2023年考研外語考前密押卷10

考研外語考前密押卷10

一、UseofEnglish

1、Withtherapidspreadoftheinterneteyewhereinthe

world,andthe(1)numberofusers,oneofthemost

excitingdevelopmentsontheinternetisE-commerce—(2)

commerce.E-commercehastwoforms,(3)

business—to—business,orB-to-B,andbusiness—to—consumer,or

B_to_C.

B-to-Cwasthefirstofthesedevelopments.Itgrew(4)

fromthefirstdayswhenpeoplestartedtobuythingsfromtheir

homeswithoutgoingtoashop.Firstcame''catalogueshopping”

(5)youchoosewhatyouwantfromacatalogue(6)

picturesandotherdetailsofeverythingthatis(7)sale.

Youthensendanorderwithacheckby(8)andthethings

youhavechosensenttoyourhome.Then(9)/'television

shopping”,where(10)acatalogue,theitemsforsaleare

shownor(11)ontelevisiontoattractthecustomer.

(12),thecustomersendsacheckandtheitemisdelivered

tohisorherhome.B-to-Cisthe(13)development,where

the“catalogue"is(14)ontheinternet,combiningthe

advantagesofboththebookcatalogueandthetelevisionand

indeedaddingmore(15)Thecustomermakeshischoicebut

ratherthansendinganorderanda(16)throughthepost,

heplacestheorderandpaysforitusinghiscreditcard,al1

usingthe(17)

Manypeopleworryaboutgiving(18)oftheircreditcard

overtheinternetandthedangerthatitmaybedeceitfullyused.

(19),thegeneralviewisthatwithmodernsystemsof

securemeasuresthedangersofthemisuseofcreditcardsis

(20)greaterinashop,garageorrestaurantthaninusing

itforshoppingontheinternet.

A.increasing

B.spreading

C.decreasing

D.raising

2、(2)

A.electric

B.electrical

C.electronic

D.electronics

3、⑶

A.regardedas

B.knownas

C.esteemedas

D.reckonedas

4、(4)

A.directly

B.naturally

C.generally

D.specially

5、(5)

A.which

B.that

C.where

D.when

6、(6)

A.drawing

B.giving

C.depicting

D.sketching

7、(7)

A.on

B.for

C.at

D.in

8、(8)

A.accident

B.railway

C.hand

D.post

9、(9)

A.came

B.went

C.brought

D.happened

10、(10)

A.asregards

B.otherthan

C.insteadof

D.inviewof

11、(11)

A.displayed

B.performed

C.demonstrated

D.exhibited

12、(12)

A.Again

B.Moreover

C.Besides

D.Secondly

13、(13)

A.late

B.latest

C.latter

D.later

14、(14)

A.liable

B.obtainable

C.reliable

D.available

15、(15)

A.disadvantages

B.features

C.advantages

D.characteristics

16、(16)

A.cash

B.check

C.note

D.bin

17、(17)

A.internet

B.computer

C.catalogue

D.television

18、(18)

A.details

B.segments

C.episodes

D.descriptions

19、(19)

A.However

B.Therefore

C.Furthermore

D.Otherwise

20、(20)

A.naturally

B.truly

C.really

D.actually

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestions

beloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Inalarge,air-conditionedroominaconferencecenterlocated

inacityofmorethanamillionpeople,well-qualifieddoctors

ofsciencediscusstheprosandconsofglobalwarming,and

debatehowthetemperatureoftheseaisbeingmeasured.After

severalhoursofdiscussion,theywalkoutintothewarm

sunshineofasummer,sday,headingofftoacomfortable

restaurantforlunch.

Onthesameday,onthesandsofsmallislandsinthemiddle

ofthePacificOcean,bakedhardbytheburningsun,Hemiand

Naqonolookatthewaterlappingovertheplacewheretheyonce

storedtheirpotatoplants.Theywatchthewavesdashinggently

atthefeetoftheirstrawhutswhichsomeyearsagoweremany

metresfromtheseashore.

