英文文法的基本概念-英文的八大詞類

英文文法的基本概念-英文的八大官司^

英文軍字依其在句中的作用可分懸八大暫司名言司、代名暫司、形容官司、

勤氟副氤介系|司、速接靛1、感噗暫司等。

一、名官司Noun（n）:表示人、地、事、物等名耦的字。

1.名昌司的槿^及特黠:

名管司的槿^特黠

可數(shù)名官司1.普通名言司CommonNoun1.覃數(shù)名同：

Countable如boy,desk,country（只有一10）

Nouns2.集合名暫司CollectiveNouna/an+N

如family,people,classthe+N

2.逢數(shù)名弱:

（二他或以上）

N+s/N+es

不可數(shù)名官司3.IS有名官司ProperNoun1.

Uncountable如China,Taiwan,John2.不加a/an等等

Nouns4.物^名言司MaterialNoun3.指特定事物，

如water,air,iron即須加the

5.抽象名言司AbstractNoun

如health,happiness,honesty

冠官司:

a+單數(shù)（子音字首）(一...)

不XE冠日司

an+（單數(shù)母音字首）(—■■?)

定冠官司the+罩數(shù)名昌司（遭，那）

Mybrotherisastudent.

Sheeatsanappleeveryday.

1boughtadozeneggsinthemarket.

Thereare5familiesinthisapartment.

Myfamilyareallwell.

Myfamilyisalargeone.

Taiwanisanisland.

Ineedsomewater.

Thewaterinthebottleisclean.

Healthismoreimportantthanwealth.

2.禊數(shù)名官司的形成:

形成￥數(shù)例字

1.+sbooks,pens

buses,boxes,watches,

2.字尾s、X、

+esbrushes,sexes

ch、shz

x例外stomachs

規(guī)即燮化heroes,potatoes

3.子音+o+es

例外pianos,photos

4.子音+y去y+iesbaby—babies,city—*cities

leaJleaves,life—*lives

5.字尾f、fe去f、fe+ves例外roofs,chiefs,beliefs,

handkerchiefs

manmen例外Roman—>Romans

womanwomenGerman—Germans

footfeet規(guī),則燮化book—?books

toothteethcook—cooks

goosegeesepool—*pools

mousemice

不規(guī)劃燮化

oxoxen

childchildren

deerdeer

dishfishfishes多槿角，

sheepsheep

ChineseChinese

3.名暫司的用法：

用法例句

1.富作主靠1Johnhasabicycle.

2.WWComehere,John.

Mr.Lin,ourEnglishteacher,is

3.主1司同位

verykind.

乩勤官司的受管司MarylikesJohn.

4.富作受靛］

b.介系官司的受售司Sheisfondofmusic.

WelikeMr.Chang,ournew

5.受罰］同位^

teacher.

6.富作^^a.主官司^^Johnisagoodboy.

b.受昌司^^WecalltheboyGeorge.

4.名暫司的格：

用法例句

1.富作主官司Maryisagirl.

主格

2.富作主同^ThegirlisMary.

1.abird'snest

所有格所有格富形容暫司用，修^名信司

2.aboys'school

1.富作勤前］的受1司JohnlikesMary.

受格

2.富作介系1司的受管司Sheisfondofmusic.

5.名官司所有格的形成：

(1)有生命的所有格：

用法例句

Helen'sdoctor

i.，Sadog'stail

theteacher'sdress

ladies,hats

1._____S?

agirls'school

2.women'sclubs

2._____飛

children'stoys

數(shù)名暫司字尾沒有sB寺)

men'sroom

myfather-in-law'scar

3.^合字最彳度一字+('s)

somebodyelse'spen

1.共同所有：HelenandMary's

以and速接最彳度一彳固名言司加-S)school

4.

