平面磨床中英文外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

平面磨床中英文外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)平面磨床中英文外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)SurfacegrindingSurfacegrinding

isusedtoproduceasmoothfinishonflatsurfaces.Itisawidelyused

abrasivemachining

processinwhichaspinningwheelcoveredinroughparticles(grindingwheel)cutschipsofmetallicornonmetallicsubstancefromaworkpiece,makingafaceofitflatorsmooth.ProcessSurfacegrindingisthemostcommonofthegrindingoperations.Itisafinishingprocessthatusesarotatingabrasivewheeltosmooththeflatsurfaceofmetallicornonmetallicmaterialstogivethemamorerefinedlookortoattainadesiredsurfaceforafunctionalpurpose.Thesurfacegrinderiscomposedofanabrasivewheel,aworkholdingdeviceknownasa

\o"Chuck(engineering)"chuck,andareciprocatingtable.Thechuckholdsthematerialinplacewhileitisbeingworkedon.Itcandothisoneoftwoways:metallicpiecesareheldinplacebyamagneticchuck,whilenonmetallicpiecesareheldinplacebyvacuumormechanicalmeans.Factorstoconsiderinsurfacegrindingarethematerialofthegrindingwheelandthematerialofthepiecebeingworkedon.Typicalworkpiecematerialsincludecastironandminorsteel.Thesetwomaterialsdon'ttendtoclogthegrindingwheelwhilebeingprocessed.Othermaterialsarealuminum,stainlesssteel,brassandsomeplastics.Whengrindingathightemperatures,thematerialtendstobecomeweakenedandismoreinclinedtocorrode.Thiscanalsoresultinalossofmagnetisminmaterialswherethisisapplicable.Thetolerancesthatarenormallyachievedwithgrindingare±2×10?4

inchesforagrindingaflatmaterial,and±3×10?4

inchesforaparallelsurface.Thegrindingwheelisnotlimitedtojustacylindricalshape,butcanhaveamyriadofoptionsthatareusefulintransferringdifferentdesignstotheobjectbeingworkedon.Whensurfacegrindinganobject,onemustkeepinmindthattheshapeofthewheelwillbetransferredtothematerialoftheobjectlikeamirrorimage.Sparkout

isatermusedwhenprecisionvaluesaresoughtandliterallymeans"untilthesparksareout(nomore)".Itinvolvespassingtheworkpieceunderthewheel,withoutresettingthedepthofcut,morethanonceandgenerallymultipletimes.Thisensuresthatanyinconsistenciesinthemachineorworkpieceareeliminated.EquipmentSurfaceGrinderwithelectromagneticchuck,insetshowsaManualmagneticchuckA

surfacegrinder

isa

\o"Grindingmachine"machinetool

usedtoprovideprecisiongroundsurfaces,eithertoacriticalsizeorforthesurfacefinish.Thetypicalprecisionofasurfacegrinderdependsonthetypeandusage,however+/-0.002

mm(+/-0.0001")shouldbeachievableonmostsurfacegrinders.Themachineconsistsofatablethattraversesbothlongitudinallyandacrossthefaceofthewheel.Thelongitudinalfeedisusuallypoweredby

\o"Hydraulicmachinery"hydraulics,asmaythecrossfeed,howeveranymixtureofhand,electricalorhydraulicmaybeuseddependingontheultimateusageofthemachine(i.e.:production,workshop,cost).Thegrindingwheelrotatesinthespindleheadandisalsoadjustableforheight,byanyofthemethodsdescribedpreviously.Modernsurfacegrindersaresemi-automated,depthofcutandspark-outmaybepresetastothenumberofpassesandoncesetupthemachiningprocessrequiresverylittleoperatorintervention.Dependingontheworkpiecematerial,theworkisgenerallyheldbytheuseofamagneticchuck.Thismaybeeitheranelectromagneticchuck,oramanuallyoperated,permanentmagnettypechuck;bothtypesareshowninthefirstimage.Themachinehasprovisionfortheapplicationof

\o"Cuttingfluid"coolant

aswellastheextractionofmetaldust(metalandgrindingparticles).TypesofsurfacegrindersHorizontal-spindle(peripheral)surfacegrinders

Theperiphery(flatedge)ofthewheelisincontactwiththeworkpiece,producingtheflatsurface.Peripheralgrindingisusedinhigh-precisionworkonsimpleflatsurfaces;tapersorangledsurfaces;slots;flatsurfacesnexttoshoulders;recessedsurfaces;andprofiles.Vertical-spindle(wheel-face)grinders

