語(yǔ)言學(xué)期末考試填空題題庫(kù)

Chapter11.Arbitrarinessoflanguagemakesitpotentiallycreative,andconventionalityoflanguagemakeslearningalanguagelaborious.Forlearnersofaforeignlanguage,itistheconventionalityofalanguagethatismoreworthnoticingthatitsarbitrariness.2.InSaussure’sview,therelationshipbetweensignifier(soundimage)andsignified(concept)isarbitrary.3.Humanlanguageisarbitrary.Thisreferstothefactthatthereisnologicalorintrinsicconnectionbetweenaparticularsoundandthemeaningitisassociatedwith.4.Thefeaturesthatdefineourhumanlanguagescanbecalleddesignfeatures5.Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconcepts,whicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.Thisqualityislabeledasdisplacement.6.Bydualityismeantthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsofthelevelarecomposedofelementsofthelevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.7.Hallidayproposesatheoryofmetafunctionsoflanguage,thatis,languagehasideational,interpersonalandinterpersonalfunctions.Ourlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutitself.Thisisthemetalingualfunctionoflanguage.Interpersonalfunctionisrealizedbymoodandmodality.Whenlanguageisusedforestablishinganatmosphereormaintainingsocialcontactratherthanexchanginginformationorideas,itsfunctionisphaticfunction.11.Somesentencesdonotdescribethings.Theycannotbesaidtobetrueorfalse.Theutteranceofthesesentencesisorisapartofthedoingofanaction.Theyarecalledperformatives12.Linguisticsisusuallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.13.Thebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthesoundpatternsofalanguageiscalledphonetics.14.Thebranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructuresofwordsiscalledmorphology.15.Phoneticsmainlystudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.16.Semanticsandpragmaticsinvestigatedifferentaspectsoflinguisticmeaning.17.Inlinguistics,syntaxreferstothestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentence.18.Pragmaticscanbedefinesasthestudyoflanguageinuse.19.Ifalinguistics,synchronicstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive;ifitaimstolaydownrulesfor“correct”behavior,itissaidtobeprescriptive20.Inmodernlinguistics,synchronicstudyseemstoenjoypriorityoverdiachronicstudy.Thereasonisthatsuccessfulstudiesofvariousstatesofalanguagewouldbethefoundationofahistoricalstudy.21.Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticssystemsharedbeallthemembersofaspeechcommunity;andparolereferstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse.22.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformance,theactualuseofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.23.”Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet”.ThisfamousquotationfromShakespeareillustratesthatlanguagehasthedesignfeatureofarbitrariness.24.AnEnglishspeakerandaChinesespeakerarebothabletouselanguage,buttheyarenotmutuallyintelligible,whichshowsthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted25.Humancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,butthedetailsoflanguagehavetobetaughtandlearned.Chapter21.Thedifferentmembersofaphoneme,soundswhicharephoneticallydifferentbutdonotmakeoneworddifferentfromanotherinmeaning,areallophones.2.Thethreecavitiesinthearticulatoryapparatusarethepharynx,mouth,andnose.3.NamesixplacesofarticulationaccordingtoFromkinandRodmanthroat,palate,palatetop,teeth,lips,nose,NamefiveofEnglishfrontvowels:i:,i,e,?,a.Thesound[p]canbedescribedwith“voiceless,bilabial,stop”Intheproductionofavelarsound,thebackofthetongueisraisedsothatittouchesthesoftpalatetoformakindofobstruction.7.Bythepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue,vowelsareclassifiedasfrontvowels,centralvowelsandbackvowels.8.Pitch,asaprincipalsuprasegmentalfeatures,canbedefinedastherelativeintensityofsoundnesswithwhichasyllableisuttered.InEnglish,thesound[b]hasthesamephoneticfeaturesasthesound[p]exceptthefeatureofvoicing.10.Assimilationreferstothechangeofasoundasaresultoftheinfluenceofanadjacentsound.TheoralstopsinEnglishareb,p,d,t,gandk.Whenpitch,stressandlengthvariationaretiedtothesentenceratherthantotheword,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation.Thesound[p]canbedescribedwith"voiceless,bilabial,stop".Thesound[b]canbedescribedwith"voiced,bilabial,stop"Consonantarticulationsarerelativelyeasytofeel,andasaresultaremostconvenientlydescribedintermsofplaceandmannerofarticulation.4.Consonantsareproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.5.Thepresentsystemofthecardinalvowelsderivesmainlyfromonedevelopedinthe1920sbytheBritishphonetician,DanielJones(1881-1967),andhiscolleaguesatUniversityofLondon.6.Consonantarticulationsarerelativelyeasytofeel,andasaresultaremostconvenientlydescribedintermsofplaceandmannerofarticulation.7.Thesound/k/canbedescribedwith“voiceless,velar,stop”.8.Narrowtranscriptionshouldtranscribeallthepossiblespeechsounds,includingtheminuteshades.9.Assimilationreferstothechangeofasoundasaresultoftheinfluenceofanadjacentsounds.10.Stressreferstothedegreeofforceusedinproducingasyllable.11.ThesyllablestructureinChineseisCVCorCVorV.12.Thedifferentmembersofaphoneme,soundswhicharephoneticallydifferentbutdonotmakeoneworddifferentfromanotherinmeaning,areallophoneofairstream.13.InEnglish,thetwowordscutandgutdifferonlyintheirinitialsoundsandthetwosoundsaretwodifferentphonemesandthe2wordsareaminimalpair.14.Consonantsdifferfromvowelsinthatthelatterareproducedwithoutobstructionofairstream.15.InEnglishthereareanumberofdiphthong,.whichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.16.Accordingtothemaximalonsetprinciple,whenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintotheonsetratherthanthecoda17.Inphonologicalanalysisthewordsfail-veilaredistinguishablesimplybecauseofthetwophonemes/f/-/v/.Thisisanexampleforillustratingminimalpairs.Chapter31.Polymorphemicwordsotherthancompoundshavetwoparts:therootsandtheaffixes2.On,beforeandtogetheraregrammaticalwords----theyarewordswhichdonottakeinflectionalendings.3.GivetheregularallomorphsofpluralinEnglish:/n/,/i:/,/s/,/z/,/iz/.4.GivetheregularallomorphsofpasttenseinEnglish:/i?/,/t/,/d/.5.Nouns,verbsandadjectivesarecontextwordsotherthanfunctionwords.6.Intheadditionofnewwords,smogisa(an)blending.7.WaltzisborrowedfromGerman.8.Asaresultofassimilation,thenegativemorphemeinimperfectandimpossibleis“im-”ratherthan“in-”.9.Thelinguistictermusedforthecommonfactorofasetofverbs,suchaswriting,wrote,written,writeandwritesislexeme.10.Aboundmorphemeisonethatcannotconstituteawordbyitself.Asthelexicalwordscarrythemaincontentofalanguagewhilethegrammaticalonesservetolinkitsdifferentpartstogether,thelexicalwordsarealsoknownascontentwordsandgrammaticalonesaffixes.Intraditionalgrammar,pronounistheonlywordclasswhichcanfunctionasasubstituteforanotheritem.Intermsofthemeaningexpressedbywords,theycanbeclassifiedintoGrammaticalwordsandlexicalwords.Themorphemeistheminimaldistinctiveunitingrammar,aunitwhichcannotbedividedwithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetherlexicalorgrammatical.Thereare2fieldsofmorphology:thestudyofinflectionalmorphologyandthestudyofderivationalmorphology.AboundmorphemeisonethatcannotstandbyitselfMorphologyisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudiesthatstudiestheinterrelationshipbetweenphonologyandmorphology.Blendingisarelativelycomplexformofcompoundinginwhichanewwordisformedbyjoiningtheinitialpartofonewordandthefinalpartofanotherword.Forexample,theEnglishwordsmogismadefromsmokeandfog.Back-formation”referstoanabnormaltypeofword-formationwhereashorterwordisderivedbydetectinganimaginedaffixfromalongerformalreadyinthelanguage.Wordisaunitofexpressionthathasuniversalintuitiverecognitionbynativespeakers,whetheritisexpressedinspokenorwrittenform.Itistheminimumfreeform.Affixisthecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcallbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.Affixesarelimitedinnumberinalanguage,andaregenerallyclassifiedintothreesubtypes,namely,prefix,suffix,andinfix.Takeisthelexemeoftaking,takenandtook.Boundmorphemesareclassifiedinto2types:affixandboundroot,.14.Awordformedbyderivationiscalledaderivative,andawordformedbycompoundingiscalledacompound.Chapter4Coordinationandsubordinationbelongtoendocentricconstruction.4.Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoclausesjoinedbyalinkingword,suchas"and","but","or".5.Aclausethattakesasubjectandafiniteverb,andatthesametimestandsstructurallyaloneisknownasafiniteclause.6.ICanalysisemphasizesthehierarchicalstructureofasentence,seeingitasconsistingofwordgroupsfirst.7.Syntacticmovementisdictatedbyrulestraditionallycalledtransformationalrules,whoseoperationmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.8.Syntacticrelationsincludepositionalrelation,relationofsubstitutability,relationofco-occurrence.NamethreeofSVOlanguages:English,Chinese,FrenchICistheshortfromofimmediateconstituentusedinthestudyofsyntax.ThecategoryofcaseisprominentinthegrammarofLatin,withsixdistinctionsofnominativevocative,accusative,genitive,dativeandablative.ThegenerativeapproachtolinguisticsreferstothetheoryoriginatedwiththeAmericanlinguistNormChomsky,whopublishedhisbookSyntacticStructuresin1957.Whentheaffirmativesentence“JacksoldhislinguisticstextbookstoJillafterthefinalexamination”istransformedinto“WhendidJacksellhislinguisticstextbookstoJill?”,threetransformationalrulesareapplied.TheyareDo-insertion,Subject-auxInversionandWh-movement.Thesentence“ItwasJohnwhoworehisbestsuittothedancelastnight.”iscalledacleftsentencebytraditionalgrammarians.Exocentricconstructionusuallyincludesbasicsentence,prepositionalphrase,predicate(verb+object)construction,andconnective(becomplement)construction.AccordingtoChomsky,grammarisamechanismthatshouldbeabletogenerateallandonlythegrammaticalsentencesofalanguage.Chapter5Humanlanguageisarbitrary.Thisreferstothefactthatthereisnologicalorintrinsicconnectionbetweenaparticularsoundandthemeaningitisassociatedwith.Predicationanalysisistobreakdownpredicationsintotheirconstituents:argumentandpredicateThesenserelationbetween“AlentabooktoB”and“BborrowedabookfromA”issynonymyAntonymslike”husband”vs.”wife”areconverseantonyms.Termslike”desk”and”stool”arehyponymsoftheterm“furniture”.AccordingtoD.Leech,conceptualmeaningreferstologic,cognitive,ordenotativecontent.Weusethetermpresuppositiontorefertotherelationbetweenthefollowingtwosentences:A.Jack?sbikeneedsrepairing.B.Jackhasabike.Theideathatthemeaningofasentencedependsonthemeaningsoftheconstituentwordsandthewaytheyarecombinedtheprincipleofcompositionality.Inspiredbythemedievalgrammarians,OgdenandRichard(1923)presenttheclassic“semantictriangle”intheirbookTheMeaningofMeaning.Chapter6Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtothemind.According

