文體學GraphologicalStyle知識點

文體學GraphologicalStyle知識點

GraphologicalStyleMarkers

Graphology（筆跡，語相）refers

to

theshapeorsizeofthesymbols

usedto

conveymeaning.

Variousaspectsofdesigningraphology(e.g.punctuation,capitalization,spelling,paragraphing)areresourceswhichcanbeutilizedforcommunicativepurpose.

Andinextremecases,theshapeofthetextandthesymbolsofthedifferent

linguisticlevelsareevenessentialfortheinterpretationofthetext.I.Punctuation標點符號都有其常規(guī)的,無標記的用法。偏離這些常規(guī),以及某種符號的高頻率出現(xiàn),都可在適當?shù)那榫罢Z境中取得特殊的文體效應。Exclamation1.Avocativeusedwithanexclamationmark

representsurgentwarningorcommand.“Nicholas!”saidhisunclesharply.“Nicholas,”saidhismothersoftly.2.Anexclamationmarkendinganimperativesentenceaddstotheperemptoryorurgnentforceofacommand.Shutthedoor!3.Thecombinationofquestionandexclamation

marksspecifiesthewriter’sdoubtorsurpriseaboutcertainlanguage

items.What?!HesaidIwashisbest(?!)friend.

4.

Excessiveuseofexclamationmarks

isoftenconsideredasasignoffrivolous

andimmaturewriting;Theuseofmorethanone

exclamationmarkisafeatureofvery

informalwriting.Dash1.Dashisconsideredamarkofinformalwriting.Itmayindicateasuddenbreakorinterruption.“Nohedidn’t,AuntMollie.Itwasn’tMrEdmond.Mr.Edmonddidn’t–-”2.Dashescanbeusedtomarkoffaparenthesis.Theytendtogiveasomewhatmoredramaticandinformalimpression.“Letussay“goodnight”,myfineboy,saidthegentleman,whenhehadbenthishead—Isawhim!Overmymother’slittleglove

(DavidCopperfield,Murdstone)QuotationToindicatetheauthenticityofthequotedwords.Todirectthereader’sattentiontothequotedwords.Inmarringthegirlheworried“abitmore

thanhecouldchew”.Toenclosewordsusedinspecialsensesorborrowedfromothercontexts.Toenclosewordsthatthewriterconsidersinappropriateoruntrue.Another“Livelihoodproject”Exle:How,is,my,lit,tle,friend?How,is,my,lit,tle,friend?--CharlesDickensDombeyandSonCommasarerepeatedlyusedheretoimitatetherhythmofaclock.Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.---Juliascaesar

凱撒用這種手段來炫耀他可以不費吹灰之力就可以征服對手的能力。

這種形式一方面使閱讀時間變短,停頓變得簡短有力使各句之間的意義聯(lián)系密切,減少了三個過程之間的時間差;另一方面,這一手段特別強調(diào)了最后一個過程。用逗號來連接came,saw,conquered三個過程,從而在語法上給三者相同的地位。因此,“征服對手”所需時間與“來”和“看”所需時間一樣長,從而強調(diào)了“征服”這一過程的迅速,使凱撒的傲慢之情味躍然紙上?！璽hefirstcarintownagirlGirlthat’swhatJasoncouldn’tbearsmellofgasolinemakinghimsickthengotmadderthaneverbecauseagirlGirlhadnosisterbutBenjaminBenjaminthechildofmysorrowfulifI’djusthadamother

soIcouldsayMotherMother…--Willian\mFaulknerTheSoundandtheFury

ThisisaparagraphdescribingQuentin’s

psychologybeforehecommitsuicide.

Theabsenceofpunctuationrevealshis

illogical,irrational,crazythoughtsatthemoment.(2)Layout(Shapeofatext)Theshapeofatextcanbedesignedinanunconventionalwaysothatitmaybesuggestiveofacertainliterarytheme.L(aLeAfFaLls)oneliness

(E.E.Cummings)e.e.cummings的這首詩l(a,通過語言變異的現(xiàn)象,來達到突出的目的,給讀者留下了過目不忘的印象。詩人把詩歌看作一種可視藝術,通過獨特的排版方法,把單個的詞在視覺上的美表現(xiàn)的淋漓盡致。他的詩歌給讀者美的享受,同時也留給讀者許多遐想的空間。這首怪異的l(a從視覺上給了我們強烈的沖擊。aleaffalls/lonelinessl(a里的l恰恰是樹干的形狀，代表一棵樹，隨后用拆分單詞的形式呈垂直狀態(tài)落下，剛剛像是樹葉離開樹在風中飄零而后無聲、孤寂地凋落在離樹不遠處的地面上。更巧妙的是對單詞loneliness的拆分，l/one/iness。一片葉子從樹上飄落。從此，離開了樹的葉子孤獨了，沒有了葉子的樹也孤獨了。[冰山譯]

艸

（一

十

艸

洛）冖

卂

艸

冖

卂

譯文：煢（一葉落）煢—Thinkyou’reinHeaven?Well—you’llsoonbeinHELL

(M.Horovitz)

在這首詩里，詩人就是用一種違

反常規(guī)的奇特的書寫方式來直觀

地表現(xiàn)入地獄是往下行的。40-LOVE

RogerMcGoughmiddleagedcoupleplayingten-niswhenthegameendsandtheygohomethenetwillstillbebe-tweenthem40-Love四十歲的愛情

RogerMcGough

Middle

aged

中

年couple

playing

夫

婦ten

nis

打

網(wǎng)when

the

球

打game

ends

完

后and

they

回

家go

home

走

球the

net

網(wǎng)

依will

still

舊

把

be

be-

人

分tween

them

左

右本首詩運用了語象變異的方法。其一，詩中選的詞排成兩個豎列，宛如夫婦雙方，中間隔了一張網(wǎng)，正在一來一去的擊球；其二，詩中選的詞基本都是單音節(jié)詞，讀來機械單調(diào)，很容易讓人聯(lián)想到這對夫婦枯燥乏味，缺乏情趣的生活；其三，詩中的兩個關鍵詞tennis和between被拆開了，分別置于兩個豎列中，隱喻兩人的感情世界已被一張無形的網(wǎng)隔開，不再融為一體。這些都說明了語象變異在表達主題的重要性，尤其是在詩歌中。R.Draper,TargetPracticeThepoemisshapedlikeabull’seye

or

targetwithaseriesofconcentric

circles.Eachcircle