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HistoryofHistoryofCopper,goldandsilverarebelievedtobethefirstmetalsknowntomanbecausetheyexistinnatureinthemetallicstate.Copperpiecesdatingbackto4000-B.C.havebeenEarlymetalobjectsweremadebyhammeringorbeatingthenaturallyoccurringmetaltothedesiredshapeCopperCoppermeltsat1083oCandawoodfirehasamaximumtemperatureof600oC.AcharcoalfireisneededtomeltCopperabsorbsalotofgasandthereforewhencastitformsalotsofholesorporosity.PurecopperisalsoveryBronzeisacopper-tinTheBronzeAgedatesfrom3600-1400TheEgyptiansmadebronzeobjectsbyatechniquecalledinvestmentcasting.BronzeismuchharderandstrongerthanpureBronzedoesnotformmuchporositywhenImperialPalaceImperialPalaceBronzecastingfromChineseImperialPalacecollection.Datesbackto1100-1000B.C.IronIronFrom1400to1200B.C.ironbecame1200B.C.isthestartoftheIronIronwasstrongerthatIrontoolscouldmaintainasharpedgeandthereforewassuperiorinmakingweapons.EngineeredEngineeredThediscussionofmetalsstartsourdiscussionofengineeredmaterials.Thesearematerialsthatareman-madeanddesignedorengineeredforspecific4.1Ferrous4.1FerrousPDF"pdfFactoryProTheearthcrustimpliesTheearthcrustimpliesimportanceferrousalloyingelementFunctionprovidedbynonferrousCorrosionresistance：Titanium,Lowdensity:Aluminum,MagnesiumStrengthatelevatedtemperature:NickelPDF"pdfFactoryProFe-Fe3Cphase4.1.1HLN DFCEGSKPQWhiteWhiteironC12Fe-Fe3Cphase4.1.1HLN DFCEGSKPQWhiteWhiteironC123456PureHypereutectoidCEutecticpoint←→ETheMaximuminphaseG0PTheMaximuminphaseSEutectoid←→P＋Fe3Iron-Iron-carbonequilibrium4.1FerrousFerrite4.1FerrousFerrite(AninterstitialsolidsolutionofasmallamountofcarbondissolvedinironwithaBodyCenteredCubic(B.C.C.)crystalItisthesofteralloyintheiron-carbondiagram.Thesolubilityof4.1.1CarbonAlsoknownas(?)gamma-iron,whichisaninterstitialsolidsolutionofcarbondissolvedinironwithafacecenteredcubiccrystal(F.C.C)structureAlsoknownas(?)gamma-iron,whichisaninterstitialsolidsolutionofcarbondissolvedinironwithafacecenteredcubiccrystal(F.C.C)structure.Themaximumsolubilityofcarbonreaches0.8wt%ateutectictemperature(727C)and2.11wt%at℃CementiteisalsoknownasironcarbideCementiteisalsoknownasironcarbidewhichhasformula,Fe3C.crystalstructureisorthorhombic.PDF"pdfFactoryProCrystallatticeofPearlite:Itistheeutectoidmixturecontaining0.83%CarbonandPearlite:Itistheeutectoidmixturecontaining0.83%Carbonandisformedat1333oFonveryslowcooling.ItisveryfineplatelikeorlamellarmixtureofferriteandCoarseFine4.1Ferrous4.1.1carbon4.1Ferrous4.1.1carbonPearlite(Fe3Cexistinginformofpearlite）C CoolingprocessHypoeutectic7.1Ferrous7.1.1carbon+Fe37.1Ferrous7.1.1carbon+Fe3Pearlite(existinginformofpearlite）0C CoolingprocessHypereutecticMartensite：AmetastableMartensite：Ametastablephaseproducedbyrapidcoolingsteel,whichisdefinedasaninterstitial,supersaturatedsolidsolutionofcarboninironhavingbctlatticestructure.Itcontainssamecarboncontentasinphase，hardandNeedlelikeFlakeMechanismsofMartensitecaa02PDFMechanismsofMartensitecaa02PDFProBainite：MicrostructurewithBainite：MicrostructurewithFe3Cdispersedinmatrix.Itisthemostdesirablemicrostructure.HardnessliesbetweenthatofPearliteandMartensite.Goodductilityandtoughness.LowerLowerSpheroiditeFormedSpheroiditeFormedbyheatingthePearliteorBainiteforalongerduration（＞24hours）neartheeutectoid(~700C)followedbyslowcooling（＞24Martensite400Martensite400-+FeM3ThestartofaTheendofaTime TTTThestartofaTheendofaTime TTTEutectic Coarse2 Fine Upper Lower3 one