to

Chomsky,

competence

is

the

ideal

user’s

knowledge

of

the

rules

of

his

language.Themostimportantpartofthebrainistheoutsidesurfaceofthebrain,calledthecerebralcortexThebrainisdividedintotworoughlysymmetricalhalves,calledhemispheres,oneontherightandoneontheleft.Brainarterializationisgeneticallyprogrammed,buttakestimetodevelop,Ingeneral,thetwo-wordstagebeginsroughlyinthesecondhalfofthechild’ssecondyear.Therelationshipbetweenthenameandthemeaningofawordisquitearbitrary.Whenlanguageandthoughtareidenticalorcloselyparalleltoeachother,wemayregardthoughtassub-vocalspeechasovertthought.Becauselanguagediffersinmanyways,Whorfbelievedthatspeakersofdifferentlanguagesperceiveandexperiencetheworlddifferently,relativetotheirlinguisticbackground.Thisnotioniscalledlinguisticrelativity.Psycholinguistsconsiderthatthefirstlanguageisacquiredintheshortperiodfromaboutagetwotopuberty,whichiscalledthecriticalperiodofthefirstlanguageacquisition.Thestrong

version

of

the

Sapir-Whorfhypothesishastwoaspects:linguisticdeterminismandlinguisticreality.Thecohortmodelisasupposeddoctrinedealingwiththespokenwordrecognition,whoseprocessfeaturesthatthefirstfewphonemesofaspokenwordactivateasetorcohortofwordcandidatesthatareconsistentwiththeinput.Metaphorinvolvesthecomparisonoftwoconceptsinthatoneisconstruedintermsoftheother.It’softendescribedintermsofatargetdomainandasourcedomain.Childrenfrequentlysaytoothsandmouses,insteadofteethandmice.Theseareexamplesofovergeneralization16.Psycholinguisticsisconcernedprimarilywithinvestigatingthepsychologicalrealityoflinguisticstructures.17.Accordingtocriticalperiodhypothesis,inchilddevelopmentthereisaperiodduringwhichlanguagecanbeacquiredmoreeasilythanatanyothertime.Theperiodlastsuntilpuberty(around12or13years),andisduetobiologicaldevelopment.Chapter7Idiolectreferstovarietiesofalanguageusedbyindividualspeakers,withpeculiaritiesofpronunciation,grammarandvocabulary.Infact,notwospeakersspeakexactlythesamedialect.Eachspeakerhascertaincharacteristicfeaturesofhisowninhiswayofspeaking.Wewitnessedachangeinlanguageteachinginthemiddleofthe1970swhenHymes’theoryofcommunicativecompetencewasintroducedintothefieldasanantagonismtothetraditionalphilosophyinlanguageteaching.Thesocialgroupisolatedforstudyisanygivenstudyiscalledthespeechcommunity.Speechvarietyreferstoanydistinguishablefromofspeechusedbyspeakerorgroupofspeakers.Fromthesociolinguisticperspective,aspeechvarietyisnomorethanadialectualvarietyofalanguage.Languagestandardizationisalsocalledlanguageplanning.Socialvariationgivesrisetosociolectswhicharesubdivisibleintosmallerspeechcategoriesthatreflecttheirsocioeconomic,educational,occupationalbackground,etc.Stylisticvariationinaperson’sspeechorwritingusuallyrangesonacontinuumfromcasualorcolloquialtoformalorpoliteaccordingtothetypeofcommunicativesituation.Areginaldialectmaygainstatusandbecomestandardizedasthenationalorofficiallanguageofacountry.Varietyisaneutralterm,anditcanbeusedinsteadofregionalorofficialdialect,orpidgin.Sociolinguisticsisamultidisciplinaryresearchfieldfocusingontherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.Thedifferencesbetweenmenandwomen’slanguagecanbetracedtomanybiological,psychologicalandsocialreasons.Thegoalofsociolinguisticsistoexplorethenatureoflanguagevariationandlanguageuseamongavarietyofspeechcommunitiesandindifferentsocialsituation.Everyspeakerofalanguageis,inastrictersense,aspeakerofadistinctidiolect.Apidginusuallyreflectstheinfluenceofthehigher,ordominant,languageinitslexiconandthatofthelowerlanguageintheirphonologyandoccasionallysyntax.Socialvariationgivesrisetosociolectswhicharesubdivisibleintosmallerspeechcategoriesthatreflecttheirsocioeconomic,educational,occupationalbackground.第1章