Thefaceofawheel(cup,cylinder,disc,orsegmentalwheel)isusedontheflatsurface.Wheel-facegrindingisoftenusedforfastmaterialremoval,butsomemachinescanaccomplishhigh-precisionwork.Theworkpieceisheldonareciprocatingtable,whichcanbevariedaccordingtothetask,orarotary-tablemachine,withcontinuousorindexedrotation.Indexingallowsloadingorunloadingonestationwhilegrindingoperationsarebeingperformedonanother.Discgrindersanddouble-discgrinders

Discgrindingissimilartosurfacegrinding,butwithalargercontactareabetweendiscandworkpiece.Discgrindersareavailableinbothverticalandhorizontalspindletypes.Doublediscgrindersworkbothsidesofaworkpiecesimultaneously.Discgrindersarecapableofachievingespeciallyfinetolerances.GrindingwheelsforsurfacegrindersAluminumoxide,siliconcarbide,diamond,andcubicboronnitride(CBN)arefourcommonlyusedabrasivematerialsforthesurfaceofthegrindingwheels.Ofthesematerials,aluminumoxideisthemostcommon.Becauseofcost,diamondandCBNgrindingwheelsaregenerallymadewithacoreoflessexpensivematerialsurroundedbyalayerofdiamondorCBN.DiamondandCBNwheelsareveryhardandarecapableofeconomicallygrindingmaterials,suchasceramicsandcarbides,thatcannotbegroundbyaluminumoxideorsiliconcarbidewheels.Aswithanygrindingoperation,theconditionofthewheelisextremelyimportant.

\o"Grindingdresser"Grindingdressers

areusedtomaintaintheconditionofthewheel,thesemaybetablemountedormountedinthewheelheadwheretheycanbereadilyapplied.LubricationLubricantsaresometimesusedtocooltheworkpieceandwheel,lubricatetheinterface,andremove

swarf

(chips).Itmustbeapplieddirectlytothecuttingareatoensurethatthefluidisnotcarriedawaybythegrindingwheel.Commonlubricantsincludewater-solublechemicalfluids,watersolubleoils,syntheticoils,andpetroleum-basedoils.Thetypeoflubricationuseddependsontheworkpiecematerialandisoutlinedinthetablebelow.TypesoflubricantsusedforgrindingbasedonworkpiecematerialWorkpiecematerialLubricantAluminiumLightdutyoilBrassLightdutyoilCastironHeavydutyemulsifiableoil,lightdutychemicalandsyntheticoilMildsteelHeavydutywater-solubleoilStainlesssteelHeavydutyemulsifiableoil,heavydutychemicalandsyntheticoilPlasticsWater-solubleoil,dry,heavydutyemulsifiableoil,lightdutychemicalandsyntheticoilEffectsonworkmaterialpropertiesThehightemperaturesencounteredatthegroundsurfacecreate

\o"Residualstress"residualstresses

andathin

\o"Martensite"martensitic

layermayformonthepartsurface;thisdecreasesthe

\o"Fatiguestrength"fatiguestrength.In

\o"Ferromagneticmaterials"ferromagneticmaterials,ifthetemperatureofthesurfaceisraisedbeyondthe

Curietemperature

thenitmaylosesomemagneticproperties.Finally,thesurfacemaybemoresusceptibletocorrosion.TrendsoftheSurfacegrindingmachinesThecurrenttrendisgrindingshiftshape,step,cut,fastjitter,three-dimensionalcurvesurfacegrinding.Itcanbesaid,flatgrindingmillisthelargestclassofmachinetoolsintheevolutionofthepotentialofamodel.First,thedevelopmenttrendofsurfacegrindingmachine1.Fromthespecificationpointofview,mainlywithsmallgrinding.Thefollowingtable200mmwide,almost50%,smallsizeandthemountingofthemachineeasiertotransport;relativelysmallsizemachinetools,precisioneasytodoveryhigh;intheinternationalmarketupper,middleandsmallsizeofthepotentialdemandforlargeflatgrinding.2.Fromthecontrolpointofview,morethan70%fortheNCtype,thereareuniaxial,biaxialandtriaxialNC,uptofive-axiscontrol,especiallyofmorethan400large-sizemodels,allfortheNCtype.Duetotechnologicallevelofdevelopmentleadtofunctionalchangesfromthetraditionalflatgrindingmillgrindingtoshapechange,conventionalcontrolhasbeendifficulttoachievefunctionalrequirements.CNCgrindinghasbecomeamarkettrend.

3.Fromthefunctionalpointofview,morethan50%ofthegrindingprocessnotonlyforthehorizontalplane,andturnedtoshape,step,cut,fastjitter,three-dimensionalcurvesurfacegrindingprocess,suchastheELB,BLM-basedcompanytochangegrindingmadeoffive-axisgrindingcenter,enablingnon-planarcomplexsurfacegrinding;Unison,Trutechcompany'sflexiblegrindingsystemcanachieveforming,centerless,cylindrical,tool,contourgrinding,etc.;thereYuFu,Parkerrapidjittercompanies,suchasgrinding,grindingclassreflectsthegrindingmachineisthegreatestpotentialintheevolutionofamodel.

