。薄膜這兩個方向被稱為具有“雙向拉伸”。Bothmachine-andcross-directionorientingaredoneatsomewhatelevatedtemperatures.Ifthestretchingandcoolingprocessesarerapid,thefilmwillretainsomememoryofitsoriginaldimensions.Itwillwanttoreturntothosedimensionsifreheated;ineffect,itwillbea“shrinkplastid“.Orientedfilmsareheat-stabilizedbykeepingthemattheelevatedtemperature(annealing)forabrieftime.兩個機械以及橫向定向使溫度有所上升。如果快速拉伸和冷卻，該薄膜將保留一些原始尺寸。它將要返回的原來的尺寸，如果重新加熱效果，這將是一個“收縮薄膜”。定向薄膜熱定形短暫的時間內保持他們在高溫（退火）。Blownfilmisorientedbyadjustingtheinflationrationandtake-awayspeedrelativetothetube-formingrate.Blownfilmcannotbeorientedtotheextentthatisavailablewithcast-filmextrusion,however,thebiaxialorientationofblownfilmiswellbalanced.吹塑薄膜定向調節(jié)吹脹比以及牽引比。吹塑薄膜不能定向鑄造薄膜擠出的程度，然而，雙向拉伸吹塑薄膜是很好的平衡。5、P132:Inatypicalflexographicprintingstation,excessinkisappliedtoanengravedtransferoraniloxroll.Theengravingsontheaniloxrollmeterthecorrectamountofink,dependingontheengravinggeometryanddepth.Theinkistransferredtotheraisedsurfaceoftheprintingplateattachedtotheplatecylinder.在一個典型的柔性版印刷工作站，過量的油墨應用在有雕刻的傳輸裝置和網紋輥。用雕刻網紋輥計量正確的墨水量，這取決于雕刻幾何形狀和深度。油墨被轉移到印版表面提高連接到版筒。6、P134:Lithographyisaplanographicprocess,meaningthatprintingandnonprintingareasareallonthesameplane.Unlikethereliefplate,alithographicpringtingplateisfiatandsmooth.Lithographicprincipleswerediscoveredwhenagreasycrayonwasusedtowriteonaporousstone.Thestonewasthensoakedwithwater,wettingeverythingexceptthegreasedarea.Aninkmadefromoil,wax,andlamp-black,appliedtothestone’ssurface,wasnaturallyrepelledbythewettedarea,andadheredtothegreasyarea.Themutuallyexclusivenatureofoilandwaterformsthebasisofmodernlithography.Lithographicinkisbydefinitionalwaysoilbased.Itisaheavypasteandismeteredtotheplatecylinderbyatrainofinkingrollers.Anothergroupofrollersappliesathinfilmofwatertothewater-receptiveareas.平版印刷是一種平版的過程，意思是說打印和非打印區(qū)域在同一平面上。不同于凸版印刷板，平版印刷板是平的和光滑的。平版印刷的起源是發(fā)現(xiàn)了用油脂的粉筆寫在有孔的石頭上。然后用清水浸泡石頭，潤濕除油區(qū)的一切。沾濕面積自然排斥由油，蠟，黑燈制成的油墨，應用于石頭的表面，并粘附與油脂的區(qū)域。利用油和水的相互排斥的性質，在現(xiàn)代平版印刷的基礎上。平版印刷油墨始終是油為基礎的定義。這是一項沉重的從粘貼和計量到印版滾筒油墨輥。另一組滾子應用于水膜親水性領域。句段翻譯2Therearemanyvariationsonpapermakingmachines，eachimpartingitsowncharactertotheresultingpaper，onlythreerepresentativeclasseswillbediscussedhere：fourdrinier，cylinder，andtwin-wiremachines。造紙機上有許多變化，每個傳授自己的特點來所產生的文件，只有三個班的代表將討論在這里：長網，圓柱和雙絲機。漢-英：depositingafiber-and-waterslurryontoamovingwirebelttendstoalignfibersinthedirectionoftravel，knownasthemachinedirection。Thedirectionacrossthepaper-makingmachineandacrossthefiberalignmentisthecrossdirection.