1986-2002歷年考研英語真題完美閱讀翻譯版

1986年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題Text1Thereareagreatmanycareersinwhichtheincreasingemphasisisonspecialization.Youfindthesecareersinengineering,inproduction,instatisticalwork,andinteaching.Butthereisanincreasingdemandforpeoplewhoareabletotakeingreatareaataglance,peoplewhoperhapsdonotknowtoomuchaboutanyonefield.Thereis,inotherwords,ademandforpeoplewhoarecapableofseeingtheforestratherthanthetrees,ofmakinggeneraljudgments.Wecancallthesepeople“generalists.”Andthese“generalists”areparticularlyneededforpositionsinadministration,whereitistheirjobtoseethatotherpeopledothework,wheretheyhavetoplanforotherpeople,toorganizeotherpeople’swork,tobeginitandjudgeit.Thespecialistunderstandsonefield;hisconcerniswithtechniqueandtools.Heisa“trained”man;andhiseducationalbackgroundisproperlytechnicalorprofessional.Thegeneralist--andespeciallytheadministrator--dealswithpeople;hisconcerniswithleadership,withplanning,andwithdirectiongiving.Heisan“educated”man;andthehumanitiesarehisstrongestfoundation.Veryrarelyisaspecialistcapableofbeinganadministrator.Andveryrarelyisagoodgeneralistalsoagoodspecialistinparticularfield.Anyorganizationneedsbothkindsofpeople,thoughdifferentorganizationsneedthemindifferentproportions.Itisyourtasktofindout,duringyourtrainingperiod,intowhichofthetwokindsofjobsyoufit,andtoplanyourcareeraccordingly.Yourfirstjobmayturnouttobetherightjobforyou--butthisispureaccident.Certainlyyoushouldnotchangejobsconstantlyorpeoplewillbecomesuspiciousofyourabilitytoholdanyjob.Atthesametimeyoumustnotlookuponthefirstjobasthefinaljob;itisprimarilyatrainingjob,anopportunitytounderstandyourselfandyourfitnessforbeinganemployee.26.Thereisanincreasingdemandfor________.[A]allroundpeopleintheirownfields[B]peoplewhosejobistoorganizeotherpeople’swork[C]generalistswhoseeducationalbackgroundiseithertechnicalorprofessional[D]specialistswhosechiefconcernistoprovideadministrativeguidancetoothers27.Thespecialistis________.[A]amanwhosejobistotrainotherpeople[B]amanwhohasbeentrainedinmorethanonefields[C]amanwhocanseetheforestratherthanthetrees[D]amanwhoseconcernismainlywithtechnicalorprofessionalmatters28.Theadministratoris________.[A]a“trained”manwhoismoreaspecialistthanageneralist[B]amanwhoseesthetreesaswellastheforest[C]amanwhoisverystronginthehumanities[D]amanwhoisan“educated”specialist29.Duringyourtrainingperiod,itisimportant________.[A]totrytobeageneralist[B]tochooseaprofitablejob[C]tofindanorganizationwhichfitsyou[D]todecidewhetheryouarefittobeaspecialistorageneralist30.Aman’sfirstjob________.[A]isnevertherightjobforhim[B]shouldnotberegardedashisfinaljob[C]shouldnotbechangedorpeoplewillbecomesuspiciousofhisabilitytoholdanyjob[D]isprimarilyanopportunitytofithimselfforhisfinaljob全文翻譯大量職業(yè)在日益強(qiáng)調(diào)專業(yè)性。這類職業(yè)常見于工程、生產(chǎn)、統(tǒng)計(jì)、教學(xué)領(lǐng)域。但對(duì)那些一眼就能注意到很大區(qū)域、可能對(duì)任一領(lǐng)域都知之不多的人的需求也在增加。換言之，社會(huì)需要那些能夠看到森林而非樹木、能夠做出總體判斷的人。我們可以稱這些人為“通才”。管理職位尤其需要這樣的“通才”，在管理職位上“通才”的職責(zé)是：確保他人完成工作，必須為他人制定計(jì)劃，組織他人的工作，發(fā)起工作且對(duì)工作做出評(píng)判。專家精通某一領(lǐng)域；他關(guān)注的是技術(shù)和工具。他是“受過良好訓(xùn)練”者；他有良好的技術(shù)或?qū)I(yè)教育背景。通才，尤其是管理者，與人打交道；他關(guān)注的是領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、規(guī)劃及方向設(shè)定。他是“受過良好教育”者；人文學(xué)科是其最堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的基石。