高考英語 三步搞定英語長難句 閱讀理解滿分必備全套

高考英語，三步搞定英語長難句，閱讀理解滿分必備01、什么是“三長兩短一并列”我們先來看兩句話：①我是李輝。(IamLiHui.)②我愛你。(Iloveyou.)這兩句話中只有"主干成分"而沒有"修飾成分"。像這樣的句子，中文和英文的"語序"(單詞排列順序)基本是一致的，都是"主-系-表"或者"主-謂-賓"，理解起來非常容易。然而，加上修飾成分后，中文與英文句子之間的語序就會發(fā)生變化。來看兩個例子：①我是中國的李輝。(IamLiHuifromChina.)②我全心全意地愛你。(Iloveyouwithallmyheart.)從例子中可以看出，修飾成分在中英文中出現(xiàn)的位置是不一樣的。而當一個句子中有很多個修飾成分時，該句子就會變得很長，不易理解。例如：AfterchattingwithLauraonthismatterfortwohoursfrom2:00to4:00intheafternoon,Ireturnedtomyoffice.這個句子中含有大量的"介詞短語"這種修飾成分。我們給這個句子中的全部介詞短語加上括號，該句就會變成：(Afterchatting)(withLaura)(onthismatter)(fortwohours)(from2:00)(to4:00)(intheafternoon),Ireturned(tomyoffice).此時大家便可發(fā)現(xiàn)，這個句子雖然很長，但是真正的主干其實只有Ireturned兩個單詞而已。可見，介詞短語正是讓英語句子變得又長又難的原因之一！當然，以上幾個句子還比較簡單（少量介詞短語對句意理解的影響不大），但是，當句子中出現(xiàn)更多類似介詞短語的修飾成分時，可想而知，由于中英文語序的不同，英文句子會變得"面目全非"，令人難以理解。由此看來，英語中靈活多變的修飾成分正是造成英語句子又長又難的頭號罪犯，只要搞定這些修飾部分，就能搞定英語長難句。幸運的是，盡管這些修飾成分數(shù)量很多、位置也不好把握，但是，它們的種類卻是非常固定的。小編將這些修飾成分總結(jié)為"三長兩短"。所謂"三長"，就是構(gòu)成長難句的三種較長修飾成分(即介詞短語、從句、非謂語動詞短語)；所謂"兩短"，指的是鑲嵌于句子之中的、會稍稍提高句子復(fù)雜度的兩種較短修飾成分(即形容詞、副詞)。而除了"三長兩短"之外，另外一個使句子變得復(fù)雜的結(jié)構(gòu)就是"平行并列結(jié)構(gòu)"。"平行并列結(jié)構(gòu)"是由一些并列關(guān)系的連詞(and、or、aswellas等)將句子變長的重要手段。事實上，再長的句子都是由非常簡單的主干成分（主干成分的基本語序和中文語序一致，此外還有若干與中文語序不一致的"特殊句型"，如therebe句型、Itisadj.forsb.todo句型、倒裝句型、強調(diào)句型等等）再加上這"三長兩短一并列"而組成的。02、含義，結(jié)構(gòu)及標記方法如果把句子的主干比作樹干，那么修飾成分就可以比作繁茂的枝葉。若能把這些枝葉都標記出來，主干自然就清晰了。標記時，只需按照句子順序，一個挨一個做出標記即可。不過在此之前，我們要先學會每一種成分該從何處標起，又從何處結(jié)束。下面小編分別對"三長兩短一并列"進行具體介紹，并給出的每一種成分的標記方法。03、“三長”1.介詞短語【定義】從介詞開始到名詞結(jié)束、表達一個獨立的完整的含義的結(jié)構(gòu)。【起止標識】標記介詞短語時，要從介詞開始到介詞之后的第一個名詞終止。如：athome、intheschool、inthebeautifulpark、duringmyhappychildhood、overthelastfewyears、forthreeweeks【例句】