語(yǔ)言1.Arbitrariness使得它有可能創(chuàng)造和語(yǔ)言的規(guī)約，使學(xué)習(xí)吃力的語(yǔ)言。對(duì)于外語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者，它是一種語(yǔ)言，更值得注意的是，它的隨意性的套子。

2.In索緒爾的觀點(diǎn)，能指（聲像）和所指（概念）之間的關(guān)系是任意的。

3.Human語(yǔ)言是任意的。這指的是，有一個(gè)特殊的聲音和與它相關(guān)聯(lián)的含義之間沒(méi)有邏輯或內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。

4，功能定義我們的人類(lèi)語(yǔ)言可以被稱(chēng)為設(shè)計(jì)特點(diǎn)

5.Human語(yǔ)言使他們的用戶在communication.This質(zhì)量的那一刻，象征對(duì)象，事件和概念，這是不存在的（時(shí)間和空間）標(biāo)記為位移。

6.By二重性是指具有兩層結(jié)構(gòu)，使得該電平的單元構(gòu)成的層次的元素和所述兩個(gè)水平都有其自己的組織原理的財(cái)產(chǎn)。

7.Halliday提出語(yǔ)言元功能的理論，那就是，語(yǔ)言有觀念，人際關(guān)系和人際功能。

我們的語(yǔ)言可以用來(lái)談?wù)撟约骸＿@是語(yǔ)言的metalingual功能。

人際功能是通過(guò)語(yǔ)氣和情態(tài)實(shí)現(xiàn)。

當(dāng)語(yǔ)言被用來(lái)建立一個(gè)氣氛或保持社會(huì)接觸，而不是交換信息或想法，它的功能是寒暄功能。

11.Some句子沒(méi)有描述的東西。他們不能說(shuō)是真的還是假的。這些句子的話語(yǔ)是或一個(gè)動(dòng)作的做的一個(gè)組成部分。它們被稱(chēng)為施為

12.Linguistics通常被定義為語(yǔ)言科學(xué)的研究。

語(yǔ)言學(xué)13。分支，它研究語(yǔ)言的聲音模式被稱(chēng)為語(yǔ)音。

14。語(yǔ)法它研究詞的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的分支稱(chēng)為形態(tài)。

15.Phonetics主要研究的講話聲音的特點(diǎn)，并為他們的描述，分類(lèi)和轉(zhuǎn)錄方法。

16.Semantics和語(yǔ)用學(xué)研究語(yǔ)言意義的不同方面。

17.In語(yǔ)言學(xué)，句法指管字被組合以形成句子的語(yǔ)言或句子的形成簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō)，這個(gè)研究的方式規(guī)則的研究。

18.Pragmatics可以定義為語(yǔ)言使用的研究。

19.If語(yǔ)言學(xué)，共時(shí)的研究描述和分析了語(yǔ)言的人實(shí)際使用，它被認(rèn)為是描述性的，如果它的目的是制定統(tǒng)一的規(guī)則為“正確”的行為，它被認(rèn)為是說(shuō)明性

20.In現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)，共時(shí)的研究似乎在歷時(shí)性研究，以享有優(yōu)先權(quán)。其原因是，一門(mén)語(yǔ)言的各種狀態(tài)的成功的研究將是一個(gè)歷史研究的基礎(chǔ)。

21.Langue指的是抽象的語(yǔ)言學(xué)系統(tǒng)共享是一個(gè)言語(yǔ)社團(tuán)的所有成員;和假釋是指語(yǔ)言在實(shí)際使用中的實(shí)現(xiàn)。

22.Chomsky能力定義為他的語(yǔ)言規(guī)則的理想用戶的知識(shí)和性能，在語(yǔ)言交際的實(shí)際運(yùn)用這些知識(shí)。