雨彳固名黃］2.他別所有:Helen'sandMary's

各加JS)school

(2)輾生命的所有格：

a.輾生命的所有格：

句型the+所有物+of+the/that/my...+所有者

l.thedoorofthisclassroom

例句2.theleavesofthattree

3.thenameofourschool

b.表示^格、距蹄、日寺重量的名官司+(_，s)或［:_sb:

用法例字

Nature'slaw自然律

1.掇人化Heaven'swill天意

theearth'ssurface

today'snewspaper

2.頻

thirtyminutes,walk

3.距雕twentymiles,journey

4.重量threepounds,weight

5.1S格tendollars,worthofsugar

toone'sheart'scontent心'滿意足

6.慣用^

atone?swifsend智Si才竭；不知所措

(3)所有格彳爰面名言司的省略：

用法例句

1.ThistruckisJohn's(truck).

1.避免重

2.Tom's(family)isalargefamily.

彳菱面遇有store,1.Heisstayingathisuncle's(house).

2.shop,house,2.1amgoingtothebarber's(shop).

hospital,church

(4)曼重所有格:

句{a,an,this,that,these,those,)+名暫司+of+{所有代名盲司)

型{some,any,no,many,}{名官司所有格}

1.1metafriendofmine,(mine=myfriends)

2.Thatwatchofhishasbeenstolen,(his=hiswatches)

例3.1metafriendofmybrother's.

句(mybrother's=mybrother'sfriends)

4.Manyclothesofmyaunt'swereboughtinParis.

(myaunt's=myaunt'sclothes)

(5)輿名司］有II的句型：

句型of+no+抽象名言司=not+形容言司(沒有?)

1.Hissuggestionwasofnouse.

例句

=Hissuggestionwasnotuseful.

句型of+抽象名暫司=形容1司

2.Heisamanoflearning.

例句

=Heisalearnedman.

句型of+great+抽象名言司=very+形容春司

3.Thebookisofgreatuse.

例句

=Thebookisveryuseful.

all+抽象名言司=very+形容|司

句型

抽象名暫司+itself=very+形容官司

4.

Sheisallbeauty.=Sheisverybeautiful.

例句

Sheisbeautyitself.=Sheisverybeautiful.

句型with(in,by,on...)+抽象名言司=副三司

5.Youdoeverythingwithcare.

例句

=Youdoeverythingcarefully.

二、代名官司Pronoun(pron.):代替名官司的字

w

1.人耦代名前11.人耦代名官司PersonalPronoun

如等

PersonalPronounI,you,he

2.所有代名言司PossessivePronoun

如mine,yours,等

3.禊合人耦代名能1/反身代名靛］

CompoundPersonalPronoun

如myself,yourself,himself等

2.指示代名前］

如this,that,these,those等

DemonstrativePronoun

3.不定代名暫司IndefinitePronoun如one,some,all等

4.疑冏代名官司

如who,what等

InterrogativePronoun

5.II保代名言司RelativePronoun如who,which,that,what等

1.人耦代名密司

（1）人耦代名策I

罩數(shù)

人節(jié)1主格所有格受格主格所有格受格

第一人耦（1%番舌者）ImymeweourUS

第二人耦（夥得舌者）youyouryouyouyouryou

hehishim

第三人耦

sheherhertheytheirthem

（被者）

ititsit

人耦代名官司的用法例句

1.主格1.作主同Ihaveadog.

Whoarethey?

2.作主能1Itishe.

Heistallerthan

she.

2.所有格所有格+受同Thisismypencil.

Thankyouforyour

所有格常形容暫司用

coming.

3.受格1.作受同

a.及物勤官司+受官司Iknowhim.

b.介系言司+受官司Heisafraidofme.

2.作受前］HetookJohntobe

me.

it的用法例句

1.代替前面提謾的A：Whereistheblackhat?

名靛1B:Itisinthelivingroom?

2.指日寺天氟1.Whattimeisit?

距雕2.Itishottoday,isn'tit?

3.Howfarisittothestation?

3.做形式上的主官司1.Itiswrongtotellalie.

或受等司2.1thinkitbettertodoso.

Itis+加強部分+1.ItisIthatloveyou.(Iloveyou.)

that+句子其繪部分2.Itismethatheloves.(Helovesme.)