(Afterchatting)(withLaura)(onthismatter)(fortwohours)(from2:00to4:00)(intheafternoon),Ireturned(tomyoffice).2.從句【定義】從句是復(fù)合句中不能獨立成句，但具有主語部分和謂語部分，由that、who、whom、when、why、where、how、which、if、although等關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)的非主句部分?！酒鹬箻俗R】標記從句時，一定從關(guān)系詞開始，到以下四種終止。①到句尾終止，如：LiHuiisateacher(whoteachesEnglish).②到句中的逗號終止，如：(WhenIwasyoung),Ilistenedtotheradio.③到下一個修飾成分終止，如：IwillinviteYaoMing(whowasatopbasketballplayer)toBeijing.(toBeijing是介詞短語，屬于另一個修飾成分，故從句的標記在此處終止)④到下一個謂語動詞終止，如YaoMing(whowasatopbasketballplayer)isstudyinginShanghai.3.非謂語動詞短語【定義】非謂語動詞是指動詞在句子中"不是謂語"時的幾種變化形式，主要包括動詞不定式、動名詞和分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞)三類。非謂語動詞不能獨立作謂語，而是充當句子的其他成分。由非謂語動詞開頭的、表示一個獨立、完整的含義的結(jié)構(gòu)叫做非謂語動詞短語?！酒鹬箻俗R】標記非謂語動詞短語時，一定是從動詞不定式(todo)、動名詞(doing)或分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞doing或過去分詞done)開頭，到以下四種情況終止。①到句尾終止，如：LiHuiisateacher(teachingEnglish).②到句中的逗號終止，如：(ToimprovemyEnglish),IoftenlistentotheEnglishradio.③到下一個修飾成分終止，如：Jackwalkedintothehall,(waving)totheaudience.(totheaudience是介詞短語，屬于另一修飾成分。)④到下一個謂語動詞終止，如：We,(singingahappysong),rodetoschool.04、兩短1.形容詞【定義】形容詞是指用來修飾名詞的單詞，往往帶有-ous、-y、-ful、-able等后綴?！境Ｒ娢恢谩竣僖话阒糜诿~之前，如abeautifulpark。②修飾不定代詞(something、anything、nothing、somebody、anybody、nobody)時置于不定代詞之后，如"一些有趣的事"應(yīng)譯為somethinginteresting。2.副詞【定義】副詞用來修飾形容詞、動詞等詞，往往帶有-ly等后綴。【常見位置】英語中，副詞的用法比形容詞靈活得多。①可置于整句之前，如：Unfortunately,hefailedtomakeit.②可置于整句之后，如：Theteachergreetshisstudentsindividually.③可置于"助動詞、系動詞、情態(tài)動詞之后，實義動詞之前"，如：Theprincesslooksextremelybeautifultoday.Heimmediatelysawtheblackcat.(實義動詞之前)Hehasundoubtedlyfalleninlovewiththeprincess.(助動詞之后，實義動詞之前)Hecanhardlyspeakanything.(情態(tài)動詞之后，實義動詞之前)④可置于形容詞或副詞之前，如：Thereisanextremelybeautifulgardeninourcampus.從上面的分析可以看出，雖然英文中形容詞和副詞的在句中的位置和中文略有不同，但一般情況下，它們較短且易于辨識，對句意理解影響不大，因此在給修飾成分做標記時，形容詞和副詞可不標記。05、平行并列結(jié)構(gòu)1.定義并行并列結(jié)構(gòu)是指由并列詞將兩個或兩個以上含義相似、結(jié)構(gòu)相同的并列項連接起來構(gòu)成的結(jié)構(gòu)。2.標記方法給平行并列結(jié)構(gòu)做標記的要求是：給并列詞加方框，給并列項加下劃線。標記時要先找到并列詞，然后再找并列項。在標注形如AandB的平行并列結(jié)構(gòu)時，應(yīng)先找B(即右并列項)后找A(即左并列項)。由于英語中的修飾成分往往置于中心詞之后，所以A和B兩個并列項后面可能各自帶有很長的尾巴，形成"A…andB…"的形式，導(dǎo)致A離and相對較遠，不易辨認，而B通常離and很近，容易識別。找到B之后，利用A和B結(jié)構(gòu)相同、含義相似的原則，很容易將A確定出來。3.常見并列關(guān)系英語中可以并列的成分有很多，讀句子時要注意識別到底是誰跟誰并列。①名詞并列：Iliketheboxplacedonthedeskandtheflowersinyourhand.②形容詞并列：Mr.Smithisakind,patientandknowledgeableEnglishteacher.③副詞并列：Youaresupposedtoanswerthefollowingquestionsquicklyandaccurately.④謂語動詞并列：WiththeInternet,peoplecannotonlyplaycomputergamesbutalsodoonlineshopping.⑤介詞短語并列：Andthatgovernmentofthepeople,bythepeopleandforthepeopleshallnotperishfromtheearth.⑥從句并列：

