包裝工程導(dǎo)論(雙語)-翻譯

句段翻譯19、P87Polymerresinsarereceivedatamoldingplantintheformofsmallgranulesorpellets,similarinappearancetorice.Regardlessoftheformingprocess，thefirsttaskistoheatandmeltthepolymerresinpelletsintoaflowablefrom.Theplasticatingextruderisaheavybarrelinwhichascrewrotates,drivingpelletsfromthefeedhopperatoneendtotheexitportattheotherend.聚合物樹脂在成型車間是小顆?；蚱牡男问酱嬖?，在外觀上與大米相似。無論在形成過程中，首要的任務(wù)是加熱和將高分子樹脂顆粒熔成流動(dòng)性的形式。塑化擠出機(jī)是一個(gè)沉重的由螺桿旋轉(zhuǎn)組成的桶，使片材從進(jìn)料斗的一端進(jìn)入另一端出來。英譯漢P35Cylindermachinesdewaterfurnishatthecylinderandpasteathinlayeroffiberagainstthefelt(figure3.4).Thefibersofsubsequentlayersdonotintermingle,andthereforethebondbetweenthelayersisweek.Thedryendissimilartothatfourdriniermachine.圓網(wǎng)造紙機(jī)脫水提供氣缸和粘貼一層薄薄纖維毛氈（圖3.4）。隨后的纖維層不交融，因此層與層之間的粘結(jié)是一周。這種干燥方式是相似于長網(wǎng)造紙機(jī)。2、P38Ifclay-coatedpaperispassedunderhighlypolishedchromedrumsthatarerotatingcountertothepaperorfasterthanthepaperspeed,theclaycoatingswillbepolished.Thesepapersarereferredtoasmachine-glazedorchrome-coatedpapers.如果粘土涂覆層經(jīng)過高度光度，轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)與紙運(yùn)動(dòng)方向相反的或是轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)速度大于紙速的鉻滾齒，那么粘土涂層將會(huì)變得很光亮。這些紙是用作機(jī)械壓光紙或是涂鉻紙。3、P49Forinstance,inatriplewallboard,onelayerofmediummightbeA-flutewhiletheothertwolayersmaybeC-flute.Mixingfluteprofilesinthiswayallowsdesignerstomanipulatethecompressionstrength,cushioningstrengthandtotalthicknessofthecombinedboard.Figure4.6showscommonfluteprofiles.例如，在三瓦楞紙板中，其中一層芯紙是A型瓦楞，然而其他兩層也許是C型瓦楞。以這種方式混合楞型可以幫助設(shè)計(jì)者控制結(jié)合板的抗壓強(qiáng)度，緩沖強(qiáng)度和總厚度。圖4.6表明了普通楞型的特征4、P51Acorrugatingmachineismadeofanumberofoperatingstationsthattaketheappropriatelinerboardsandmediums,shapetheflutes,andjointheflutedmediumtothelinerboards.一個(gè)壓瓦楞機(jī)由一系列的操作臺(tái)，采取適當(dāng)面紙和介質(zhì)，然后成型瓦楞，將瓦楞的芯紙置入面板間。Atthesingle-facerstation(Figure4.7),mediumispreconditionedwithheatandsteamtomakeitpliableandcapableofbeingformedintoaflutedconfiguration.在單瓦楞機(jī)站（圖4.7），用熱量和蒸汽預(yù)處理介質(zhì)，使其柔軟形成一個(gè)有凹槽的配置。5、P68Sanitaryfoodcansthatmaybethermallyprocessedhaveheadpatternsembossedintothecansidewallstoimproveresistancetocollapsebecauseofexternalpressure.Thispreventscollapse(paneling)duringpressuredifferentialsisencounteredduringretortingandenablesthecantowithstandaninternalvacuum.Sidewallbeadingrequiresmorematerial,reducestop-to-bottomcompressionstrength,andcomplicateslabeling.Manysidewallbeadgeometriesaredesignedtomaximizehoopstrengthwhileminimizingtheaccompanyingproblems.食品衛(wèi)生罐頭可熱加工成環(huán)筋壓印的側(cè)壁，可以提高因外部壓力抗壓潰能力。這可以防止崩潰（板）在壓差過程中遇到干餾使其承受內(nèi)部真空度。