含it的慣用1.makeit{arule}toVI..曾1慣於…

{acustom}

2.makeitpossibletoVI使…成懸可能

3.takeitforgrantedthat…梯柒理所富然

(2)所有代名1司

罩數(shù)

人w

所有格所有代名1司所有格所有代名1司

第一人耦mymine=my+名官司ourours=our+名官司

第二人耦youryours=your+名官司youryours=your+名官司

hishis=his+名言司

第三人耦herhers=her+名言司theirtheirs=their+名言司

itsits=its+名言司

所有代名1司的用法例句

1.Thishatismine.Whereisyours?

避免重褸(mine=myhat;yours=yourhat)

1.Afriendofminewillcometoseeme.

(mine=myfriends)

2.矍重所有

2.1likethosebooksofhis.

(his=hisbooks)

Hishouseislargerthanmine.

3.避免作^^的比較

(mine=myhouse)

(3)反身代名密司

人w主格/受格所有格/主格/受格所有格/

所有代名前］所有代名策］

第一人耦myselfmyownourselvesourown

第二人耦yourselfyourownyourselvesyourown

himselfhisown

第三人耦herselfherownthemselvestheirown

itselfitsown

反身代名笥］的用法例句

1.1.Youmusttakecareofyourself.

反身用法2.Heoftentalkstohimself.

2.1.1myselfdidit.

加

2.Thethingitselfisnotsoimportant.

1.1havemyownhouse.

3.所有格的用法

2.1haveahouseofmyown.

反身代名高司的慣用昌吾

1.byoneself避自）8.dressoneselfin（穿著）

2.fbroneself儡力；懸自己）9.devoteoneselfto（II心於）

慣

3.ofoneself（自行）10.helponeselfto（自行取用）

4.besideoneself金狂）11.prideoneselfon（以懸榮）

用

5.enjoyoneself（玩得很^心）=beproudof

6.seatoneself（坐下）=takepridein

=sitdown12.cometooneself（甦醒）

7.absentoneselffrom（缺席）13.makeoneselfathome

=beabsentfrom（不要客氟）

1.Makeyourselfathome,please.

2.Weenjoyedourselvesattheparty.

例

3.Hefinishedtheworkbyhimself.

4.Youhavetodoitforyourself.

句

5.Heoftenabsentshimselffromclasses.

6.ShepridesherselfonknowingFrench.

2.指示代名官司

thisthat

thesethose

人耦代名言司的用法

1.this（these）指較近的人或物

2.that（those）指較逮的人或物

1.

1.Thisismyhatandthatisyours.

2.Thosearemyfriends.

that輿those可以代替前面所提謾的名黃］,以避免重禊；前面所

2.提謾的名管司懸罩數(shù)用that,前面所提謾的名管司懸禊數(shù)用thoseo

1.Thepriceofthistableishigherthanthatofthischair.

2.Theearsofarabbitarelongerthanthoseofacat.

this=thelatter（彳爰者）

3.

that=theformer（前者）

Healthisabovewealth;thiscannotgivesomuchhappinessasthat.

this,that,these,those輿表示日寺^的名言司速用，形成副信司片

4.thismorning;thisyear;thatday;thatnight;thesedays（近來）；

inthosedays（那日寺；富喻

thosewho?=peoplewho?（?的人儼號）

5.1.Heavenhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.

2.1likethosewhoarekindandhonest.

3.不定代名密司

some,any的用法例句

1.some用於肯定句1.1knowsomeofthem,butnotall.

2.any用於疑冏句、2.Ifthereisanyleft,givemesome.

否定句及脩件句3.Heneverpaysmebackanyofthemoney

Ilendhim.

4.Didyouseeanyoftheteachers?

other/another的用法例句

1.one...theother1.1havetwodogs;oneiswhiteand

?°T固…另一彳固theother（is）black.

2.one...theothers2.Fivestudentsmadethisexhibit;one

?000...T固…其。余的wasaboyandtheothersweregirls.

3.Therewerethreemen.Onewas

3.one...another...theother

blind,anotherwasdeaf,andthe

?。@—彳固...T固…另T固

otherwaslame.