鮮有專家能夠勝任管理者。同樣，優(yōu)秀的通才很少同時(shí)也是某一特定領(lǐng)域的優(yōu)秀專家。任何組織都同時(shí)需要這兩種人，雖然組織不同，需求的比例亦不同。你的任務(wù)是在訓(xùn)練期間從兩種工作中發(fā)現(xiàn)適合自己的那一種，并對(duì)自己的職業(yè)作出相應(yīng)的規(guī)劃。你的第一份工作可能恰好是適合你的工作——但這純屬巧合。當(dāng)然，你不應(yīng)頻繁更換工作，否則人們將懷疑你是否有能力保住一份工作。同時(shí)，你也一定不要把第一份工作看做最后一份工作；它主要是一份培訓(xùn)工作，一個(gè)認(rèn)識(shí)自己和自己工作專長(zhǎng)的機(jī)會(huì)。Test2AtthebottomoftheworldliesamightycontinentstillwrappedintheIceAgeand,untilrecenttimes,unknowntoman.Itisagreatlandmasswithmountainrangeswhoseextentandelevationarestilluncertain.Muchofthecontinentisacompleteblankonourmaps.Manhasexplored,onfoot,lessthanonepercentofitsarea.AntarcticadiffersfundamentallyfromtheArcticregions.TheArcticisanocean,coveredwithdriftingpackediceandhemmedinbythelandmassesofEurope,Asia,andNorthAmerica.TheAntarcticisacontinentalmostaslargeasEuropeandAustraliacombined,centeredroughlyontheSouthPoleandsurroundedbythemostunobstructedwaterareasoftheworld--theAtlantic,Pacific,andIndianOceans.Thecontinentalicesheetismorethantwomileshighinitscentre,thus,theairovertheAntarcticisfarmorerefrigeratedthanitisovertheArcticregions.Thiscoldaircurrentfromthelandissoforcefulthatitmakesthenearbyseasthestormiestintheworldandrendersunlivablethoseregionswhosecounterpartsattheoppositeendoftheglobeareinhabited.Thus,morethanamillionpersonslivewithin2,000milesoftheNorthPoleinanareathatincludesmostofAlaska,Siberia,andScandinavia--aregionrichinforestandminingindustries.Apartfromahandfulofweatherstations,withinthesamedistanceoftheSouthPolethereisnotasingletree,industry,orsettlement.31.Thebesttitleforthisselectionwouldbe________.[A]Iceland [B]LandofOpportunity[C]TheUnknownContinent [D]UtopiaatLast32.Atthetimethisarticlewaswritten,ourknowledgeofAntarcticawas________.[A]verylimited[B]vast[C]fairlyrich[D]nonexistent33.Antarcticaisborderedbythe________.[A]PacificOcean[B]IndianOcean[C]AtlanticOcean[D]Allthree34.TheAntarcticismadeuninhabitableprimarilyby________.[A]coldair[B]calmseas[C]ice[D]lackofknowledgeaboutthecontinent35.Accordingtothisarticle________.[A]2,000peopleliveontheAntarcticContinent[B]amillionpeoplelivewithin2,000milesoftheSouthPole[C]weatherconditionswithina2,000mileradiusoftheSouthPolemakesettlementsimpractical[D]onlyahandfulofnativesinhabitAntarctica全文翻譯在世界底端存在著一片尚被冰川覆蓋的、不久之前才為人所知的非凡的大陸。這是一片廣闊的陸地，其山川的跨度和高度尚未確定。它的大部分地區(qū)在我們的地圖上都還是空白。人類步行探索的范圍尚不足其面積的百分之一。南極和北極地區(qū)存在著根本的差異。北極地區(qū)是一片被巨大的歐、亞、北美大陸所包圍、被漂移的冰塊所覆蓋的大海。南極地區(qū)是一塊面積幾乎等于歐洲和澳洲之和、以南極為大致中心的大陸。其周圍環(huán)繞著世界上最為廣闊的水域——大西洋、太平洋及印度洋。大陸冰蓋的中心高達(dá)兩英里多，因此，南極上空的空氣比北極地區(qū)更冰冷。來自大陸的冷氣流的強(qiáng)度足以讓附近的海洋成為世界上暴風(fēng)雪最為肆虐的地方，使南極區(qū)域成為無法居住的地區(qū)，而在地球另一端同樣的位置卻有人居住。因此，在距北極2000英里范圍內(nèi)包括大部分的阿拉斯加、西伯利亞、斯堪的納維亞的這樣一個(gè)林業(yè)和礦業(yè)豐富的地區(qū)，居住著一百多萬人口。而在距南極同等距離的區(qū)域內(nèi)，除了少數(shù)幾家氣象站外，連一棵樹，一家產(chǎn)業(yè)、或一個(gè)定居點(diǎn)都沒有。SectionVIII:English-ChineseTranslationItwouldbeinterestingtodiscoverhowmanyyoungpeoplegotouniversitywithoutanyclearideaofwhattheyaregoingtodoafterwards.(71)Ifoneconsiderstheenormousvarietyofcoursesoffered,itisnothardtoseehowdifficultitisforastudenttoselectthecoursemostsuitedtohisinterestsandabilities.(72)Ifastudentgoestouniversitytoacquireabroaderperspectiveoflife,toenlargehisideasandtolearntothinkforhimself,hewillundoubtedlybenefit.(73)Schoolsoftenhavetoorestrictinganatmosphere,withitstimetablesanddisciplines,toallowhimmuchtimeforindependentassessmentoftheworkheisaskedtodo.