罐身環(huán)筋需要更多的材料，減少頂部和底層抗壓強(qiáng)度，便于貼標(biāo)。許多罐身環(huán)筋幾何形狀旨在最大限度地提高壓潰強(qiáng)度，同時(shí)最大限度地減少附帶的問題。衛(wèi)生食品可熱加工罐側(cè)壁已可以提高抗倒塌，因?yàn)橥饷椎膲毫χ楦〉駡D案。這可以防止崩潰在壓力差（板）干餾過程中遇到的使能承受內(nèi)部的真空。邊墻珠需要更多的材料，減少從高端到低端的壓縮強(qiáng)度和復(fù)雜標(biāo)簽。許多側(cè)壁珠幾何圖形，旨在最大限度地提高強(qiáng)度，同時(shí)最大限度地減少伴隨的問題。6、P70ThebottomofaD&Icanhasthesamethicknessasthestartingdisk;however,thesidewallsareconsiderablyreducedinthickness,andthemetalareaofthefinalcanisgreaterthanthatoftheinitialdisk.Neckingoperationsreducethediameterofthecantop,therebyreducingtheend-piecediameter.Thisresultsinsignificantmetalsaving,sincetheendpieceismuchthickerthanthesidewalls.變薄拉伸的底部可以用相同厚度作為磁盤的開始;然而，側(cè)壁厚度大大減少，最后金屬面積大于原始的磁盤?？s頸操作減少最高能頂?shù)闹睆剑瑥亩档土俗詈笠黄睆?。這將導(dǎo)致金屬儲(chǔ)蓄自最后一塊比側(cè)壁較厚。7、P79Typicalproductionratesrangefrom60to300bottlesperminute,dependingonthenumberofsectioninamachine,thenumberofgobsbeingextruded,andthesizeofthecontainer.典型的生產(chǎn)速率范圍從60到300個(gè)瓶子每分鐘，這取決于在一臺(tái)機(jī)器一些部分，被擠壓的采空區(qū)，容器的大小等。Theblownbottleisremovedfromtheblowmoldwithtakeouttongsandplacedonadeadplatetoaircoolforafewmomentsbeforetransfertoaconveyorthattransportsittotheannealingoven.用取出夾具把成形瓶從成型模中移出并放置在一個(gè)灰暗的盒子里進(jìn)行自然冷卻一段時(shí)間，然后再轉(zhuǎn)移到能將其運(yùn)輸?shù)酵嘶馉t的傳送裝置中。8、P85Amonomercanjointoitselftoformacomplexpolymerstructureinanumberofways.Themonomerunitscansimplyjoinintoeachothertoformlongchainsasinathermoplastic,ortheycancross-linkbetweenthechainsinathree-dimensionalpattern,resultinginathermosetplastic.單體可以在若干步驟后自己連結(jié)形成復(fù)雜的聚合物的結(jié)構(gòu)。單體單元可以簡單地加入到彼此形成長鏈作為熱塑性塑料，也可以在三維圖案中鏈間交聯(lián)形成熱固性塑料。9、P91:Theextrudersectionofaninjectionmoldingmachinemusthaveprovisionforejectingapreciseamount,or“shot,”ofpolymermeltintothemoldasrequired.Ram-screw-typemachinesuseameltconveyancescrewdesignedtoprovidereciprocalaswellasrotarymotion.combiningthefunctionofscrewandpiston.注射成型機(jī)器的擠出部分必須有或逐出按要求所需的聚合融熔物的精確量或范圍。桿式螺旋機(jī)使用熔融物傳送螺桿提供相互的旋轉(zhuǎn)的運(yùn)動(dòng)，將桿及活塞的功能結(jié)合在一起。對(duì)于注射熔融聚合物其他的機(jī)器有獨(dú)立的活塞模型的內(nèi)凹處與所需要的形狀一致。因而，當(dāng)冷卻后，將模型打開所需部分就被擠出。10、P135:Paperforlithographicprintingneedstohaveacertainamountofwaterresistancesincesomewatermaybetransferredfromtheplatedampeningsystem.Paperstocksalsoneedastrong,cleansurfacewithgoodanchorageofsurfacefiberandclaycoatingstoresistbeingpickedorpulledapartbytheheavypasteinksastheblanketrollliftsfromthesubstratesurface.平版印刷紙需要有一定量的的抗水性能，因?yàn)橐恍┧赊D(zhuǎn)移板塊抑制系統(tǒng)。紙材還需要一個(gè)強(qiáng)大的，干凈的表面，具有固定的表面纖維和粘土涂料抵制被拖著沉重的漿狀油墨除了從基板表面毯輥離開。段落1、P48Flutescomeinseveralstandardshapesorfluteprofiles(A,B,C,E,F,etc.).A-flutewasthefirsttobedevelopedandisthelargestcommonfluteprofile.B-flutewasnextandismuchsmaller.C-flutefollowedandisbetweenAandBinsize.E-fluteissmallerthanBandF-fluteissmalleryet.