Globalwarmingisaproblemfortheoreticaldiscussionamong

scientistsallovertheworld.FormanyPacificIslandersit

isnowbecomingapracticalproblem.Whileinternational

sciencearguesaboutglobalwarmingandclimatechange,

low-lyingPacificIslandsarealreadysufferingcoastal

erosionandcropfailures.

InplacessuchasMarshallIslands,wheremuchofthelandis

onlyametreabovesea-level,villagersfaceleavingtheir

slowlydisappearinghomes.

Scientistsandofficialsfrom13PacificIslandCountries

discussedtheirconcernsinaPacificconferenceinAukland,

NewZealand,andexaminedaNewZealandcomputermodelon

climatechangethatcouldprovideavaluableplanningtool.

LackofmeteorologicalandtidalresearchmeansGovernment

agenciesthroughoutthePacificandtheworldhavetorely

largelyonanecdotalofrisingsealevelserodingforeshores,

andincreasinglyseveredroughtsaffectingthevitalcoconut

crop.

AustralianresearchcommissionedbytheSouthPacificRegional

EnvironmentProgrammehasalreadycalculatedthathuman

greenhousegasemissionsalreadymeasuredupto1995willcause

a5cmto12cmsea-levelriseby2025.PacificIslandcountries

feartheirvulnerablelow-lyinghomeswillbethefirsttopay

thepricefortheemissionsofindustrializednations.

APacificIslandsClimateChangeAssistanceProgrammeis

alreadyinplaceandisworkingonplanstohelpPacific

Islanderswhohavefewresourcestocombatthefast-changing

environmentalcircumstances.

YumiCrisostomo,oftheMarshallIslandsEnvironmental

ProtectionAuthority,saidresidentsofsomeofthe1,225

islandsinthegrouphadreportedalarmingcoastalerosion,

forcingthemtoshifthomesinland.Someislandswereonlyabout

akilometeracross,soresidentshadlittleroomtomove."We

mayhavetolookattheoptionofinternalmigrationwithinthe

islandgroup,“hesaid.

Thefirsttwoparagraphssuggestthat

A.globalwarmingisnotonlyatheoreticalproblembutalso

apracticalone.

B.thereisagreatdifferencebetweentherichandpoor.

C.sciencediscussionhasnothingtodowiththepractical

problem.

D.well-qualifieddoctorsknowlittleabouttherealityofthe

problem.

2、

Accordingtothepassage,globalwarmingandclimatechange

mightcause

A.theextinctionofspecies.

B.thedisappearanceofthecoast.

C.thereductionofcrops.

D.themigrationofbirds.

3、

Lackofmeteorologicalandtidalresearchmeans,researchers

havetodependon

A.measuringtheoutputofcoconut.

B.observingtheerosionofforeshores.

C.collectingshortinterestingaccountsconcerningclimate.

D.computermodelonclimatechanges.

4、

Humangreenhousegasemissionswhichcauselow-lyingplaces

todisappeararemainlyletoutby

A.forestfires.

B.theindustrializednations.

C.peoplethemselvesinlow-lyingislands.

D.thedevelopingcountries.

5、

TheauthorgivestheexampleofPacificislandsclimatechange

to

A.warnpeopleofthedangerofglobalwarming.

B.arousepeople，ssympathyfortheislandersinthePacific.

C.blamethosenationswhichletoutgreenhousegasemissions.

D.callforadonationtotheresidentsinthePacificislands.

6、Whowouldhavebelievedit?Afterwhatseemslikean

eternityoftantalizinghypeabout“high-definition”

television,thefirstdigitalsetsareactuallyontheirway

tothemarket.Thismuchanticipateddebutwouldseemtobe

terrificnewsfortubelovers.Aspromised,thesetsdeliver

super-sharpdigitalpictures,wide-formatmovie-style,

screensandmagnificentstereosurroundsound.

Soshouldeverybodyrushouttobuyone?Well...maybenot.

HDTV'sobviousadvantagesoverconventionalsetsareoffsetby

significantdisadvantages.Foropeners,there，sthepricetag.