沉積纖維和水混合的泥漿到一個移動的金屬傳送帶趨向于排列纖維在它行走的方向，即縱向。橫跨造紙機和整個纖維排列的方向是橫向的方向。英-漢：Cylindermachinestendtoalignfibersmorethanfourdriniermachines.TensilestrengthratiosinMDandCDforatypicalfourdrinierboardareabout2:1.whereasforacylinderboardtheratiomightbe4:1orhigher,meaningthattheMDtensilestrengthisfourtimesgreaterthantheCDtensilestrength.Thegreaterthedegreeoffiberalignment,thegreaterthedifferenceinagivenpropertywhenmeasuredinMDandCD.Theratioofapropertyinthetwodirectionsisoftenusedasagaugeoffiberalignment.圓網機往往比長網排列/校準纖維更多。對于一個典型的長網造紙機縱向和橫向上抗張強度比約為2:1。而對于一個圓網造紙機的比例可能是4:1或更高，也就是說，縱向的抗張強度是橫向的拉伸強度的四倍或更大。纖維取向度越大，在測量縱向和橫向的某個別給定的性能時難度就越高。一個在這兩個方向的性能比例是經常被用來作為光纖定位儀。漢-英：Corrugatedfiberboard,orcombinedboardhastwocomponents:thelinerboardandthemedium.Botharemadeofaspecialkindofheavypapercalledcontainerboard.Linerboardistheflatfacingthatadherestothemedium.Themediumisthewavy,flutedpaperbetweentheliners.瓦楞紙板，或組合板有兩個組成部分：面紙和芯紙。兩者都是由同一種特殊材質的厚重的紙即原紙組成。面紙是與芯紙粘合在一起的一層。芯紙為波浪狀，是面之間的開槽的紙。Differentfluteprofilescanbecombinedinonepieceofcombinedboard.Forinstance,atriplewallboard,onelayerofmediummightbeA-flutewhiletheothertwolayersmaybeC-flute.Mixingfluteprofilesinthiswayallowsdesignerstomanipulatethecompressionstrength,cushioningstrengthandtotalthicknessofthecombinedboard.不同的瓦楞側面可以合并成一個組合板的一部分。例如，一個三層板，其中芯紙的一層可能是一個A型瓦楞，而其他兩個層可能是C–瓦楞。以這種方式混合瓦楞側面允許設計師操縱抗壓強度，緩沖強度和組合板的總厚度。 翻譯Sanitaryfoodcansthatmaybethermallyprocessedhavebeadpatternsembossedintothecansidewallstoimproveresistancetocollapsebecauseofexternalpressure.Thispreventscollapse(paneling)duringpressuredifferentialsisencounteredduringretortingandenablesthecantowithstandaninternalvacuum.Sidewallbeadingrequiresmorematerials,reducestop-to-bottomcompressionstrength,andcomplicateslabeling.Manysidewallbeadgeometriesaredesignedtomaximizehoopstrengthwhileminimizingtheaccompanyingproblems.衛(wèi)生食品可熱加工罐側壁已可以提高抗倒塌，因為外來的壓力珠浮雕圖案。這可以防止崩潰在壓力差（板）干餾過程中遇到的使能承受內部的真空。邊墻珠需要更多的材料，減少從高端到低端的壓縮強度和復雜標簽。許多側壁珠幾何圖形，旨在最大限度地箍強度，同時最大限度地減少伴隨的問題。英-漢Asingle–drawoperationislimitedinhowfarthemetalcanbereshaped.Canshavingaheightequaltoorgreaterthanthecandiameterwillusuallyrequireaseconddrawinwhatiscalledthe“draw-and–redraw”process.Thefirstdrawproducesashallowcup.Thesecondreducesthediameterasthecanisdeepened.Canshavingaheightsignificantlygreaterthanthecandiameterwouldrequireathirddraw.Ifthecontaineristobethermallyprocessed,Sidewallbeadsarerolledintothewallsinaseparatestep.Bodyflangesforengagingthecanendarerolledoninamannersimilartothatusedinthree-piececanmanufacture.一次性拉伸操作限制在何種程度上金屬可以重塑。