瓦楞有幾種級(jí)別的楞形或楞型（A,B,C,E,F）A型瓦楞是最先被發(fā)展的最大普通型楞型。B型次之，比A型小點(diǎn)，C型大小屈于A型與B型之間。E型比B型小點(diǎn)，F(xiàn)型最小。Inadditiontothesefivemostcommonprofiles,newfluteprofiles-bothlargerandsmallerthanthoselistedhere-arebeingcreatedformorespecializedboards.Generally,largerfluteprofilesdelivergreaterverticalcompressionstrengthandcushioning.Smallerfluteprofilesprovideenhancedstructuralandgraphicscapabilitiesforprimary(retail)packaging.除了這五種普通楞型，更大或更小的新型瓦楞可用于制造更多的特殊紙板。總體看來，越大的瓦楞型號(hào)能承受更大的垂直抗壓強(qiáng)度和緩沖力。越小的瓦楞型號(hào)為初級(jí)包裝提供剛性和可印刷性。Differentfluteprofilescanbecombinedinonepieceofcombinedboard.Forinstance,inatriplewallboard,onelayerofmediummightbeA-flutewhiletheothertwolayersmaybeC-flute.Mixingfluteprofilesinthiswayallowsdesignerstomanipulatethecompressionstrength,cushioningstrengthandtotalthicknessofthecombinedboard.Figure4.6showscommonfluteprofiles.不同的楞型可以結(jié)合成同一紙板。例如，在三瓦楞紙板中，其中一層芯紙是A型瓦楞，然而其他兩層也許是C型瓦楞。以這種方式混合楞型可以幫助設(shè)計(jì)者控制結(jié)合板的抗壓強(qiáng)度，緩沖強(qiáng)度和總厚度。圖4.6表明了普通楞型的特征P53Edgewisecompressiontest(TAPPIT811)邊壓測試Inanedgewisecompressiontest(ECT),asmallspecimen(2in.×2in.)isplacedbetweentheplatensofacompressiontesterandloadeduntilfailureoccurs.[figure4.9(b)].Edgewisecompressionvaluesareafunctionofthestiffnesscontributedbythefacingsandthemedium.ECTvalueshaveadirectrelationshiptotheprojectedstackingstrength.在邊壓試驗(yàn)（ECT）中，一個(gè)小樣品（2英寸×2英寸）被放置在一個(gè)壓縮測試儀的壓盤上，直到發(fā)生故障。[圖4.9（b）]。邊壓值是一個(gè)函數(shù)所提供的剛度和介質(zhì)襯片。變壓測試的值預(yù)計(jì)和堆碼強(qiáng)度有直接的關(guān)系。OneobjectiontotheMullenbursttestisthatithasnorelationshiptoabox’scompressionstrength,whileanumberofformulashavebeendevisedthatrelateECTvaluestoexpectedboxcompressionstrength.對(duì)于一個(gè)異常的馬倫爆破試驗(yàn)，它與箱子的壓縮強(qiáng)度沒有關(guān)系，而與公式中的邊壓強(qiáng)度值與預(yù)計(jì)箱子抗壓強(qiáng)度相關(guān)。CarrierrulechangesalloweitherMullenvaluesorECTvaluestospecifytheboardsusedtoconstructacorrugatedcontainer.ThemajorityofshipperschoosetouseECTvalues.運(yùn)營商習(xí)慣改變爆破值或邊壓強(qiáng)度值用來制造瓦楞紙箱板。大多數(shù)托運(yùn)商選擇使用的邊壓強(qiáng)度值。Flatcrushtest(TAPPIT808)平壓強(qiáng)度Theflatcrushtestissimilartotheedgecompressiontestexceptthatthespecimeniscompressedintheflat[figure4.9(c)].Thetestprovidesameasureoffluterigidity.平壓測試是類似于邊壓強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)，區(qū)別在于樣品被壓縮在平面上[圖4.9（c）]。該測試提供了瓦楞強(qiáng)度的措施。P68Allthree-piececanbodiesarepressuretestedandhavetheendsflangedtoreceivethecantopandbottomends.Thecanmakerappliesonecanendandsendstheotherendtotheusefordoubleseamingafterthecanisfilled.所有三片式罐身壓力測試翻邊可以接受頂部和底部的兩端。