Sony'ssmallset,witha34-inscreen,listsforafairlylarge

$8,999.Priceswilleventuallydrop,ofcourse,butBill

Mannion,generalmanagerofPanasonic'sTVdivision,

acknowledges,"It'sgoingtobeawhile,maybeyearsbeforemost

consumerscanaffordHDTV.”

Evenifyou'reagadgetfreakwithdeeppockets,youmaythink

twiceaboutbuyingforanotherreason:"highdefinition”will

notbeequallyhigh.Someprogramswillbebroadcastat480

linesofresolution(comparedwith330orsoonconventional

televisions),othersatasharper720lines,andstillothers

atthemaximumof1,080.NBCsaysitplanstostartbyoffering

480-linequalityforday-timeprogrammingand1,080forsome

prime-timeshowsandspecials.

Butcable-TVcustomers一aful1two-thirdsofAmerican

households—maygetasinkingfeelingofanothersortifthey

trytotunein.Cablecompaniesarerefusing,fornow,tocarry

broadcasters,HDTVsignals,sayinginformation-richHDTV

channelsovertaxtheirsystems.Thereforeviewers,whowant

decentreception,willhavetobuyclumsy,old-fashionedTV

antennasiftheyplantopullindigitalbroadcasts.

Onedecisionconsumerswon'thavetomakeiswhethertobuya

setthatusesoneformatoranother.BackinthedayswhenVCRs

werenew,youcouldbuyaVHSoraBeta-formatmachine;neither

couldreadorrecordontheother(stapes.ThosewhochoseBeta

generallyregrettedit,asVHStookoverthemarket,video

companiesstoppedreleasingBeta-formatmovies,andBetasets

becameessentiallyuseless.

Mostreassuringofall,thenewsetswillbeabletopickup

conventionalTVbroadcasts.Youwon'tneedtwoTVsetssitting

sidebyside.Willthatbeenoughtotalkconsumersintoputting

downthebetterpartof$10,0007Manufactureshopethat

wide-eyedexcitementoverthisgenuinelyrevolutionarynew

technologywillhelphidethefactthatit'sstillaworkin

progress.Realistically,theyexpecttherevolutiontobea

slowone.

Accordingtothetext,HDTV

A.hasitslimitations.

B.isalandmarkinTVtechnology.

C.islikelytobeacceptedbythemass.

D.isdoubtedbymanufacturersonitspracticability.

7、

Ifyouarerichandinterestedinnewdevices,youwould

A.belikelytoacceptHDTV.

B.stillthinkaboutlinesofresolutionoftheprograms.

C.buyHDTV,butwithhesitation.

D.easilyunderstandwhatHDTVis.

8、

TheonlyreasonforbuyingHDTVmightbe

A.reasonableprice.

B.formatcompatibility.

C.unavailabilityofHDTVsignalsoncableTV.

D.broadcastingatinconsistentlinesofresolution.

9、

ProgramsdisplayedonHDTV

A.givesuper-sharpdigitalpictures.

B.maybesentoutat10801inesofresolution.

C.needinputofmoreefforts.

D.willhaveabrightfuture.

10、

Whodoestheauthorintendtowritethepassagefor?

A.TVbuyers.

B.TVbroadcasters.

C.TVmanufacturers.

D.governmentofficialsregulatingTVbroadcasts.

11、Forgetaboutthedayswhenbanksluredcustomerswith

offersof"free"toaster.Intheharshnewworldofconsumer

banking,it'stheaccountholderwhomaygetburned.

Overthepastfewyears,bankshavesystematicallyraisedtheir

oldfeesandinventednewones一asmanyas100differentkinds.

Thesizeofthesechargesjumpedmorethan50percenton

checkingandsavingsaccountssince1990,accordingtoBank

RateMonitor,anindependentprovideroffinancialdata.

Meanwhile,interestratespaidonpassbooksavingsand

negotiableorderofwithdrawal(NOW)accountsfailedtokeep

pacewithinflation,letalonewithotherlow-riskinvestments.

Andtechnologieslikeautomatedtellermachines(ATMs)have

trulyturnedintocashmachines一forthebank.