23，“玫瑰別的名稱(chēng)，它還是照樣甜”，這從莎士比亞名句說(shuō)明了語(yǔ)言具有任意性的設(shè)計(jì)特點(diǎn)。

24.An英語(yǔ)揚(yáng)聲器和一個(gè)中國(guó)的揚(yáng)聲器都能夠使用語(yǔ)言，但他們不是相互可理解的，這表明語(yǔ)言是文化傳播

25.Human能力，語(yǔ)言有一定的遺傳基礎(chǔ)，但語(yǔ)言的細(xì)節(jié)都必須教和學(xué)。

第2章

1，不同的音素的成員，聽(tīng)起來(lái)這是發(fā)音不同，但不做出意思一個(gè)字從另一個(gè)不同，是音位變體。

2。三腔中的發(fā)音裝置，都咽，嘴和鼻子。

關(guān)節(jié)根據(jù)弗羅姆金及羅德曼喉嚨3.Name六個(gè)地方，腭，腭頂，牙齒，嘴唇，鼻子，

姓名五英語(yǔ)元音前：I：，I，E，AE，一個(gè)。

聲音[P]可以被描述“清音，雙唇，停止”

在生產(chǎn)的軟腭音，舌頭的后部升高，使得它接觸到軟腭，形成一種障礙。

7。通過(guò)舌頭的最高部分的位置，元音被列為前元音，央元音和后元音。

8.Pitch作為主要超音段特征，可以被定義為健全性與一個(gè)音節(jié)被說(shuō)出的相對(duì)強(qiáng)度。

在英語(yǔ)中，聲音[B]具有相同的語(yǔ)音特點(diǎn)的聲音[P]除了清濁的功能。

10。同化是指聲音的變化作為相鄰音的影響的結(jié)果。

在英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)站是B，P，D，T，G和k。

當(dāng)音高，重音和長(zhǎng)度的變化是聯(lián)系在一起的句子，而不是這個(gè)詞，他們被統(tǒng)稱(chēng)為語(yǔ)調(diào)。

聲音[P]可以用“清音，雙唇，停”來(lái)描述。

聲音[B]可以用“濁音，雙唇，?！眮?lái)描述

輔音關(guān)節(jié)相對(duì)容易的感覺(jué)，并因此是最方便的地方及關(guān)節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng)的方式來(lái)描述。

4.Consonants由收縮或阻塞聲道在一些地方，轉(zhuǎn)移，阻礙，或完全關(guān)閉空氣在口腔中流動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的。

紅衣主教元音5，現(xiàn)行制度主要來(lái)源于從一個(gè)由英國(guó)phonetician發(fā)達(dá)的20世紀(jì)20年代，丹尼爾·瓊斯（1881年至1967年）和他的同事在倫敦大學(xué)。

6.Consonant關(guān)節(jié)相對(duì)容易的感覺(jué)，并因此是最方便的地方及關(guān)節(jié)運(yùn)動(dòng)的方式來(lái)描述。

7，聲/K/可以用“清音，軟腭，停”來(lái)描述。

8.Narrow轉(zhuǎn)錄應(yīng)該抄寫(xiě)所有可能的講話聲音，包括一分鐘的色調(diào)。

9.Assimilation指的是聲音的變化作為相鄰聲音的影響的結(jié)果。

10.Stress指力生產(chǎn)音節(jié)使用的程度。

11。音節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)在中國(guó)是CVC或CV或V。

12。不同音素的成員，聽(tīng)起來(lái)這是發(fā)音不同，但不要使意義不同的另外一個(gè)詞，是氣流的音位變體。

13.In英語(yǔ)，剪切和腸道的兩個(gè)詞的區(qū)別僅在于他們最初的聲音和兩個(gè)聲音是兩個(gè)不同的音素和2個(gè)字是一個(gè)最小的一對(duì)。