制造商應(yīng)用一個(gè)可以終止并傳送到另一端使雙縫填滿。Sanitaryfoodcansthatmaybethermallyprocessedhaveheadpatternsembossedintothecansidewallstoimproveresistancetocollapsebecauseofexternalpressure.Thispreventscollapse(paneling)duringpressuredifferentialsisencounteredduringretortingandenablesthecantowithstandaninternalvacuum.Sidewallbeadingrequiresmorematerial,reducestop-to-bottomcompressionstrength,andcomplicateslabeling.Manysidewallbeadgeometriesaredesignedtomaximizehoopstrengthwhileminimizingtheaccompanyingproblems.衛(wèi)生食品可熱加工罐側(cè)壁已可以提高抗倒塌，因?yàn)橥饷椎膲毫χ楦〉駡D案。這可以防止崩潰在壓力差（板）干餾過程中遇到的使能承受內(nèi)部的真空。邊墻珠需要更多的材料，減少從高端到低端的壓縮強(qiáng)度和復(fù)雜標(biāo)簽。許多側(cè)壁珠幾何圖形，旨在最大限度地強(qiáng)度，同時(shí)最大限度地減少伴隨的問題。Canendsintendedforthermalprocessingarestampedwithaseriesofcircularexpansionpanels(Figure5.5).Thisallowsformovementoftheendpanelssothatthecontentsareabletoexpandandcontractwithoutbulgingorotherwisedistortingthecan.Thechuckpanelisdesignedtogivetheproperclearancetothedouble-seamingchuckusedtosealthecanendtothebody.Avitalcan-endcomponentisthecompoundappliedaroundtheperimetercurl.Thiscompoundactsasacaulkingsealantwhentheendismatedanddouble-seamedtothecanbody(Figure5.6andFigure5.7)罐頭端頭預(yù)計(jì)用熱處理壓了一系列膨脹圓（圖5.5）。這讓端板移動(dòng)以便內(nèi)裝物能夠擴(kuò)大和收縮而不膨脹或變形。夾盤板旨在給予適當(dāng)空隙在雙縫夾頭中用來密封罐端部分和身體。一個(gè)重要罐端部分是圍繞卷曲物的化合物。這種化合物作為專用填隙密封膠嚙合雙縫罐身（圖5.6和圖5.7）4、P89Thepropertiesofcastandblownfilmandsheetcanbeimprovedbyphysicallyorientingthepolymermolecules.Castsheetisorientedinthemachinedirectionbybeingpulledawayfasterthanitisextruder,thusstretchingitinthemachinedirection.Thisisusuallyaccomplishedbypassingthecastfilmthroughaseriesofrolls,eachrollrotatingprogressivefasterthanthepreviousroll.擠出模和吹脹膜及片材的特性可以通過物理定向聚合物分子來提高，擠出片材在縱向的定向是橫向拉伸速度快于其擠出速度來實(shí)現(xiàn)的，因而在橫向拉伸它，這通常是將擠出模通過一系列滾子而得以完成實(shí)現(xiàn)的，每一個(gè)滾子轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)速度都要比前一個(gè)滾子快。Cross-ortransverse-directionorientationisdoneinatenterframe.Clipstravelingdowndivergingtracksgraspthefilmalongeachedgeandstretchitinthecrossdirectionuptoaboutseventimesitsoriginalcastwidth.Filmorientedintwodirectionsissaidtohave“biaxialorientation”.橫向定向進(jìn)行拉伸裝置。夾子沿增幅導(dǎo)軌夾住薄膜邊緣，拉伸交叉方向到原來的七倍左右寬度。夾子沿增幅導(dǎo)軌夾住薄膜邊緣，拉伸交叉方向到原來的七倍左右寬度。薄膜這兩個(gè)方向被稱為具有“雙向拉伸”。Bothmachine-andcross-directionorientingaredoneatsomewhatelevatedtemperatures.Ifthestretchingandcoolingprocessesarerapid,thefilmwillretainsomememoryofitsoriginaldimensions.Itwillwanttoreturntothosedimensionsifreheated;ineffect,itwillbea“shrinkplastid“.Orientedfilmsareheat-stabilizedbykeepingthemattheelevatedtemperature(annealing)forabrieftime.兩個(gè)機(jī)械以及橫向定向使溫度有所上升。