CheckingProfits.AccordingtoareportbytheFederalReserve

Board,fewerthaneightpercentofallcommercialbanksnow

offertreechecking.Insomebigcities,suchasLosAngeles

andSanFrancisco,freecheckingisvirtuallyextinct.

What'smore,theminimumbalancerequiredfortheaverage

checkingaccounthasincreaseddramaticallysincetheFederal

Reservelastsurveyedbanksin1994.Accountholderslooking

forinterestontheircheckingthroughaNOWaccounthadto

raisetheirbalancenearly50percentto$1,500onaverageand

theyearnedjust1.5percentannuallyfortheirtrouble.

NationsBankinMiamirecentlyoffereda“DeluxeSecure”

checkingaccount.Depositorsgotonlyanaverage1.5percent

interestontheircheckingbalance.Andtheywererequiredto

keep$5,000tiedupinasavingsaccountor$21maintenancefee.

NewYorkCity'schemicalinformeditscheckingcustomersthat

their“l(fā)owminimum"accountswouldbeconvertedintonew

“relationship"accounts一withahigherminimumbalance.The

newminimumnecessarytoavoidextrafeesjumpedfrom$1,500

to$3,000.Thedubiousnewbenefitstocustomers?

Bankingexecutivessaythere;sagoodreasonwhyfeesarehigher.

Sincefinancialserviceswerederegulatedintheearly1980s,

competitorshaveluredawayhigh-marginbusinessthatonce

sustainedbankprofits.Americansareavoidinglow-interest

bankaccountsinfavorofhigh-yieldinginvestmentssuchas

mutualfunds.Creditcardholderscangetmorefavorableterms

fromanationalcardissuerthanfromtheirlocalbank.

Home-buyerscannowtapanationalmarketforthemost

competitivemortgagerates,andnew-carbuyerscanshopfor

loansfromauto-financespecialistslikeGeneralMotors

AcceptanceCorp.

Still,thebankshavemanagedtoregaintheirprofitsinpart

withhighcustomerfees.Infact,thebankingindustryhas

reportedrecordearningsoverthepastthreeyears.

Whatcanbeinferredfromthesentence"it'stheaccountholder

whomaygetburned”(Paragraph1)?

A.Theauthorassertsthattheaccountholdershouldbe

carefulaboutthefreetoaster.

B.Theauthorthinksthattheaccountholderistheveryperson

whousesthetoaster.

C.Theauthorsuggeststhattheaccountholdershouldbe

carefulaboutthebank.

D.Theauthorholdsthatthebankshouldbecriticized.

12、

Thebanks'strategiesinventedtoriptheaccountholders

include

A.changingtheoldfees.

B.offeringfreechecking.

C.offeringfreegifts.

D.creatingnewfees.

13、

Accordingtobankingexecutives,thehigherbankfeesmay

resultfrom

A.thes1owdownofeconomy.

B.low-interestbankaccounts.

C.thedecreaseofthenumberofbankinvestors.

D.theincreaseofthenumberofcreditcardholders.

14、

Theterm"high-marginbusiness”(Paragraph7)probablymeans

A.veryprofitablebusiness.

B.verypromisingbusiness.

C.bankruptbusiness.

D.well-managedbusiness.

15、

Fromthelastparagraph,weknowthat

A.thebanksarenotoriousbusinesses.

B.neverdobusinesswiththebanks.

C.thebankshavesucceededingettingbacktheprofits.

D.duetohighcustomerfees,thenumberoftheaccountholders

isdecreasing.

16、Indevelopingamodelofcognition,wemustrecognizethat

perceptionoftheexternalworlddoesnotalwaysremain

independentofmotivation.Whileprogresstowardmaturityis

positivelycorrelatedwithdifferentiationbetweenmotivation

andcognition,tensionwill,eveninthematureadult,lead

towardsanarrowingoftherangeofperception.Cognitioncan

beseenasthefirststepinthesequenceeventsleadingfrom

theexternalstimulustothebehavior,oftheindividual.The

childdevelopsfrombeliefthatallthingsareanextensionof

itsownbodytotherecognitionthatobjectsexistindependent

ofhisperception.Hebeginstodemonstrateawarenessofpeople

andthingswhichareremovedfromhissensoryapparatusand

initiatesgoal-directedbehaviors.Hemay,however,refuseto

recognizetheexistenceofbarrierstotheattainmentofhis

goal,despitethefactthathiscognitionoftheseobjectshas

beenpreviouslydemonstrated.