(74)Moststudentswould,Ibelieve,profitbyayearofsuchexplorationofdifferentacademicstudies,especiallythose“allrounders”withnoparticularinterest.Theyshouldhavelongertimetodecideinwhatsubjecttheywanttotaketheirdegrees,sothatinlaterlife,theydonotlookbackandsay,“Ishouldliketohavebeenanarchaeologist.IfIhadn’ttakenadegreeinModernLanguages,Ishouldn’thaveendedupasaninterpreter,butit’stoolatenow.Icouldn’tgobackandbeginalloveragain.”Thereis,ofcourse,anothersidetothequestionofhowtomakethebestuseofone’stimeatuniversity.(76)Thisisthecaseofthestudentwhoexcelsinaparticularbranchoflearning.(77)HeisimmediatelyacceptedbytheUniversityofhischoice,andspendshisthreeorfouryearsbecomingaspecialist,emergingwithafirst-classHonourDegreeandverylittleknowledgeofwhattherestoftheworldisallabout.(78)Itthereforebecomesmoreandmoreimportantthat,ifstudentsarenottowastetheiropportunities,therewillhavetobemuchmoredetailedinformationaboutcoursesandmoreadvice.Onlyinthiswaycanwebesurethatwearenottohave,ontheonehand,abandofspecialistsignorantofanythingoutsideoftheirownsubject,andontheotherhand,aneverincreasingnumberofgraduatesqualifiedinsubjectsforwhichthereislittleornodemandintheworkingworld.全文翻譯發(fā)現(xiàn)有多少上大學(xué)的年輕人對(duì)將來要做什么沒有任何明確的想法，將是一件有趣的事情。（71）如果想一想那些為學(xué)生設(shè)置的門類繁多的課程，我們就不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，對(duì)一個(gè)學(xué)生來說，要選一門符合他的興趣和能力的課程是多么困難。（72）如果一個(gè)學(xué)生進(jìn)大學(xué)是為了想獲得一個(gè)對(duì)生活前景更廣泛的認(rèn)識(shí)，為了擴(kuò)大思想境界和學(xué)會(huì)獨(dú)立思考，那么毫無疑問，進(jìn)大學(xué)對(duì)他是有好處的。（73）學(xué)校由于受課程表和紀(jì)律的約束，氣氛往往令人感到過于拘束，使學(xué)生沒有充分時(shí)間對(duì)規(guī)定要他做的事情有獨(dú)立的見解。（74）我認(rèn)為大多數(shù)學(xué)生，尤其是那些沒有偏重某一門課程的“全面發(fā)展的學(xué)生”，經(jīng)過一年左右的時(shí)間對(duì)各門不同學(xué)科的鉆研，將會(huì)從中獲益。他們應(yīng)該有更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間來Text2InancientGreeceathleticfestivalswereveryimportantandhadstrongreligiousassociations.TheOlympianathleticfestivalheldeveryfouryearsinhonorofZeus,kingoftheOlympianGods,eventuallylostitslocalcharacter,becamefirstanationaleventandthen,aftertherulesagainstforeigncompetitorshadbeenabolished,international.NooneknowsexactlyhowfarbacktheOlympicGamesgo,butsomeofficialrecordsdatefrom776B.C.ThegamestookplaceinAugustontheplainbyMountOlympus.ManythousandsofspectatorsgatheredfromallpartsofGreece,butnomarriedwomanwasadmittedevenasaspectator.Slaves,womenanddishonoredpersonswerenotallowedtocompete.Theexactsequenceofeventsuncertain,buteventsincludedboy’sgymnastics,boxing,wrestling,horseracingandfieldevents,thoughtherewerefewersportsinvolvedthaninthemodernOlympicGames.OnthelastdayoftheGames,allthewinnerswerehonoredbyhavingaringofholyoliveleavesplacedontheirheads.Sogreatwasthehonorthatthewinnerofthefootracegavehisnametotheyearofhisvictory.AlthoughOlympicwinnersreceivednoprizemoney,theywere,infact,richlyrewardedbytheirstateauthorities.Howtheirresultscomparedwithmodernstandards,weunfortunatelyhavenomeansoftelling.Afteranuninterruptedhistoryofalmost1,200years,theGamesweresuspendedbytheRomansin394A.D.TheycontinuedforsuchalongtimebecausepeoplebelievedinthephilosophybehindtheOlympics:theideathatahealthybodyproducedahealthymind,andthatthespiritofcompetitioninsportsandgameswaspreferabletothecompetitionthatcausedwars.Itwasover1,500yearsbeforeanothersuchinternationalathleticgatheringtookplaceinAthensin1896.Nowadays,theGamesareheldindifferentcountriesinturn.Thehostcountryprovidesvastfacilities,includingastadium,swimmingpoolsandlivingaccommodation,butcompetingcourtierspaytheirownathletes’expenses.TheOlympicsstartwiththearrivalinthestadiumofatorch,lightedonMountOlympusbythesun’srays.Itiscarriedbyasuccessionofrunnerstothestadium.ThetorchsymbolizedthecontinuationoftheancientGreekathleticideals,anditburnsthroughouttheGamesuntiltheclosingceremony.Thewell-knownOlympicflag,however,isamodernconception:thefiveinterlockingringssymbolizetheunitingofallfivecontinentsparticipatingintheGames.16.InancientGreece,theOlympicGames________.[A]weremerelynationalathleticfestivals[B]wereinthenatureofanationaleventwithastrongreligiouscolour[C]hadruleswhichputforeignparticipantsinadisadvantageousposition[D]wereprimarilynationaleventswithfewforeignparticipants17.IntheearlydaysofancientOlympicGames________.[A]onlymaleGreekathleteswereallowedtoparticipateinthegames[B]allGreeks,irrespectiveofsex,religionorsocialstatus,wereallowedtotakepart[C]allGreeks,withtheexceptionofwomen,wereallowedtocompeteinGames[D]allmaleGreekswerequalifiedtocompeteintheGames18.TheorderofathleticeventsattheancientOlympics________.[A]hasnotdefinitelybeenestablished[B]variedaccordingtothenumberofforeigncompetitors[C]wasdecidedbyZeus,inwhosehonortheGameswereheld[D]wasconsideredunimportant19.Modernathletes’resultscannotbecomparedwiththoseofancientrunnersbecause________.[A]theGreekshadnomeansofrecordingtheresults[B]theyaremuchbetter[C]detailssuchasthetimewerenotrecordedinthepast[D]theyaremuchworse20.Nowadays,theathletes’expensesarepaidfor________.[A]outoftheprizemoneyofthewinners[B]outofthefundsraisedbythecompetingnations[C]bytheathletesthemselves[D]bycontributions全文翻譯在古希臘，運(yùn)動(dòng)節(jié)日非常重要且與宗教緊密相關(guān)。為紀(jì)念?yuàn)W林匹亞山的眾神之主宙斯，奧林匹克運(yùn)動(dòng)節(jié)每四年舉辦一次，最后失去了區(qū)域性特征，先是演變?yōu)槿珖缘倪\(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)，當(dāng)反對(duì)外國運(yùn)動(dòng)員參賽的規(guī)定被廢除后，又繼而成為了國際性的運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。沒有人確切地知道奧運(yùn)會(huì)可以追溯到何時(shí)，但是一些官方記錄始于公元前776年。運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)八月份在奧林匹斯山旁邊的平原舉行。成千上萬的觀眾從希臘各地聚集到這里，但是已婚婦女連做觀眾的資格都沒有。奴隸、婦女和那些聲譽(yù)不好的人不允許參加競(jìng)賽。項(xiàng)目的順序不確定，但包括男子體操、拳擊、摔跤、賽馬以及一些田徑項(xiàng)目，盡管這相對(duì)于現(xiàn)代運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)來說項(xiàng)目很少。在比賽的最后一天，所有的獲勝者將會(huì)頭戴一個(gè)由橄欖樹葉編成的圣潔花環(huán)。賽跑獲勝者會(huì)獲得極高的榮譽(yù)：他獲勝的這一年將會(huì)以他的名字來命名。盡管奧運(yùn)會(huì)獲勝者不會(huì)獲得任何獎(jiǎng)金，但實(shí)際上，他們會(huì)獲得城邦政府所給予的豐厚獎(jiǎng)賞。遺憾的是，至于他們的比賽成績(jī)與現(xiàn)代標(biāo)準(zhǔn)相比究竟如何，我們沒有依據(jù)作出判斷。經(jīng)過大約1200年連續(xù)的歷史之后，奧運(yùn)會(huì)在公元394年被羅馬人取消了。奧運(yùn)會(huì)之所以能夠在如此長(zhǎng)的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)連續(xù)舉辦是因?yàn)槿藗兿嘈艎W林匹克蘊(yùn)含的精神：健康的體魄產(chǎn)生健康的思想，體育運(yùn)動(dòng)中的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)精神優(yōu)于導(dǎo)致戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。大約1500年之后，這樣的國際性運(yùn)動(dòng)員大聚會(huì)于1896年在雅典重新舉行?，F(xiàn)在，奧運(yùn)會(huì)在不同的國家輪流舉辦。主辦國提供大量的設(shè)施，包括體育場(chǎng)、游泳池和住處，但是運(yùn)動(dòng)員的花費(fèi)由參賽國自己負(fù)責(zé)。由奧林匹斯山上的陽光點(diǎn)燃的火炬進(jìn)入體育場(chǎng)標(biāo)志著奧運(yùn)會(huì)正式開始。多人跑步將其接力傳遞到體育場(chǎng)?；鹁嫦笳髦畔ＥD運(yùn)動(dòng)思想的延續(xù)，它將一直燃燒到運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)的閉幕式。