一個高度等于或大于直徑的罐子通常需要所謂的“拉伸-重拉伸”的第二次拉伸過程。第一次拉伸產生的淺的杯狀。第二次拉伸減少了直徑當罐子被加深。當罐子的高度明顯地大于罐子的直徑時就需要第三次拉伸。如果容器是要熱加工，側壁珠滾進側壁需不同的步驟。為美化罐子的兩端進行的罐身翻邊操作方法是與制作三層罐子的方法是類似的。翻譯Amonomercanjointoitselftoformacomplexpolymerstructureinanumberofways.Themonomerunitscansimplyjoinintoeachothertoformlongchainsasinathermoplastic,ortheycancross-linkbetweenthechainsinathree-dimensionalpattern,resultinginathermosetplastic 單體可以在若干步驟后自己連結形成復雜的聚合物的結構。單體單元可以簡單地加入到彼此形成長鏈作為熱塑性塑料，也可以在三維圖案中鏈間交聯(lián)形成熱固性塑料段落Thepropertiesofcastandblownfilmandsheetcanbeimprovedbyphysicallyorientingthepolymermolecules.CastsheetisorientedInthemachinedirectionbybeingpulledawayfasterthanitisextruded,thusstretchingitinthemachinedirection.Thisisusuallyaccomplishedbypassingthecastfilmthroughaseriesofrolls,eachrollrotatingprogressivelyfasterthanthepreviousroll.Cross-ortransverse–directionorientationisdoneinatenterframe.Clipstravelingdowndivergingtracksgraspthefilmalongeachedgeandstretchitinthecrossdirectionuptoaboutseventimesitsoriginalcastwidth.Filmorientedintwodirectionsissaidtohave”biaxialorientation”. Bothmachine-andcross–directionorientingaredoneatsomewhatelevatedtemperatures.Ifthestretchingandcoolingprocessesarerapid,thefilmwillretainsomememoryofitsoriginaldimension.Itwillwanttoreturntothosedimensionsifreheated.Ineffect,itwillbea“shrinkplastic”.orientedfilmsareheat-stabilizedbykeepingthemattheelevatedtemperatureforabrieftime.Blownfilmisorientedbyadjustingtheinflationratioandtake-awayspeedrelativetothetube-formingrate.Blownfilmcannotbeorientedtotheextentthatisavailablewithcast-filmextrusion,however,thebiaxialorientationofblownfilmiswellbalanced.鑄造和吹制薄膜和片材的性能可被提高通過使聚合物分子物理定向。鑄造片狀是通過以比被擠壓速度快的速度移動（拉伸）使之面向縱向，因此得以在縱向上拉伸。這經常是通過擠塑薄膜穿過一系列輥子，每個輥筒逐漸加速旋轉并比前一個輥筒的速度快。交叉或橫向的方向在一個拉幅機里被定位。沿不同的軌道滾動的夾子沿每個邊棱抓住薄層并在橫向上按高達它原始澆筑寬度的7倍拉伸它。在兩個方向上定位的薄層被稱為二軸定位。在橫向和縱向同被定位的過程在某個極高的溫度上完成。如果拉伸和冷卻的過程是快速的，薄層會保留它原始尺度的部分記憶。在被二度加熱時，它會返回到原來的尺寸。實際上，它會變成“收縮的塑料”。定位后的薄層在一個極高的溫度下放置一段時間會熱穩(wěn)定的。吹膜通過調節(jié)膨脹比率和離開速度與管成型速率比較來定位。吹膜在能夠鑄膜擠出的程度上不能被定位。然而，吹膜的二軸定位能夠被很好的平衡。翻譯Injectionmoldingusesapowerfulextruderwiththecapabilitytoinjectapreciseamountofresinintoafullyenclosedmold.Veryhighhydraulicpressuresdrivehot,relativelyviscousmoltenmaterialthroughthechilledpassagesofapartmoldandfillthecavitybeforetheplasticsolidifies.Theprocessrequiressubstantialmoldsthatwillnotflexormoveunderextremetemperatureandpressure.Aneight-cavitymoldformargarinetubsmayweighupwardsofaton.Thisrequiredmoldmassandthecomplexityofthetoolingmakeinjectionmoldinghighestintoolingcostoftheplasticformingmethods.