I'vefinishedreadingthebook(whichiswrittenbyMoYan)and(whichyoulentmelastmonth).⑦非謂語動詞并列：Singingandlaughing,weheadedtothepark.⑧整句并列：Thechildrencangowithusortheycanstayathome.動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)專練1.Jack(work)inthelabwhenthepowercutoccurred.2.I(read)halfoftheEnglishnovel,andI’lltrytofinishitattheweekend.3.Thestudentshavebeenworkinghardontheirlessonsandtheirefforts(reward)withsuccessintheend.4.Thebookhasbeentranslatedintothirtylanguagessinceit(come)onthemarketin1973.5.Thisisthefirsttimewe(see)afilminthecinematogetherasafamily.6.It?was?raining?lightly?when?I(arrive)?in?Yangshuo?just?before?dawn.7.Moreefforts,asreported,(make)intheyearsaheadtoacceleratethesupply-sidestructuralreform.8.I________(drive)downtoLondonwhenIsuddenlyfoundthatIwasonthewrongroad.9.Susanhadquitherwell-paidjoband(work)asavolunteerintheneighborhoodwhenIvisitedherlastyear.10.Arescueworkerriskedhislifesavingtwotouristswho(trap)inthemountainsfortwodays.11.Since2011,thecountry(grow)morecornthanrice.12.Last?year,?every?employee?in?our?company?

?(offer)a?physical?examination?free?of?charge.????????13.Upon?arriving?home,?Lily?found?that?her?husband?

?(prepare)a?beautifulcandlelight?dinner.?????14.I(walk)towardthedoortogooutsidewhensuddenlyJimopeneditunexpectedly.15.ThePalaceMuseumhasputonmanyattractionssinceit________(rebuild)in2017.16.Rentusually________(go)upinthesummer,whencollegegraduatesaremovingoutoftheirdormitoriesandseekingfornewplacestomovein.17.Overthelastfewdecades,economicglobalization________(contribute)greatlytoglobalgrowth.18.WhenIcamebackfrommy10-dayholiday,Ifoundthefishtankwasbrokenandthefish________(die).19.—HowcanIapplyforanonlinecourse?—Justfilloutthisformandwe________(see)whatwecandoforyou.20.Shakespeare’splayHamlet________(make)intoatleasttendifferentfilmsoverthepastyears.21.Thepianist________(develop)aloveformusicwhenhewasalittleboy.22.Iknowlittleabouttheaccidentbecausenotmuch________(say)aboutituptonow.23.Thechurchtowerwhich________(restore)willbeopentotouristssoon.Theworkisalmostfinished.24.—Aretherepairsfinishedyet?—Yes,they________(complete)whenIcamebackhome.25.Ididn’tgetintouchwithDavidyesterday,sincehe________(chair)ameetingwhenIcalled.26.—Wereyousurprisedbytheendingofthefilm?—No,I_______(read)thebook,soIalreadyknewthestory.27.Thiscoastalarea(name)anationalwildlifereservelastyear.28.Iwalkedslowlythroughthemarket,wherepeople________(sell)allkindsoffruitsandvegetables.IstudiedthepricescarefullyandboughtwhatIneeded.29.Uptonow,theprogram________(save)thousandsofchildrenwhowouldotherwisehavedied.30.IttookmealongtimebeforeIwasabletofullyappreciatewhatthey________(do)forme.31.Leaving?the?less?important?things?until?tomorrow

?(be)?oftenacceptable.32.Whenfatandsalt(remove)fromfood,thefoodtastesasifitismissingsomething.33.Progress(be)sofarverygoodandwearesurethattheworkwillbefinishedontime.34.Iftheirmarketingplanssucceed，they(increase)theirsalesby20percent.35.ThemomentIgothome,IfoundI(leave)myjacketontheplayground.36.Judyisgoingtomarrythesailorshe(meet)inRomelastyear.37.Teenagers(damage)theirhealthbecausetheyplaycomputergamestoomuch.38.Sofarthisyearwe(see)afallinhousepricesbybetween5and10percent.39.IknowalittlebitaboutItalyasmywifeandI(go)thereseveralyearsago.40.Cathydidn’tgotothecinemawithuslastnight,forshe(do)herhomework.41.Thedoctors______(refuse)tooperateonSambecausehisparentshadnotgivenpermission．42.Johnsayshe’s80yearsold,butnobody(believe)him．43.Ifoundthelecturehardtofollowbecauseit_______(start)whenIarrived.44.—Hi,let’sgoskating.—Sorry,I’mbusyrightnow.I_______(fill)inanapplicationformforanewjob.45.Whenyouarehome,giveacalltoletmeknowyou_________(arrive)safely.46.—DidyouhavedifficultyfindingAnn’shouse?—Notreally.She___________(give)uscleardirectionsandwewereabletofinditeasily.47.—Hi,I’mPeter.Areyounewhere?Ihaven’tseenyouaround.—Hello,Peter.I’mBob.Ijust___________(start)onMonday.48.Havingaglassofwaterfirstthinginthemorninghelpsr