14.Consonants不同于元音，后者是無(wú)阻礙氣流的產(chǎn)生。

15.In英國(guó)有一些元音的。這是由從一個(gè)元音位置通過(guò)中間位置上移動(dòng)到另一個(gè)生產(chǎn)。

16.According到最大發(fā)病原理，當(dāng)有選擇在何處放置一個(gè)輔音，它被放入發(fā)病而不是結(jié)尾

17.In語(yǔ)音分析的話失敗面紗是因?yàn)檫@兩個(gè)音素/F/-/v/.This的根本區(qū)別的是表示對(duì)最小的一個(gè)例子。

第3章

1.Polymorphemic話比其他化合物有兩個(gè)部分：根和詞綴

2。上，前后一起是語(yǔ)法詞----他們的話不帶變化詞尾。

3。給復(fù)數(shù)經(jīng)常語(yǔ)素變體英文：/N/，發(fā)/i:/，/S/，/Z/，/IZ/。

4。給過(guò)去時(shí)經(jīng)常語(yǔ)素變體英文：/i?/，/T/，/D/。

5。名詞，動(dòng)詞和形容詞比虛詞其他方面的話。

6。在增加新詞，煙霧是（一）混合。

7.Waltz是從德國(guó)借來(lái)的。

8。作為同化的一個(gè)結(jié)果是，在不完全的和不可能的負(fù)詞素是“內(nèi)”，“IM-”，而不是。

9。用一組動(dòng)詞，如寫(xiě)作的共同因素語(yǔ)言學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)，寫(xiě)，寫(xiě)，寫(xiě)，寫(xiě)的是語(yǔ)義。

10。一個(gè)綁定語(yǔ)素是一個(gè)本身并不能構(gòu)成一個(gè)詞。

詞匯詞承載了語(yǔ)言的主要內(nèi)容，而語(yǔ)法詞是用來(lái)把不同部分組合在一起，詞匯詞也被稱(chēng)為內(nèi)容的單詞和語(yǔ)法詞是詞綴。

在傳統(tǒng)的語(yǔ)法，代詞是它可以作為一個(gè)替代另一個(gè)項(xiàng)目的功能只有一個(gè)字類(lèi)。

在用語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的意義來(lái)說(shuō)，它們可以分為語(yǔ)法詞和詞匯詞。

語(yǔ)素是語(yǔ)法中的最小與眾不同的單元，一個(gè)單元不能在不破壞或徹底改變的意思，無(wú)論是詞匯還是語(yǔ)法分。

有形態(tài)2場(chǎng)：屈折形態(tài)的研究和派生形態(tài)學(xué)的研究。

一個(gè)綁定語(yǔ)素是不能單獨(dú)存在

形態(tài)是語(yǔ)言學(xué)的一個(gè)分支，研究，研究音韻學(xué)和形態(tài)學(xué)之間的相互關(guān)系。

混合是復(fù)利相對(duì)復(fù)雜的形式，一個(gè)新詞是通過(guò)連接一個(gè)字的起始部分和另一個(gè)詞的最后部分組成。例如，英語(yǔ)單詞煙霧是由煙和霧制成。

背面形成“指的構(gòu)詞其中一個(gè)較短的字是由從一個(gè)更長(zhǎng)的形式已經(jīng)在語(yǔ)言中檢測(cè)一個(gè)想象綴派生的異常類(lèi)型。

Word是具有普遍直觀的認(rèn)識(shí)母語(yǔ)表達(dá)的單位，無(wú)論是表現(xiàn)在口頭或書(shū)面形式。它是最小的自由形式。

詞綴是當(dāng)添加到另一個(gè)語(yǔ)素該調(diào)用只能用于形成類(lèi)型的總稱(chēng)。詞綴在數(shù)量上的語(yǔ)言限制，一般分為三種亞型，分別為前綴，后綴和中綴。

采取走的語(yǔ)義，并采取了。

綁定語(yǔ)素分為2種類(lèi)型：加蓋并綁定根，。

通過(guò)推導(dǎo)形成14.