注塑成型法使用功能強大的擠出機使精確數(shù)量的樹脂注入一個完全封閉的模具。非常高水壓驅動熱的粘稠的熔融材料通過一個部分模具的冷卻通道，并在塑料凝固之前填充前腔。這一過程需要大量在高溫和高壓下不會彎曲和移動的模具。一種作為人造黃油桶的八腔模具可重達一噸以上。這就要求模具質量和加工的復雜性使注塑成型法在塑料制作方法中的加工造價是最高的。段落Containersandotherdraw-formedpackagingcomponentscanbereadilymanufacturedfromthermoplasticsheetingbyanumberofthermoformingvariations.Allvariationsheatthethermoplasticsheetmaterialtothepointwhereitbecomessoftandpliable,butbelowthetemperatureatwhichmeltflowmightoccur.Mostthermoplasticmaterialscanbethermoformed,includingsingle-polymermaterials,co-extrusions,andlaminatedsheets.Multilayeredlaminatedsheetcanprovidespecializedphysicalandchemicalpropertiesthatarenoteconomicallyattainablebyothermeans.Thermoformsmadeonautomated,high–performanceequipmentmayprovideapossiblealternativetoinjection–moldedcontainerssuchastubs.Pliableplasticsheetcanbeformedbymechanicalmeans,withvacuums,withpressure,orbyanycombinationofthese.Inallcases,therelationshipofthepartsurfaceareatotheavailablesheetareadeterminestheaveragematerialthickness.Materialdistributionisgovernedbythepart’sgeometryandtheparticularmethodusedtoformtheshape.Sheetgaugeandmoldaccuracyareimportant.集裝箱和其他繪制成型包裝組件通過一系列的熱壓成型變化可以很容易地從熱塑性塑料薄膜制作而來。所有的變化都加熱熱塑性塑料薄膜材料到一個使之變軟和柔韌的點上，但低于這個溫度下熔體流動可能發(fā)生。大多數(shù)熱塑性材料可熱成型，包括單聚合物材料，共同型材，和層壓板。多層層壓板可提供專門的物理和化學性質，這是用其他方式不能經濟地獲得的性質。就自動化的熱成形，高性能設備可以提供一種可能的替代品去取代注塑成型容器，如盆。柔韌的塑料片材可通過機械手段，在有真空，壓力，或任何組合的條件下被制造。在所有情況下，零件局部表面面積與可用面積的關系決定了板材的平均厚度。物資配送是被零件的幾何形狀和形成零件形狀的特定方法支配的。板材規(guī)格和模具的精度非常重要。翻譯Vacuumformingintoacavitymoldoroveraplugmoldisthesimplestformofvacuummolding.Vacuumholesarerequiredinthecavity’slowestpoint.Vacuumformingintoacavityoroveraplughasdeficienciessimilartothoseofmatched-diemolding----limiteddrawandpoorcontrolovermaterialdistribution.Cavitymoldsallowforeasierpartremoval,sincethehotplasticshrinksawayfromthecavitywhenitcools,whereasthecooledplastictendstotightenaroundaplugform.型腔模具真空成型或插頭模具成型是真空成型最簡單的形式。真空孔腔需要在孔的最低點。真空成腔法或插頭模具成型法與匹配模成型法相似，有缺陷------有限拉伸和對物資配送的控制能力較差。型腔模具允許更容易的部件移除，因為當熱的塑料冷卻時它會收縮，但是冷卻的塑料趨向于圍繞一個插座形式收緊。Materialdistributionproblemsarereducedwhenseveralformingmethodsarecombined.Inplug-assistvacuumforming,theplugmoldisabovethesheet.Thesheetisheateduntilitbeginstosag,theplugmovesthesheetintothemold,andavacuumpullsitintoconformitywiththemold.Thisgivesbettermaterialdistributiontothecornersthanvacuumformingalone.物資配送問題當幾個成型方法相結合時會減少。在插件幫助真空成型，插頭模具高于片材。片材被加熱直到它開始向下凹陷，插頭移動片材到模具，并用真空將它拉入模具使之契合。這比單獨使用真空成型法給了角落部分更好的物資分配。Eachmethodhasadifferentwayofcreating,carrying,andtransferringinkpatternsontoasubstrate,butregardl