如果快速拉伸和冷卻，該薄膜將保留一些原始尺寸。它將要返回的原來的尺寸，如果重新加熱效果，這將是一個(gè)“收縮薄膜”。定向薄膜熱定形短暫的時(shí)間內(nèi)保持他們?cè)诟邷兀ㄍ嘶穑?。Blownfilmisorientedbyadjustingtheinflationrationandtake-awayspeedrelativetothetube-formingrate.Blownfilmcannotbeorientedtotheextentthatisavailablewithcast-filmextrusion,however,thebiaxialorientationofblownfilmiswellbalanced.吹塑薄膜定向調(diào)節(jié)吹脹比以及牽引比。吹塑薄膜不能定向鑄造薄膜擠出的程度，然而，雙向拉伸吹塑薄膜是很好的平衡。5、P132:Inatypicalflexographicprintingstation,excessinkisappliedtoanengravedtransferoraniloxroll.Theengravingsontheaniloxrollmeterthecorrectamountofink,dependingontheengravinggeometryanddepth.Theinkistransferredtotheraisedsurfaceoftheprintingplateattachedtotheplatecylinder.在一個(gè)典型的柔性版印刷工作站，過量的油墨應(yīng)用在有雕刻的傳輸裝置和網(wǎng)紋輥。用雕刻網(wǎng)紋輥計(jì)量正確的墨水量，這取決于雕刻幾何形狀和深度。油墨被轉(zhuǎn)移到印版表面提高連接到版筒。6、P134:Lithographyisaplanographicprocess,meaningthatprintingandnonprintingareasareallonthesameplane.Unlikethereliefplate,alithographicpringtingplateisfiatandsmooth.Lithographicprincipleswerediscoveredwhenagreasycrayonwasusedtowriteonaporousstone.Thestonewasthensoakedwithwater,wettingeverythingexceptthegreasedarea.Aninkmadefromoil,wax,andlamp-black,appliedtothestone’ssurface,wasnaturallyrepelledbythewettedarea,andadheredtothegreasyarea.Themutuallyexclusivenatureofoilandwaterformsthebasisofmodernlithography.Lithographicinkisbydefinitionalwaysoilbased.Itisaheavypasteandismeteredtotheplatecylinderbyatrainofinkingrollers.Anothergroupofrollersappliesathinfilmofwatertothewater-receptiveareas.平版印刷是一種平版的過程，意思是說打印和非打印區(qū)域在同一平面上。不同于凸版印刷板，平版印刷板是平的和光滑的。平版印刷的起源是發(fā)現(xiàn)了用油脂的粉筆寫在有孔的石頭上。然后用清水浸泡石頭，潤濕除油區(qū)的一切。沾濕面積自然排斥由油，蠟，黑燈制成的油墨，應(yīng)用于石頭的表面，并粘附與油脂的區(qū)域。利用油和水的相互排斥的性質(zhì)，在現(xiàn)代平版印刷的基礎(chǔ)上。平版印刷油墨始終是油為基礎(chǔ)的定義。這是一項(xiàng)沉重的從粘貼和計(jì)量到印版滾筒油墨輥。另一組滾子應(yīng)用于水膜親水性領(lǐng)域。句段翻譯2Therearemanyvariationsonpapermakingmachines，eachimpartingitsowncharactertotheresultingpaper，onlythreerepresentativeclasseswillbediscussedhere：fourdrinier，cylinder，andtwin-wiremachines。造紙機(jī)上有許多變化，每個(gè)傳授自己的特點(diǎn)來所產(chǎn)生的文件，只有三個(gè)班的代表將討論在這里：長網(wǎng)，圓柱和雙絲機(jī)。漢-英：depositingafiber-and-waterslurryontoamovingwirebelttendstoalignfibersinthedirectionoftravel，knownasthemachinedirection。Thedirectionacrossthepaper-makingmachineandacrossthefiberalignmentisthecrossdirection.沉積纖維和水混合的泥漿到一個(gè)移動(dòng)的金屬傳送帶趨向于排列纖維在它行走的方向，即縱向。橫跨造紙機(jī)和整個(gè)纖維排列的方向是橫向的方向。英-漢：Cylindermachinestendtoalignfibersmorethanfourdriniermachines.TensilestrengthratiosinMDandCDforatypicalfourdrinierboardareabout2:1.whereasforacylinderboardtheratiomightbe4:1orhigher,meaningthattheMDtensilestrengthisfourtimesgreaterthantheCDtensilestrength.Thegreaterthedegreeoffiberalignment,thegreaterthedifferenceinagivenpropertywhenmeasuredinMDandCD.Theratioofapropertyinthetwodirectionsisoftenusedasagaugeoffiberalignment.