但著名的奧運(yùn)會(huì)會(huì)旗卻是一個(gè)現(xiàn)代的概念；串連在一起的五環(huán)象征著參加運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)的五個(gè)大洲緊密團(tuán)結(jié)在一起。Text3Insciencethemeaningoftheword“explain”sufferswithcivilization’severystepinsearchofreality.Sciencecannotreallyexplainelectricity,magnetism,andgravitation;theireffectscanbemeasuredandpredicted,butoftheirnaturenomoreisknowntothemodernscientistthantoThaleswhofirstlookedintothenatureoftheelectrificationofamber,ahardyellowish-browngum.Mostcontemporaryphysicistsrejectthenotionthatmancaneverdiscoverwhatthesemysteriousforces“really”are.“Electricity,”BertrandRussellsays,“isnotathing,likeSt.Paul’sCathedral;itisawayinwhichthingsbehave.Whenwehavetoldhowthingsbehavewhentheyareelectrified,andunderwhatcircumstancestheyareelectrified,wehavetoldallthereistotell.”Untilrecentlyscientistswouldhavedisapprovedofsuchanidea.Aristotle,forexample,whosenaturalsciencedominatedWesternthoughtfortwothousandyears,believedthatmancouldarriveatanunderstandingofrealitybyreasoningfromself-evidentprinciples.Hefelt,forexample,thatitisaself-evidentprinciplethateverythingintheuniversehasitsproperplace,henceonecandeducethatobjectsfalltothegroundbecausethat’swheretheybelong,andsmokegoesupbecausethat’swhereitbelongs.ThegoalofAristoteliansciencewastoexplainwhythingshappen.ModernsciencewasbornwhenGalileobegantryingtoexplainhowthingshappenandthusoriginatedthemethodofcontrolledexperimentwhichnowformsthebasisofscientificinvestigation.21.Theaimofcontrolledscientificexperimentsis________.[A]toexplainwhythingshappen[B]toexplainhowthingshappen[C]todescribeself-evidentprinciples[D]tosupportAristotelianscience22.Whatprinciplesmostinfluencedscientificthoughtfortwothousandyears?[A]thespeculationsofThales[B]theforcesofelectricity,magnetism,andgravity[C]Aristotle’snaturalscience[D]Galileo’sdiscoveries23.BertrandRussell’snotionaboutelectricityis________.[A]disapprovedofbymostmodernscientists[B]inagreementwithAristotle’stheoryofself-evidentprinciples[C]inagreementwithscientificinvestigationdirectedtoward“how”thingshappen[D]inagreementwithscientificinvestigationdirectedtoward“why”thingshappen24.Thepassagesaysthatuntilrecentlyscientistsdisagreedwiththeidea________.[A]thattherearemysteriousforcesintheuniverse[B]thatmancannotdiscoverwhatforces“really”are[C]thatthereareself-evidentprinciples[D]thatwecandiscoverwhythingsbehaveastheydo25.Modernsciencecameintobeing________.[A]whenthemethodofcontrolledexperimentwasfirstintroduced[B]whenGalileosucceededinexplaininghowthingshappen[C]whenAristotelianscientisttriedtoexplainwhythingshappen[D]whenscientistswereabletoacquireanunderstandingofrealityofreasoning全文翻譯隨著人類文明探索現(xiàn)實(shí)的進(jìn)步，“解釋”一詞的在科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的含義卻在日益退步?？茖W(xué)無法真正解釋電、磁及重力；我們可以測(cè)量并推斷其效應(yīng)，但對(duì)于其本質(zhì)的了解，沒有哪位現(xiàn)代科學(xué)家能夠超越琥珀（一種堅(jiān)硬的黃褐色橡膠）帶電的首位研究者泰利斯。當(dāng)代物理學(xué)家大都否認(rèn)“人類能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)這些神秘力量‘到底’是什么”的理念。伯特蘭·羅素說“電不像圣保羅大教堂一樣，是一種事物；它是事物行為的一種方式。我們所能斷言的全部就是事物帶電后的行為及其帶電的環(huán)境”。不久以前，科學(xué)家們還不贊同這種觀點(diǎn)（人類不能發(fā)現(xiàn)這些神秘力量的本質(zhì)）。例如，其自然科學(xué)主導(dǎo)西方研究?jī)汕甑膩喞锸慷嗟抡J(rèn)為，人類能夠通過推理不證自明的原理，達(dá)到對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)的了解。比如，他認(rèn)為，“宇宙萬物皆有其位”是一條不證自明的原理，由此可以推斷，物體下落是因?yàn)樗鼈儗儆诘孛?，煙霧上升是因?yàn)樗鼘儆谔炜铡喞锸慷嗟驴茖W(xué)的目的是解釋事情為什么會(huì)發(fā)生。