4.someof...,theothers...4.1knowonlysomeofthestudents;

?ooo一些...其繪的theothersarestrangerstome.

1.another又一；另一1.1don'tlikethisone.Pleaseshowme

2.onething...anotheranother.

又一；另一2.Toknowisonething;toteachis

another.

3.oneafteranother

3.Thebusesleftoneafteranother.

一他又一彳固地；陛陛余鼠^地

「有些，有些」的句型

1.

Some+不可數(shù)N…；some+不可數(shù)N…

Somereadingisinteresting;some(reading)isboring.

2.

Some+可數(shù)N…；other+可數(shù)N…

Somehabitsaregood;otherhabitsarebad.

Somehabitsaregood;othersarebad.

3.

Some+(可數(shù)名官司)…；some(others)...

Some(people)likeswimming;otherslikejogging.

TherearemanyTVprograms.Somearegoodforus;

otherswillhaveabadinfluenceonus.

Somesaidyes;otherssaidno.

each/every的用法

eachevery

1.可作形容密司和代名聲］用1.只能作形容官司用

Eachboyreceivedapresent.Thebossshookhandswith

Eachofthestudentsbroughtaeveryoneofus.

dictionary.

2.用於二他或二他以上的每一他2.用於三他以上的每一他

Thereisabookstoreoneachsideeveryoneofmyfngers(。)

ofhestreet.everyoneofmyhands(x)

(=Thereisabookstoreonbotheachoneofmyhands(0)

sidesofhestreet.)

Eachoneofthetwosistershasa

newpen.

3.eachother:(雨者)互相3.{Other}

Oneanother:(三者)互相every+{two)+N(每隔…)

Theyrespecteachother.{three}

Wetalkedtoeachother.Hecomeseveryday.

Hecomeseveryotherday.

Hecomeshereeverythree

days.

4.否定字(not)不輿each速用4.notevery(加非每一彳固)

表示部分否定

Noteverystudentwalksto

school.

both/all;either/any;neither/none的另！

仝■妞

用法全部1..八、、任一

雨者bothneithereither

三者（含）以上allnoneany

*表「全部」：雨者用both,三者用all

1.1knowbothofthetwogirls.

2.1knowallofthethreegirls.

*表「全瓢」：雨者用neither,三者用none

1.1knowneitherofthetwogirls.

2.1knownoneoftheheregirls.

*表「任一」：雨者用either,三者用any

1.Youmaytakeeitherofthetwobooks.

2.Youmaytakeanyofthethreebooks.

4.疑冏代名管司

疑冏代名管司的分^

主格所有格受格

用法

人雅）whowhosewhom

人、物（什麼）what-what

人、物（哪一彳固）which-which

疑冏代名管司的用法

who1.作主1司1.Whotookthesepictures?

2.作主高用甫Myfatherdid.

*用於冏「姓名、H保」2.Whoishe?HeisMr.Brown.

whose作疑冏形容暫司1.Whosebagisthis?

2.Whoseshoeswashewearing?

whom1.作及物勤暫司的受管司1.Whomdidyousee?

2.作介系官司的受售司2.Bywhomwasshecaught?

what1.用於事、物，有「什麼」1.Whatisyourname?

之意Whatareyoudoing?

2.用於人，表身2.Whatareyou?I'mateacher.

分」Cf.WhoisHe?

3.彳及接名官司疇即成懸「疑冏HeisMr.Wang.

形容同Heismyuncle.

HeismyEnglishteacher.

3.Whattimeisit?

which1.作「哪一他」，有逗攆之1.Whichdolikebetter,summer

意orwinter?

2.彳爰接名官司畤即成懸「疑冏2.Whichoftheseisyours?

形容1司」

注意事項:1.若探接冏句JIM序懸：

疑艮目言司+主I司+重拾司_____________

Doyouknowwherehelives?

（直接冏句：Wheredoeshelive?）

2Noonecouldunderstandwhathewassaying.