Second,thedevelopmentshowsfourmajorchanges

1.High-speed,complex,highprecisionandhighrigidityisstillthemainthemeofthedevelopmentofmetalcuttingmachinetools,buttherearenewchanges.Compound,fromtheoriginalcompoundintothecompoundandthemainconsiderationfromthepracticalandefficient,suchascars,milling,turning,milling,drillingofthecomposite,thecompositemillingandEDM;fromafunctionalpointofview,forthecompoundmachinehighlyconsideredforcertainparts;fromaccuracypointofview,positioningaccuracy<2μm,repeataccuracy≤±1μmthemachinehasbeenfoundeverywhere;fromthespindlespeedpointofview,8.2kWspindleof60000r/min,13kWof42000r/min,spindlespeedisnottheexclusivefeaturesoflowpower;fromrigidpointofview,therehavebeen60HRChardness,machinabilityofmaterialsprocessingcenter.

2.Modulardesignhasbeenappliedinmachinetoolmanufacturinghadreachedapinnacle.Horizontalline,verticalline,thewholeseries,cross-Seriesmodulardesign,whetheritisOkuma,Makino,representedbyJapanMachineTool,orHaas,Cincinnati,representedbytheU.S.machinetools,likepointofviewexactlythesameshape,butthefunctioniscompletelydifferentmodulesposedbymanyisuniversal.

3.Theconceptofautomaticchange.Thetraditionalautomaticmachineisapneumaticorhydraulicmanipulatortoachieveautomaticworkpiece,cutting,andnowwiththetruemeaningofmulti-jointrobotseriestoachievetheworkpiece,thecutting,includingthecompletionofpartsstacking.Increasethescopeofcontrolofthegrouptoenhancetheflexibilityofline,andauxiliarymachinerygreatlyreduced.

4.Increasingenvironmentalrequirements.Intheexhibits,thevastmajorityofmachinetoolproductsareall-closedshell,absolutelynochipsorcuttingfluidsplashingphenomenon.Ontheotherhand,alargenumberofindustrialcleaningmachinesandcuttingfluidprocessorsystemsondisplay,modernmanufacturingalsoreflectsthegrowingdemandsofenvironmentalprotection.References1.ToolandManufacturingEngineersHandbook

(TMEH),4thedition,Volume1,

Machining.SocietyofManufacturingEngineers,19832.

TMEH,Volume1.3.Todd,Allen&Alting1994,p.

141.4.Todd,Allen&Alting1994,p.

139平面磨床維基百科平面磨床是用作在生產(chǎn)平面上加工工件的設(shè)備。它被廣泛使用在研磨加工過(guò)程中，用一個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)的車(chē)輪（砂輪）切割金屬或非金屬材料制成的工件，使得它的扁平或不平滑的表面得到覆蓋，得到理想的工件。

工藝

平面磨床是最常見(jiàn)的工作是研磨作業(yè)。這是一個(gè)磨削的過(guò)程，它使用一個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)的砂輪在平滑的平面上磨削金屬或非金屬材料，給他們一個(gè)更精致的外觀或功能。它就是提供這樣一個(gè)光滑的平面的設(shè)備。平面磨床是由砂輪，卡盤(pán)夾緊裝置，還有如眾所周知的，往復(fù)系統(tǒng)組成?？ūP(pán)所吸持住的工件，正在磨削處理。不同材料制成的工件夾持有這樣的兩種方法：金屬件由電磁吸盤(pán)來(lái)夾持，而非金屬件則采用真空或機(jī)械手段。

磨削砂輪的表面材料和被磨削工件的材料的處理是要考慮的因素。典型工件材料包括鑄鐵和小鋼。這兩種材料不容易堵塞砂輪，而正在廣泛的使用中。其他材料是鋁，不銹鋼，黃銅和某些塑料。當(dāng)在高溫下研磨，材料特性趨于減弱，更傾向于腐蝕。這也導(dǎo)致磁材料的損失，是這種材料不適用的地方。通常認(rèn)為磨公差為達(dá)到±2×10-4英寸平面研磨材料和±3×10-4的平面研磨材料為最好。砂輪是不是只限于一個(gè)圓柱形狀，它可以有選擇，在不同的設(shè)計(jì)中針對(duì)不同的處理對(duì)象和工藝有不同的形狀。當(dāng)對(duì)一個(gè)物體的表面進(jìn)行磨削，人們必須記住，形狀如平面鏡圖像對(duì)象的材料將被應(yīng)用到了車(chē)輪。當(dāng)涉及到車(chē)輪下的合格工件，無(wú)需重新設(shè)置磨削過(guò)程，它的磨削過(guò)程不止一次，一般每次多大深度都已經(jīng)設(shè)置好了。這保證了工件不會(huì)因?yàn)槿魏尾灰恢卤惶蕴?。設(shè)備平面磨床使用的夾持設(shè)備是電磁吸盤(pán)，插圖顯示了一個(gè)手動(dòng)電磁吸盤(pán)。