當(dāng)伽利略試圖解釋事情如何得以發(fā)生的，從而引入了現(xiàn)在已是科學(xué)研究基本形式的控制實(shí)驗(yàn)法時(shí)，現(xiàn)代科學(xué)應(yīng)運(yùn)而生了。SectionVIII:English-ChineseTranslationHavetherealwaysbeencities?(71)Lifewithoutlargeurbanareasmayseeminconceivabletous,butactuallycitiesarerelativelyrecentdevelopment.Groupswithprimitiveeconomicsstillmanagewithoutthem.Thetrend,however,isforsuchgroupstodisappear,whilecitiesareincreasinglybecomingthedominantmodeofman’ssocialexistence.(72)Historically,citylifehasalwaysbeenamongtheelementswhichformacivilization.Anyhighdegreeofhumanendeavorandachievementhasbeencloselylinkedtolifeinanurbanenvironment.(73)Itisvirtuallyimpossibletoimaginethatuniversities,hospitals,largebusinessesorevenscienceandtechnologycouldhavecomeintobeingwithoutcitiestosupportthem.Tomostpeople,citieshavetraditionallybeentheareaswheretherewasaconcentrationofcultureaswellasofopportunity.(74)Inrecentyears,however,peoplehavebeguntobecomeawarethatcitiesarealsoareaswherethereisaconcentrationofproblems.WhathashappenedtothemodernAmericancity?Actually,theproblemisnotsuchanewone.Longbeforethiscenturystarted,therehadbegunatrendtowardtheconcentrationofthepooroftheAmericansocietyintothecities.Eachgreatwaveofimmigrationfromabroadandfromtheruralareasmadetheproblemworse.Duringthiscentury,therehasalsobeenthedevelopmentoflargesuburbanareassurroundingthecities,fortherichprefertoliveintheseareas.Withinthecities,sectionsmaybesharplydividedintohighandlowrentdistricts,the“rightsideoftown”andtheslums.Ofcourse,everyonewantstodosomethingaboutthisunhappysituation.Butthereisnoagreementastogoals.Neitheristhereanysystematicapproachorintegratedprogram.Opinionsareasdiverseasthepeoplewhogivethem.(75)Butonebasicdifferenceofopinionconcernsthequestionofwhetherornotthecityassuchistobepreserved.Perhapstransportationandthemeansofcommunicationhavereallymadeitpossiblefortheretobeanendtothebigcities.Ofcourse,thereistheproblemofpersuadingpeopletomoveoutofthemoftheirownfreewill.(76)Andthereisalsotheobjectionthatthecityhasalwaysbeenthecorefromwhichculturaladvancementhasradiated.Isthis,however,stillthecasetodayinthepresenceofeasytransportationandcommunication?Doescultureariseasaresultofpeoplelivingtogethercommunally,orisittootheresultofdecisionsmadeatthelevelofgovernmentandthecommunicationsindustry?Itisprobablytruetosaythatmostpeopleprefertopreservethecities.Somethinkthatthecitiescouldbecleaneduportotallyrebuilt.Thisiseasytosay;itwouldnotbesoeasytodo.(77)Tobesure,agreatrebuildingprojectwouldgivejobstomanyofthosepeoplewhoneedthem.Livingconditionscouldnothelpbutimprove,atleastforawhile.Butwouldtheproblemsreturnaftertherebuildingwascompleted?Nevertheless,withthemajorityofthepeoplelivinginurbanareas,theproblemofthecitiesmustbesolved.(78)Fromagreementonthisgeneralgoal,wehave,unfortunately,inthepastproceededtodisagreementonspecificgoals,andfromtheretototalinaction.Atthebasisofmuchofthisinactionisanold-fashionedconcept--theideahumanconditionswillnaturallytendtoregulatethemselvesforthegeneralgoal.全文翻譯 一直以來都有城市嗎？（71）對(duì)我們來說，生活要是沒有廣大的城市地區(qū)似乎是不可想象的，但實(shí)際上城市還是比較晚才發(fā)展起來的。擁有原始經(jīng)濟(jì)形態(tài)的群體在沒有城市的情況下也仍然可以應(yīng)付。然而趨勢(shì)是：隨著城市日益成為人類社會(huì)存在的主要形式，這些群體也在消失。（72）從歷史上看，城市生活始終是文明的一個(gè)組成部分。任何高等的人類活動(dòng)和成就總是與城市環(huán)境中的生活緊密相關(guān)。（73）如果沒有城市的支持，簡(jiǎn)直難以想象會(huì)有大學(xué)、醫(yī)院、大企業(yè)，甚至連科學(xué)技術(shù)也不會(huì)有。