{say/think}

疑冏官司+doyou+{believe/guess）+主備司+勤吉司…

_______________{imagine/suppose..}

Whatdoyousupposehewillgiveyou?

Whodoyouthinkcametoseeme?IthinkheisMr.Smith.

三、形容1司Adjective(adj):用以修itS名官司或代名官司的字。

1.形容1司的槿^:

形容前］的槿^

1.代名形容前11.指示形容官司PersonalPronoun

PronominalAdjective如this,these,that,those,such等

(1)有代名信司性的形容看司。2.不定形容言司PossessivePronoun

(2)代名形容密司彳爰面須接名如some,any,each,all,both等

言司，而代名官司即否。3.所有形容官司

CompoundPersonalPronoun

如my,your,his等

4.疑冏形容前］

如what,which,whose等

5.II保形容同

如whose等

2.數(shù)量形容前11.不定數(shù)量形容等司-表示不硅定的數(shù)量

Quantitativeadjectives如many,few,much,little,some,any等

表數(shù)和量的形容前］2.數(shù)1司-用以表示數(shù)目

如one,two,first,half等

3.性狀形容看司1.敘述形容言司DescriptiveAdjectives

QualifyingAdjectives如good,tall,young,beautiful等

表性^和狀魅的形容1司2.物^形容官司DescriptiveAdjectives

如gold,golden,wooden等

3.IB有形容官司ProperAdjectives

如Chinese,English,American等

2.形容暫司的用法：

1.限定用法：(1)前位修

放在名荊的前面，修^且限|形容同+名罰

定名普司的意羲。thesetwonewstudents

allthefourEnglishbooks

ahandsomeyoungman

*英文名售司的修,如果是罩弱的

得舌，通常出現(xiàn)在名簿1的前面；如果是片

^或子句的看舌，通常出現(xiàn)在名篇］的接面。

(2)接位修

some-/any?/no?/every-+形容百司

?body/?one/?thing+開鄉(xiāng)容官司

Letmetellyousomethinginteresting.

Isawnobodyelseintheroom.

Isthereanythingnewintoday'spaper?

名官司+present/else等

nooneelse

CharlestheGreat

GeorgetheFifth

allthepeoplepresent

表「是、邕、高、深」deep,high,

long,old,thick,wide…等形容密司輿

「數(shù)器1」速用疇：

Heisfifteenyearsold.

Theboxis20incheslong,18inches

wide,and16incheshigh.

名管司+一速串的形容|司

amanpoorbuthonest

SheisaladybeautifULkindandrich.

Heseemstobeaman,wiseandjust.

名官司+形容后司片后吾

Helookedatthenotebookonthetable.

Tainanisacityfamousforitshistoric

spots.

名1司+形容笥］子句

Thisisthehousewherehelived.

2.非限定用法：(1)富主官司^^用Heiskind.

放在勤肅1接面，^明主1司的(2)常受官司^^用Ifoundherabsent.

性狀熊?；蚍旁谑艿?接

面，1%明受官司的性翼狀熊。

3.形容1司的次序:

用法例句

1.冠官司、指示形容官司、所有格置1.Bothhisparentsarehere.

於all,both,double,such,what,2.Whatafineday!

many彳爰面。3.Allmyloveisforyoualone.

2.序數(shù)和基數(shù)共同修^一名官司1.Ourfirstthreelessonsarenot

日寺,序數(shù)要放在基數(shù)前面。difficult.

2.Thelasttwoseasonsoftheyearare

fallandwinter.

3.雨他以上的「描嘉」形容1司共1.Sheisalovelyfatlittlegirl.

同修—名言司畤，H保愈密切2.1liveinaJapanesewoodenhouse.

者，愈要靠近^名官司。3.Thisisanexpensivegoldwatch.

4.數(shù)量形容官司：

用法修^可數(shù)名暫司修^不可數(shù)名官司

1.1午多1.many+禊數(shù)可數(shù)名言司1.much+軍數(shù)不可數(shù)名春司

=manya+H敦可數(shù)名售司

2.anumberof2.anamountof

agreatnumberofagreatdealof

agoodnumberofagooddealof

alargenumberof

3.alotof/lotsof3.alotof/lotsof

4.plentyof4.plentyof

1.1havevisitedmanycountries.