圓網(wǎng)機(jī)往往比長網(wǎng)排列/校準(zhǔn)纖維更多。對(duì)于一個(gè)典型的長網(wǎng)造紙機(jī)縱向和橫向上抗張強(qiáng)度比約為2:1。而對(duì)于一個(gè)圓網(wǎng)造紙機(jī)的比例可能是4:1或更高，也就是說，縱向的抗張強(qiáng)度是橫向的拉伸強(qiáng)度的四倍或更大。纖維取向度越大，在測量縱向和橫向的某個(gè)別給定的性能時(shí)難度就越高。一個(gè)在這兩個(gè)方向的性能比例是經(jīng)常被用來作為光纖定位儀。漢-英：Corrugatedfiberboard,orcombinedboardhastwocomponents:thelinerboardandthemedium.Botharemadeofaspecialkindofheavypapercalledcontainerboard.Linerboardistheflatfacingthatadherestothemedium.Themediumisthewavy,flutedpaperbetweentheliners.瓦楞紙板，或組合板有兩個(gè)組成部分：面紙和芯紙。兩者都是由同一種特殊材質(zhì)的厚重的紙即原紙組成。面紙是與芯紙粘合在一起的一層。芯紙為波浪狀，是面之間的開槽的紙。Differentfluteprofilescanbecombinedinonepieceofcombinedboard.Forinstance,atriplewallboard,onelayerofmediummightbeA-flutewhiletheothertwolayersmaybeC-flute.Mixingfluteprofilesinthiswayallowsdesignerstomanipulatethecompressionstrength,cushioningstrengthandtotalthicknessofthecombinedboard.不同的瓦楞側(cè)面可以合并成一個(gè)組合板的一部分。例如，一個(gè)三層板，其中芯紙的一層可能是一個(gè)A型瓦楞，而其他兩個(gè)層可能是C–瓦楞。以這種方式混合瓦楞側(cè)面允許設(shè)計(jì)師操縱抗壓強(qiáng)度，緩沖強(qiáng)度和組合板的總厚度。 翻譯Sanitaryfoodcansthatmaybethermallyprocessedhavebeadpatternsembossedintothecansidewallstoimproveresistancetocollapsebecauseofexternalpressure.Thispreventscollapse(paneling)duringpressuredifferentialsisencounteredduringretortingandenablesthecantowithstandaninternalvacuum.Sidewallbeadingrequiresmorematerials,reducestop-to-bottomcompressionstrength,andcomplicateslabeling.Manysidewallbeadgeometriesaredesignedtomaximizehoopstrengthwhileminimizingtheaccompanyingproblems.衛(wèi)生食品可熱加工罐側(cè)壁已可以提高抗倒塌，因?yàn)橥鈦淼膲毫χ楦〉駡D案。這可以防止崩潰在壓力差（板）干餾過程中遇到的使能承受內(nèi)部的真空。邊墻珠需要更多的材料，減少從高端到低端的壓縮強(qiáng)度和復(fù)雜標(biāo)簽。許多側(cè)壁珠幾何圖形，旨在最大限度地箍強(qiáng)度，同時(shí)最大限度地減少伴隨的問題。英-漢Asingle–drawoperationislimitedinhowfarthemetalcanbereshaped.Canshavingaheightequaltoorgreaterthanthecandiameterwillusuallyrequireaseconddrawinwhatiscalledthe“draw-and–redraw”process.Thefirstdrawproducesashallowcup.Thesecondreducesthediameterasthecanisdeepened.Canshavingaheightsignificantlygreaterthanthecandiameterwouldrequireathirddraw.Ifthecontaineristobethermallyprocessed,Sidewallbeadsarerolledintothewallsinaseparatestep.Bodyflangesforengagingthecanendarerolledoninamannersimilartothatusedinthree-piececanmanufacture.一次性拉伸操作限制在何種程度上金屬可以重塑。一個(gè)高度等于或大于直徑的罐子通常需要所謂的“拉伸-重拉伸”的第二次拉伸過程。第一次拉伸產(chǎn)生的淺的杯狀。第二次拉伸減少了直徑當(dāng)罐子被加深。當(dāng)罐子的高度明顯地大于罐子的直徑時(shí)就需要第三次拉伸。如果容器是要熱加工，側(cè)壁珠滾進(jìn)側(cè)壁需不同的步驟。為美化罐子的兩端進(jìn)行的罐身翻邊操作方法是與制作三層罐子的方法是類似的。