Intheprimitivebeings,goal-directedbehavior,canbevery

simplemotivated.Thepresenceofanattractiveobjectwill

causeaninfanttoreachforit;itsremovalwillresultinthe

ceaseofthataction.Inadultlife,merecognitioncanbe

similarlymotivational,althoughthevisiblepresenceofthe

opportunityisnotrequiredasthestimulantsofresponse.The

matureadultmodifieshisreactionbyobtaininginformation,

interpretingit,andexaminingconsequences.Heformulatesa

hypothesisandattemptstotestit.Hesearchesoutimplicit

relationships,examinesallfactors,anddifferentiatesamong

them.Justasthetrainedartistcanseparatethevalueofcolor,

composition,andtechnique,whiletakinginandevaluatingthe

who1ework,so,too,thematurepersonbringshiscognitive

learningstrengthstobearinevaluatingasituation.

Understandingthatcognitionisseparatefromaction,his

reactionisonlyminimallyguidedfromconditioning,andtake

intoconsiderationanticipatableevents.Theimpactofthe

socializationprocess,particularlythatofparentaland

socialgroupideology,mayreducecognitivelydirected

behavior.Thetensionthusproduced,asforinstancethestress

offear,anger,orextremeemotion,willoftenbetheprimary

influence.Theevolutionaryprocessofdevelopmentfrombody

schemathroughcognitivelearningissimilarlymanifestedin

theprocessoflanguageacquisition.Everynormalinfanthas

thephysiologicalequipmentnecessarytoproducesound,butthe

childmustfirstmastertheiruseforsucking,biting,and

chewingbeforehecancontrolhisequipmentforuseinproducing

thesoundsoflanguage.Fromtheearliertimes,itisclearthat

languageandhumanthoughthavebeenintimatelyconnected.

Sendingorreceivingmessages,fromprimitivewarningsof

dangertoexplainingcreativeorreflectivethinking,this

aspectofcognitivedevelopmentisalsofirmlylinkedtothe

needsandaspirationsofsociety.

Howdoesthechilddevelophisperception?

A.Parentsandteachersplayakeyroleinhisdevelopmentof

cognition.

B.Hebelievesthatobjectsaroundhimindependentofhis

perception.

C.Strongmotivationsgiverisetoperceptionwhichis

polishedfurtherbythechilditself.

D.Heholdstheconvictionthatthingsaroundhimareparts

ofextendedbodyandlaterongivesitup.

17、

Ifachildmeetssomedifficultiesintheprocessofreaching

hisgoal,hemay

A.facethembravelyandtrytoovercomethem.

B.neglectthemandcomeupwithanewgoal.

C.beunwillingtoadmittherearesomedifficulties.

D.worryaboutthemandfeeldiscouragedorfrustrated.

18、

Adults,motivationalcognitionmaybestimulatedby

A.predictablepresenceofopportunities.

B.visiblesignsofopportunities.

C.stimulants.

D.approachableinformation.

19、

Theinfluenceofsocializationprocessmay

A.producetension.

B.produceextremeemotion.

C.reducethedegreeoffearoranger.

D.reduceone'scognitivelyguidedbehaviors.

20、

Whatlinkscognitivedevelopmenttotheneedsofsociety?

A.Practicalpurpose.

B.Naturalhumancognitivedevelopment.

C.Language.

D.Sendingorreceivingmessages.