=1havevisitedmanyacountry.

2.Doyouhavemuchmoney?

Therehasn'tbeenmuchgoodweatherrecently.

3.Hespentagreatdealofmoneyohisbooks.

4.Hehasalargenumberofbooks.

cf.Anumberofstudentswereabsentyesterday.

Thenumberofstudentsisincreasing

2.很少few+禊數(shù)可數(shù)名官司little+軍數(shù)不可數(shù)名1司

（含否定意味）1.1havefewbookswithme.

2.Thegirlissoillthatlittlelopeisleft.

3.一些1.afew+^可數(shù)名言司l.alittle+H數(shù)不可數(shù)名言司

（含肯定意味）2.some2.some

1.Hehasafewfriends.

2.1hadalittletimeforreading.

分數(shù)的表示法例句

1.分子用基數(shù),分母用序數(shù)。1/2=ahalf/onehalf

2.分子大於1畤，分母須加“s”1/3=athird/one-third

以形成1/4=aquarter/one-fourth

2/3=two-thirds

3.基數(shù)：one,two,three...

3/4=threequarters/three-fourths

序數(shù)：first,second,third...

3/5=three-fifths

「數(shù)官司+名暫司」：^合形容官司例句

atwo-monthvacation

1.數(shù)字-UN+N

aten-storybuilding

Heistenyearsold.

2.數(shù)字通N+形容前］

=heisaten-year-oldboy.

aone-eyedman

3.形容字司-Ned+N

high-pricedgoods

*數(shù)1司(hundred,thousand,million...)之前有明礎(chǔ)的數(shù)字：

twohundredbooks

threethousandstudents

fourmillionpeople

數(shù)官司之前沒有明碓的數(shù)字：數(shù)走］s+of

hundredsofbooks

thousandsofstudents

millionsofpeople

tensofthousandsofcards

4.形容聲］的比較：

分^用法例句

1.原級1.軍褐表示性^或數(shù)量。1.Johnistall.

2.ThisisabeautifUlflower.

2.比敕級1.懸雨者之^的比敕。1.JohnistallerthanGreg.

2.Thisflowerismore

beautifiilthanthat.

3.最高級1.懸三者之^的比較。1.Johnisthetallestofthe

2.最高級形容官司在其前面three.

加定冠笥F'the”。2.Thisisthemostbeautiflil

flowerinthegarden.

(1)形容每司比較級和最高級的形成

a.規(guī)刖燮化

原級比較敏最局級

1.罩音^形容(1)+er+est

IRI(2)?e+r+st

(3)子音+y去y+ier去y+iest

(4)短母音子音字尾重禊字尾+er重禊字尾+est

2.多音形容(1)字尾是fill、ble、

Iq|less、ous、ing等二more?most?

音形容|司

(2)三音第形容|司

3.字尾是?y,~er,燮化同罩音第燮化同覃音第

~le,~ow等形容密司形容官司

二音第形容看司

例字：1.(1)long-longer-longest,fast-faster-fastest

(2)wise-wiser-wisest,large-larger-largest

(3)dry-drier-driest

(4)hot-hotter-hottest,big-bigger-biggest

2.(1)useful-moreuseful-mostuseful,

(2)valuable-morevaluable-mostvaluable

3.easy-easier-easiest,happy-happier-happiest

clever-cleverer-cleverest

narrow-narrower-narrowest

able-abler-ablest

simple-simpler-simplest

simple-moresimple-mostsimple

b.不規(guī)劃建化

原級比敕級最局級

good（好的）better（較好的）best（最好的）

well（健康的）

bad（壤的）worse（更壤的）worst（最壤的）

ill（生病的）

many/much(很多)more（更多的）most（最多的）

little（少；小）less（敕少/小的）least（最少/小的）

olderoldest「表年齡或新營」

old(老;ff)

eldereldest「表示是幼J嗔序」

farther（更遽的）farthest「表