翻譯Amonomercanjointoitselftoformacomplexpolymerstructureinanumberofways.Themonomerunitscansimplyjoinintoeachothertoformlongchainsasinathermoplastic,ortheycancross-linkbetweenthechainsinathree-dimensionalpattern,resultinginathermosetplastic 單體可以在若干步驟后自己連結(jié)形成復(fù)雜的聚合物的結(jié)構(gòu)。單體單元可以簡單地加入到彼此形成長鏈作為熱塑性塑料，也可以在三維圖案中鏈間交聯(lián)形成熱固性塑料段落Thepropertiesofcastandblownfilmandsheetcanbeimprovedbyphysicallyorientingthepolymermolecules.CastsheetisorientedInthemachinedirectionbybeingpulledawayfasterthanitisextruded,thusstretchingitinthemachinedirection.Thisisusuallyaccomplishedbypassingthecastfilmthroughaseriesofrolls,eachrollrotatingprogressivelyfasterthanthepreviousroll.Cross-ortransverse–directionorientationisdoneinatenterframe.Clipstravelingdowndivergingtracksgraspthefilmalongeachedgeandstretchitinthecrossdirectionuptoaboutseventimesitsoriginalcastwidth.Filmorientedintwodirectionsissaidtohave”biaxialorientation”. Bothmachine-andcross–directionorientingaredoneatsomewhatelevatedtemperatures.Ifthestretchingandcoolingprocessesarerapid,thefilmwillretainsomememoryofitsoriginaldimension.Itwillwanttoreturntothosedimensionsifreheated.Ineffect,itwillbea“shrinkplastic”.orientedfilmsareheat-stabilizedbykeepingthemattheelevatedtemperatureforabrieftime.Blownfilmisorientedbyadjustingtheinflationratioandtake-awayspeedrelativetothetube-formingrate.Blownfilmcannotbeorientedtotheextentthatisavailablewithcast-filmextrusion,however,thebiaxialorientationofblownfilmiswellbalanced.鑄造和吹制薄膜和片材的性能可被提高通過使聚合物分子物理定向。鑄造片狀是通過以比被擠壓速度快的速度移動(dòng)（拉伸）使之面向縱向，因此得以在縱向上拉伸。這經(jīng)常是通過擠塑薄膜穿過一系列輥?zhàn)?，每個(gè)輥筒逐漸加速旋轉(zhuǎn)并比前一個(gè)輥筒的速度快。交叉或橫向的方向在一個(gè)拉幅機(jī)里被定位。沿不同的軌道滾動(dòng)的夾子沿每個(gè)邊棱抓住薄層并在橫向上按高達(dá)它原始澆筑寬度的7倍拉伸它。在兩個(gè)方向上定位的薄層被稱為二軸定位。在橫向和縱向同被定位的過程在某個(gè)極高的溫度上完成。如果拉伸和冷卻的過程是快速的，薄層會(huì)保留它原始尺度的部分記憶。在被二度加熱時(shí)，它會(huì)返回到原來的尺寸。實(shí)際上，它會(huì)變成“收縮的塑料”。定位后的薄層在一個(gè)極高的溫度下放置一段時(shí)間會(huì)熱穩(wěn)定的。吹膜通過調(diào)節(jié)膨脹比率和離開速度與管成型速率比較來定位。吹膜在能夠鑄膜擠出的程度上不能被定位。然而，吹膜的二軸定位能夠被很好的平衡。翻譯Injectionmoldingusesapowerfulextruderwiththecapabilitytoinjectapreciseamountofresinintoafullyenclosedmold.Veryhighhydraulicpressuresdrivehot,relativelyviscousmoltenmaterialthroughthechilledpassagesofapartmoldandfillthecavitybeforetheplasticsolidifies.Theprocessrequiressubstantialmoldsthatwillnotflexormoveunderextremetemperatureandpressure.Aneight-cavitymoldformargarinetubsmayweighupwardsofaton.Thisrequiredmoldmassandthecomplexityofthetoolingmakeinjectionmoldinghighestintoolingcostoftheplasticformingmethods.注塑成型法使用功能強(qiáng)大的擠出機(jī)使精確數(shù)量的樹脂注入一個(gè)完全封閉的模具。非常高水壓驅(qū)動(dòng)熱的粘稠的熔融材料通過一個(gè)部分模具的冷卻通道，并在塑料凝固之前填充前腔。