21、PartB(10points)

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.For

Questions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizethese

paragraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelist

A-G.Someoftheparagraphshavebeenplacedforyou.(10points)

A.Amillionairemaydescribehis“just-right"wifeascharming,

beautiful,sexy,intelligent,andwelldeveloped.Ontheother

hand,apoormanmaydefinehis“just-right“wifeaspleasing,

attractive,desirable,knowledgeable,andshapely.Bothmen

describetheirjust-rightwifewiththegamephysicalqualities,

butusedifferentwords.Themillionaire，sdefinitionofthe

just-rightwifeismoreelegant,whereasthepoorman's

definitionisamorecommon,everydaydescription.

B.Menfromallnationalitiesalsohavetheirdefinitionofthe

just-rightwife.Forexample;theItalianmandescribeshis

wifeasawomanwhostandssixfeetone-inchtallwithblonde

hairandblueeyes,andwhoiswelldevelopedintheupper

portionofherbody.Ontheotherband,theFrenchmanmay

describehisidealwifeasawomanwhostandsonlyfivefeet

threeincheswithbrownhairandgreeneyes,andwhois

moderatelybuilt.

C.Ontheotherhand,thefatmandefineshisjust-rightwife

asawomanwhogetsupateighto'clockinthemorning,takes

thechildrentoMcDonald'sforbreakfast,anddropsthemoff

atschool.Thenshecomesbackhomeandliesonthecouch

watchingsoapoperasallday,children'havetowalkhomefrom

schoolintheafternoon.Whentheyarriveathome,sheinstructs

themtocleanthehouse,dothelaundry,andfixsomehotdogs

fordinner.Bothmendefinetheirjust-rightwifewith

qualitiesthattheyadmirebythemselves.

D.Althoughsomemendefinethejust,fightwifebyherphysical

qualities,othermendescribetheirjust-rightwifeasawoman

wholovestofish,tocamp,tohunt,andtowaterski,whereas

theinsidesportsmanmaydefinehisjust-fightwifeasawoman

whoenjoyswatchingfootball,basketball,baseball,and

wrestling.Bothofthesemendefinetheirjust-rightwifeby

hersportsqualitiesbutintwodifferentatmospheres.

E.Still,thereareothermenwhohavetheirowndefinitions

ofthejust-rightwife.Forinstance,considerthefitmanand

thefatman.Thefitmanmaydescribehisjust-rightwifeas

awomanwhogetsupeveryworkdaymorningatsixo'clockand

runstwoorthreemiles.Afterrunning,shepreparesbreakfast,

washesthedishes,takesthechildrentoschool,andthengoes

towork.Afterwork,shearrivesathome,washesacoupleloads

oflaundry,goestoexerciseclass,picksupthechildrenfrom

schoolonherwayhome,andthencooksdinner.Afterdinner,

shedeansthekitchen,bathesthechildren,andputsthemto

bed.

F.Inadditiontothesemen，sdefinitionsofthejust-rightwife,

thebacheloralsohasadefinition.Hesaysthatthejust-fight

wifeissomeoneelse(swife.Hepicksherupinabar,takes

hertohishouse,andtakeshernameinthemorning.Thebachelor

hasnorealdefinitionofthejust-fightwife.Thatiswhyhe

isstillabachelor.

G.Foryearsmenandwomenhavebeengettingmarried.Theysay

theirweddingvowswhichbringthemtogetherasone.They

promisetoloveandcherisheachotheruntildeathdothempart.

Whenamanandawomangetmarried,itisoneofthebiggest

decisionstheywillmakeinlife.Amanmayselectawoman

becausehe,inhisowneyes,seesherasthejust-rightwife

forhim.Everymanhashisowndefinitionofwhatthe

“just-right"wifeis.Forinstance,themillionairemanandthe

poormanbothmaydefinetheirjust-rightwifeaccordingtoher

physicalqualities.

Order:Gisthe1stparagraphandFisthelast.

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthen

translatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Lightpollutionnowhasbecomeabigproblemandledtomuch

wasteinoursociety.Ithasbeenestimatedthat30%ofthe

electricitygeneratedforoutdoorilluminationiswasted.

Important,too,aretheenvironmentalcostsofproducingthe

energytopowerwastedlight.Forexample,forevery

kilowatt-hourofelectricityused,almosttwopoundsofcarbon

dioxideandalmosttwogramsofsulphurdioxidea