對(duì)大多數(shù)人而言，城市歷來就是文化和機(jī)會(huì)都集中的地區(qū)。（74）可是，近幾年來人們開始意識(shí)到城市也是問題集中的地方?，F(xiàn)代美國城市發(fā)生了什么？事實(shí)上這不是一個(gè)新問題。早在本世紀(jì)以前，一種美國社會(huì)的窮人向城市聚集的趨勢(shì)就已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)。每一次國外或鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)的移民潮使問題更加嚴(yán)重。本世紀(jì)中也出現(xiàn)了城市周圍郊區(qū)的大面積發(fā)展，因?yàn)楦蝗嗽敢庾≡谶@些地區(qū)。而城市地區(qū)則被明顯劃分為不同的地區(qū)：高租金區(qū)、低租金區(qū)、貧民窟。當(dāng)然，每個(gè)人都想采取措施改變這種不愉快的局面。但是就措施的目標(biāo)沒有一致意見。既沒有系統(tǒng)的方法，也沒有統(tǒng)一的規(guī)劃。觀點(diǎn)也因人而異。（75）但是，一個(gè)最主要的分歧意見是，像目前這樣的城市是否還要保存下去。也許交通和通信方式已經(jīng)真的使大城市的終結(jié)成為可能。當(dāng)然，說服人們自愿搬離城市的問題仍然存在。（76）同時(shí)也有人反對(duì)說，文化方面的進(jìn)步，始終是以城市為中心而向外輻射的。然而，如今有了便捷的交通和通信，這種情況仍然存在嗎？文化的興起是因?yàn)槿藗児餐幼≡谝黄?，或者也因?yàn)檎屯ㄐ判袠I(yè)做出的決定。認(rèn)為大部分人愿意保存城市的觀點(diǎn)可能是正確的。一些人認(rèn)為城市可以被徹底清理干凈或重建。說起來容易，做起來難。（77）誠然，一個(gè)宏偉的重建計(jì)劃也許能為許多需要工作的人提供就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。居住條件的改變不能解決問題，但可以有所改善。但是重建完成后問題會(huì)再次出現(xiàn)嗎?然而，由于大多數(shù)人都居住在城市地區(qū)，因此城市的問題必須解決。（78）遺憾的是，過去我們?cè)诳偰繕?biāo)方面意見是一致的，但涉及到各個(gè)具體目標(biāo)時(shí)，意見就不一致，因而也就根本沒有什么行動(dòng)。不采取行動(dòng)的根本原因很大程度上是陳腐的觀點(diǎn)：人類條件會(huì)自然地自行調(diào)節(jié)，以適應(yīng)總的目標(biāo)。1988年全國碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語試題Text1Itdoesn’tcomeasasurprisetoyoutorealizethatitmakesnodifferencewhatyoureadorstudyifyoucan’trememberit.Youjustwasteyourvaluabletime.Maybeyouhavealreadydiscoveredsomecleverwaystokeepyourselffromforgetting.Onedependableaidthatdoeshelpyourememberwhatyoustudyistohaveaspecificpurposeorreasonforreading.Yourememberbetterwhatyoureadwhenyouknowwhyyou’rereading.Whydoesaclerkinastoregoawayandleaveyouwhenyourreplytoheroffertohelpis,“No,thankyou.I’mjustlooking”?Bothyouandsheknowthatifyouaren’tsurewhatyouwant,youarenotlikelytofindit.Butsupposeyousayinstead,“Yes,thankyou.Iwantapairofsunglasses.”Shesays,“Rightthisway,please.”Andyouandsheareoff--botheagertolookforexactlywhatyouwant.It’squitethesamewithyourstudying.Ifyouchoseabookatrandom,“justlooking”fornothinginparticular,youarelikelytogetjustthat--nothing.Butifyoudoknowwhatyouwant,andifyouhavetherightbook,youarealmostsuretogetit.Yourreasonswillvary;theywillincludereadingorstudying“tofindoutmoreabout”,“tounderstandthereasonsfor”,“tofindouthow”.Agoodstudenthasaclearpurposeorreasonforwhatheisdoing.Thisisthewayitworks.Beforeyoustarttostudy,yousaytoyourselfsomethinglikethis,“IwanttoknowwhyStephenVincentBenethappenedtowriteaboutAmerica.I’mreadingthisarticletofindout.”O(jiān)r,“I’mgoingtoskimthisstorytoseewhatlifewaslikeinmedievalEngland.”Becauseyouknowwhyyouarereadingorstudying,yourelatetheinformationtoyourpurposeandrememberitbetter.Readingisnotonesingleactivity.Atleasttwoimportantprocessesgoonatthesametime.Asyouread,youtakeinideasrapidlyandaccurately.Butatthesametimeyouexpressyourownideastoyourselfasyoureacttowhatyouread.Youhaveakindofmentalconversationwiththeauthor.Ifyouexpressedyourideasorally,theymightsoundlikethis:“Yes,Iagree.That’smyopiniontoo.”or“Ummmm,Ithoughtthatrecordwasbrokenmuchearlier.I’dbettercheckthosedates,”or“Buttherearesomeotherfactstobeconsidered!”Youdon’tjustsittheretakinginideas--youdosomethingelse,andthatsomethingelseisveryimportant.Thisadditionalprocessofthinkingaboutwhatyoureadincludesevaluatingit,relatingittowhatyoualreadyknow,andusingitforyourownpurposes.Inotherwords,agoodreaderisacriticalreader.Onepartofcriticalreading,asyouhavediscovered,isdistinguishingbetweenfactsandopinions.Factscanbecheckedbyevidence.Opinionsareone’sownpersonalreactions.Anotherpartofcriticalreadingisjudgingsources.Stillanotherpartisdrawingaccurateinferences.16.Ifyoucannotrememberwhatyoureadorstudy,________.