這一過程需要大量在高溫和高壓下不會(huì)彎曲和移動(dòng)的模具。一種作為人造黃油桶的八腔模具可重達(dá)一噸以上。這就要求模具質(zhì)量和加工的復(fù)雜性使注塑成型法在塑料制作方法中的加工造價(jià)是最高的。段落Containersandotherdraw-formedpackagingcomponentscanbereadilymanufacturedfromthermoplasticsheetingbyanumberofthermoformingvariations.Allvariationsheatthethermoplasticsheetmaterialtothepointwhereitbecomessoftandpliable,butbelowthetemperatureatwhichmeltflowmightoccur.Mostthermoplasticmaterialscanbethermoformed,includingsingle-polymermaterials,co-extrusions,andlaminatedsheets.Multilayeredlaminatedsheetcanprovidespecializedphysicalandchemicalpropertiesthatarenoteconomicallyattainablebyothermeans.Thermoformsmadeonautomated,high–performanceequipmentmayprovideapossiblealternativetoinjection–moldedcontainerssuchastubs.Pliableplasticsheetcanbeformedbymechanicalmeans,withvacuums,withpressure,orbyanycombinationofthese.Inallcases,therelationshipofthepartsurfaceareatotheavailablesheetareadeterminestheaveragematerialthickness.Materialdistributionisgovernedbythepart’sgeometryandtheparticularmethodusedtoformtheshape.Sheetgaugeandmoldaccuracyareimportant.集裝箱和其他繪制成型包裝組件通過一系列的熱壓成型變化可以很容易地從熱塑性塑料薄膜制作而來。所有的變化都加熱熱塑性塑料薄膜材料到一個(gè)使之變軟和柔韌的點(diǎn)上，但低于這個(gè)溫度下熔體流動(dòng)可能發(fā)生。大多數(shù)熱塑性材料可熱成型，包括單聚合物材料，共同型材，和層壓板。多層層壓板可提供專門的物理和化學(xué)性質(zhì)，這是用其他方式不能經(jīng)濟(jì)地獲得的性質(zhì)。就自動(dòng)化的熱成形，高性能設(shè)備可以提供一種可能的替代品去取代注塑成型容器，如盆。柔韌的塑料片材可通過機(jī)械手段，在有真空，壓力，或任何組合的條件下被制造。在所有情況下，零件局部表面面積與可用面積的關(guān)系決定了板材的平均厚度。物資配送是被零件的幾何形狀和形成零件形狀的特定方法支配的。板材規(guī)格和模具的精度非常重要。翻譯Vacuumformingintoacavitymoldoroveraplugmoldisthesimplestformofvacuummolding.Vacuumholesarerequiredinthecavity’slowestpoint.Vacuumformingintoacavityoroveraplughasdeficienciessimilartothoseofmatched-diemolding----limiteddrawandpoorcontrolovermaterialdistribution.Cavitymoldsallowforeasierpartremoval,sincethehotplasticshrinksawayfromthecavitywhenitcools,whereasthecooledplastictendstotightenaroundaplugform.型腔模具真空成型或插頭模具成型是真空成型最簡單的形式。真空孔腔需要在孔的最低點(diǎn)。真空成腔法或插頭模具成型法與匹配模成型法相似，有缺陷------有限拉伸和對(duì)物資配送的控制能力較差。型腔模具允許更容易的部件移除，因?yàn)楫?dāng)熱的塑料冷卻時(shí)它會(huì)收縮，但是冷卻的塑料趨向于圍繞一個(gè)插座形式收緊。Materialdistributionproblemsarereducedwhenseveralformingmethodsarecombined.Inplug-assistvacuumforming,theplugmoldisabovethesheet.Thesheetisheateduntilitbeginstosag,theplugmovesthesheetintothemold,andavacuumpullsitintoconformitywiththemold.Thisgivesbettermaterialdistributiontothecornersthanvacuumformingalone.物資配送問題當(dāng)幾個(gè)成型方法相結(jié)合時(shí)會(huì)減少。在插件幫助真空成型，插頭模具高于片材。片材被加熱直到它開始向下凹陷，插頭移動(dòng)片材到模具，并用真空將它拉入模具使之契合。這比單獨(dú)使用真空成型法給了角落部分更好的物資分配。Eachmethodhasadifferentwayofcreating,carrying,andtransferringinkpatternsontoasubstrate,butregardl