一個(gè)平面磨床是一臺(tái)機(jī)器工具，用來(lái)提供精確的平面，或者是一個(gè)達(dá)到多少標(biāo)準(zhǔn)光潔度的表面。

一個(gè)典型的平面磨床精度取決于類(lèi)型和用法，而且應(yīng)在+/-0.002毫米（+/-0.0001“）級(jí)別的平面磨床的最表面。

磨床有一個(gè)表面，可以同時(shí)縱向運(yùn)動(dòng)和橫向運(yùn)動(dòng)的表面?？v向運(yùn)動(dòng)通常是由液壓驅(qū)動(dòng)，橫向進(jìn)給也得到可能，除此外還有其他機(jī)械手的混合運(yùn)動(dòng)，電動(dòng)或液壓可以使用在不同的機(jī)器上（即：生產(chǎn)，車(chē)間，原料）達(dá)到最終用途。在砂輪旋轉(zhuǎn)主軸頭，設(shè)計(jì)了軸頭高度可調(diào)的方法，前面所述?，F(xiàn)代平面磨床是半自動(dòng)化，確定了切削深度，操作人員預(yù)置例如磨削次數(shù)及其他相關(guān)參數(shù)，一旦安裝了加工過(guò)程中只需要很少的操作人員干預(yù)。對(duì)與不同材料制成的工件，一般認(rèn)為這項(xiàng)工作是由一個(gè)電磁吸盤(pán)來(lái)完成。這相當(dāng)是一種電磁卡盤(pán)或手動(dòng)操作，永久磁鐵式夾頭；這兩種類(lèi)型都在第一幅圖像顯示。

該磨床具有對(duì)冷卻劑的應(yīng)用以及對(duì)金屬粉塵（金屬研磨顆粒）提取的規(guī)定。

平面磨床的類(lèi)型

臥式主軸（外設(shè)）平面磨床，其外圍（平邊）的輪與工件接觸在生產(chǎn)平面上。周邊是用于工作簡(jiǎn)單的高精度磨削的平面，圓錐或傾斜的表面和插槽；平面旁邊是肩膀、槽表面和型材。

垂直軸（輪面）平面磨床，它的一個(gè)輪子（杯，缸，盤(pán)，或節(jié)段性輪）面對(duì)的是在平坦的表面。砂輪磨面往往是用于快速材料的去除，但有些機(jī)器可以實(shí)現(xiàn)高精度的工作。工件往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)的表面，它可以根據(jù)不同的任務(wù)，或者一個(gè)旋轉(zhuǎn)平面或索引連續(xù)旋轉(zhuǎn)。在進(jìn)行工作的同時(shí)可以對(duì)下一工件進(jìn)行預(yù)置。

圓盤(pán)磨床和雙盤(pán)研磨機(jī)研磨盤(pán)研磨表面相似，但研磨盤(pán)和工件之間的接觸面積較大。圓盤(pán)磨床用垂直軸和水平軸兩種類(lèi)型。雙盤(pán)磨工作時(shí)兩側(cè)的工件同時(shí)進(jìn)行。圓盤(pán)磨床擁有更加完美的公差能力。

表面磨床砂輪

氧化鋁，碳化硅，金剛石和立方氮化硼（CBN）是四種常用的砂輪表面的研磨材料。這些材料，氧化鋁是最常見(jiàn)的。因?yàn)榫统杀径?，金剛石和CBN砂輪通常由較便宜材料包圍，金剛石或CBN材料作為核心被外層包圍。金剛石和CBN砂輪是非常堅(jiān)硬，而且是經(jīng)濟(jì)研磨材料，適用于如陶瓷，碳化物，這些不能被氧化鋁或碳化硅砂輪磨削的材料。

正如任何研磨作業(yè)，車(chē)輪的條件都是非常重要的。磨削需要修整用來(lái)維持車(chē)輪正常運(yùn)行的條件，這些很可能是安裝在表面或磨頭，在那里他們可以很容易地應(yīng)用上。

潤(rùn)滑

潤(rùn)滑劑有時(shí)用于冷卻工件和砂輪，潤(rùn)滑界面，并移除切屑（沫）。它必須直接用