[A]itisnosurprise[B]itmeansyouhavenotreallylearnedanything[C]itmeansyouhavenotchosentherightbook[D]yourealizeitisofnoimportance17.Beforeyoustartreading,itisimportant________.[A]tomakesurewhyyouarereading[B]torelatetheinformationtoyourpurpose[C]torememberwhatyouread[D]tochooseaninterestingbook18.Readingactivityinvolves________.[A]onlytwosimultaneousprocesses[B]primarilylearningaboutideasandevaluatingthemcritically[C]merelydistinguishingbetweenfactsandopinions[D]mainlydrawingaccurateinferences19.Agoodreaderisonewho________.[A]relateswhathereadstohisownknowledgeaboutthesubjectmatter[B]doeslotsofthinkinginhisreading[C]takesacriticalattitudeinhisreading[D]isabletocheckthefactspresentedagainstwhathehasalreadyknown全文翻譯如果你不能記住你所讀或者所學(xué)的東西，那你讀什么或?qū)W什么就無關(guān)緊要了，這一點(diǎn)毫不出奇。這樣不過是浪費(fèi)寶貴時(shí)間罷了。不過，或許你早已發(fā)現(xiàn)一些聰明的方法來避免遺忘。一種幫助你記住所學(xué)內(nèi)容的可靠方法就是有目的或有原因的閱讀。如果你清楚你為何而閱讀，那么你對(duì)所閱讀的內(nèi)容就會(huì)記得更牢靠些。當(dāng)你拒絕商店售貨員的幫助（“不，謝謝，我只是看看”）時(shí)，為什么售貨員就轉(zhuǎn)身走開了呢？這是因?yàn)槟愫退贾?，如果你不確定自己要什么，你也不大可能會(huì)有所收獲。然而，假設(shè)你的回答是“是的，謝謝，我想買一副太陽鏡。”她會(huì)回答，“好的，請(qǐng)這邊走?！比缓竽愫退拖颉澳康牡亍弊呷ァ计惹械厝ふ夷阆胍臇|西。這與你的學(xué)習(xí)過程非常相似。如果你隨機(jī)選擇了一本書，“只是看看”而不是尋找具體東西，那么你所得到的很可能是——一無所獲。但是，如果你知道你想要什么，而你手頭又有正確的書，那么你幾乎肯定會(huì)獲得你所想要的東西。你的緣由可能大不相同：閱讀或?qū)W習(xí)是為了“找出更多信息”、“為了理解原因”和“為了找出方法”。一個(gè)好學(xué)生對(duì)于他所做的事情總有一個(gè)明確的目的或原因。這就是奏效的方法。在開始學(xué)習(xí)之前，你這樣告訴自己，“我想知道斯蒂芬·文森特·貝尼特為什么這樣描寫美國。我讀這篇文章就是要找出原因。”或者“我要通讀這篇文章，看看中世紀(jì)英格蘭的生活到底是什么樣子的。”由于你知道閱讀或?qū)W習(xí)的原因，你就可以將這些信息與你的目的緊密聯(lián)系，并更好地記住它。閱讀并不是一項(xiàng)獨(dú)立的行為，期間至少兩個(gè)重要過程同時(shí)發(fā)生。在閱讀時(shí)，你能夠迅速而又準(zhǔn)確地理解內(nèi)容，同時(shí)在對(duì)所讀內(nèi)容予以反應(yīng)時(shí)也在表述自己的思想。你與作者進(jìn)行一種精神對(duì)話。如果你口頭表述你的想法的話，它們很可能是“是的，我同意，我的想法也是這樣?！被蚴恰班拧?，我以為這項(xiàng)紀(jì)錄早就被打破了。我最好還是再查查日期?！被蚴恰暗沁€要考慮一些其他的事實(shí)！”你并不只是坐在那里理解內(nèi)容——你還在做其他的事情，而這些事情往往非常重要。對(duì)所閱讀的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行思考的附加過程包括評(píng)估這些內(nèi)容、將其與已知信息相聯(lián)系，并根據(jù)自身目的來進(jìn)行應(yīng)用。換句話說，一位好讀者也是一位批判性的讀者。正如你所發(fā)現(xiàn)的，批判性閱讀的一部分就是區(qū)分事實(shí)與觀點(diǎn)。事實(shí)可以通過證據(jù)來確認(rèn)，而觀點(diǎn)只是個(gè)人反應(yīng)。批判性閱讀的還包括評(píng)判來源和進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確推理。Text2Ifyouliveinalargecity,youarequitefamiliarwithsomeoftheproblemsofnoise,butbecauseofsomeofitsharmfuleffects,youmaynotbeawareoftheextentofitsinfluenceonhumanbehavior.Althougheveryonemoreorlessknowswhatnoiseis,i.e.,itissoundsthatonewouldrathernothear,itisperhapsbesttodefineitmorepreciselyforscientificpurposes.Onesuchdefinitionisthatnoiseissoundsthatareunrelatedtothetaskathand.Thusstimulithatatonetimemightbeconsideredrelevantwillatanothertimebeconsiderednoise,dependingonwhatoneisdoingatthemoment.Inrecentyearstherehasbeenagreatdealofinterestintheeffectsofnoiseonhumanbehavior,andconceptssuchas“noisepollution”havearisen,togetherwithmovementstoreducenoise.Exposuretoloudnoisescandefinitelyproduceapartialorcompletelossofhearing,dependingontheintensity,duration,andfrequencycompositionofthenoise.Manyjobspresentnoisehazards,suchasworkinginfact