onePhasesandmicrostructuresofeutectoidformedunderdifferentcoolingPhasesandmicrostructuresofeutectoidformedunderdifferentcooling+Fe3CBainite，40-+15-DeergforAustenite+40-4.1FerrousFerrous4.1.2PurposesforaddingalloyingImprovingcorrosionresistanceImprovingmachinabilityImproving4.1Ferrous4.1.2SpecimenPDF文件使用"pdfFactoryPro"試用版本創(chuàng)建4.1Ferrous4.1.2SpecimenPDF文件使用"pdfFactoryPro"試用版本創(chuàng)建?SurfaceEffectofcarboncontentson4.1Ferrous4.1.2EndQuench54.1Ferrous4.1.2EndQuench5DistancetoquenchedCoolingPDF"pdfFactoryProHighLow4.1Ferrous4.1.2MainfunctionsofalloyingTypicalMainImprovenitridation,restrict4.1Ferrous4.1.2MainfunctionsofalloyingTypicalMainImprovenitridation,restrictgraingrowth,deoxidizefromtheSEnhancemachining,decreaseweldabilityand0.3-Increasecorrosionresistanceandoxidationresistance,hardenabilityandstrengthatelevatedtemperatures,themicrostructuresformedbycombiningwithcarbon0.3-Promotetheformationofaustenite,Increasehardenability,0.2-Improveresistancetoatmosphericcorrosionbyproducingadenseoxide0.3- decreaseunfavorableeffectsbycombiningwithsulfur0.2-Improvedeoxidation,increasetoughnessand0.1-Increasegrainrefinement,improve hardenabilityandstrengthatelevatedtemperaturesV0.1- microstructuresformedbycombiningwithcarbon4.1Ferrous4.1.3ToolfromalloysteelismainlyinHot4.1Ferrous4.1.3ToolfromalloysteelismainlyinHotworkedHighSpeedColdworkedPDF"pdfFactoryProComparisonofComparisonofthecarbonalloytoolhardnessTemperingWearFrictionSimilaritiesanddifferencesamongcarbonalloytoolhardnessTemperingWearFrictionSimilaritiesanddifferencesamongthreetypesof4.1Ferrous4.1.4StainlessRelationshipbetweenChromiumcontentandcorrosionrate4.1Ferrous4.1.4StainlessRelationshipbetweenChromiumcontentandcorrosionrate0246812wt%Corrosion4.1Ferrous4.1.4Stainless＋＋Magnetic＋＋004.1Ferrous4.1.4Stainless＋＋Magnetic＋＋00PDF"pdfFactoryPro Iron-Phase4.1Ferrous4.1.4Stainlesssteelswithvaryingchromiumcontentbetween4.1Ferrous4.1.4Stainlesssteelswithvaryingchromiumcontentbetween16andwithlowcarboncontent(<0.2%).Goodcorrosionresistanceandlow0%PDF"pdfFactoryPro Ferriticstainless4.1Ferrous4.1.4Stainlesssteelswithvaryingchromiumcontentbetween4.1Ferrous4.1.4Stainlesssteelswithvaryingchromiumcontentbetween12and0%with1.2%carboncontent.HighstrengthPDF"pdfFactoryPro stainless4.1Ferrous4.1.4Stainless16~26%chromiumand8~24%nickel.0.1%carbonGood4.1Ferrous4.1.4Stainless16~26%chromiumand8~24%nickel.0.1%carbonGood246882%18%0%0% 4.1Ferrous4.1Ferrous4.1.4StainlessFiveTypesofStainless4.1.5CastFe-Fe3CphaseCarboncontentinCastironisbetween2~4%.Asthenameimplies4.1.5CastFe-Fe3CphaseCarboncontentinCastironisbetween2~4%.Asthenameimpliesthatcastironcanonlybeprocessedbycasting.ComparedwithsteelinwhichcarbonexistineitheraalloyingelementorinformofFe3C,carbonincastironexistineitheraalloyingelementorinformofLCEGSKPQCastironCastironPure4.1Ferrous4.1.5Cast4.1Ferrous4.1.5Castofcastiron4.1Ferrous4.1Ferrous4.1.5CastPropertiesofCastironendowedby4.1.5cast4.1.5castiron200iron400andcementitecastironPrecipitationprocessofgraphiteingraycastPrecipitationprocessofgraphiteingraycast4.1Ferrous4.1.5castC4.1Ferrous4.1.5cast4.1Ferrous4.1.5castThermalprocessingofmakingmalleablecastStartingmaterial:whitecastPropertiesandcostofnonferrousCostPropertiesandcostofnonferrousCostWComparisonbetweenaluminumaluminum（MPa（MPaRelativeyieldaluminum(99.999%）Comparisonbetweenaluminumaluminum（MPa（MPaRelativeyieldaluminum(99.999%）1 aluminum（99％） （1.2％ cold（99％aluminum（5％Aging（5.6%Zn2.5%Importantpropertiesof%PureMgcoldAnnealedpure1Importantpropertiesof%PureMgcoldAnnealedpure1748Typicalpropertiesofcopper4Cu-SolidCu-Typicalpropertiesofcopper4Cu-SolidCu-SolidCu-3SolidCu-4Cu-5ConstituentsandpropertiesNickelandCoSuperalloyindicatesstrengthcanbemaintainedYieldelongatioConstituentsandpropertiesNickelandCoSuperalloyindicatesstrengthcanbemaintainedYieldelongatiogNi-Ni-29.5%Cu-%Al-Ni-15.5Cr-Ni-Ni-Ni-46%Fe-r60%Co-30%Cr-4PropertiesofTitaniumDensity:4.54,belowPropertiesofTitaniumDensity:4.54,below%Pure－Ti5%Al-－Ti13%V-5－Ti6%Al-8Quenchingof－Ti0VQuenchingof－Ti0V ProcessingofProcessingofPDF"pdfFactoryProMajorProcessingMajorProcessingMethodsforWroughtprocessing（鍛Rolling（軋）Forming（壓）Stamping（沖）Forging（鍛）Drawing（拉）Casting（鑄Joining焊Welding(電焊）Brazing（銅焊）Powdermetallurgy（粉末冶金）Hotisostaticpressing（均勻熱壓）Rapidsolidification（快速固化PowderGreenMoldPre-PowderGreenMoldPre-HotisostaticOuterWeldedinnerPowderRemovalofinnerbyinertgasPDF"pdfFactoryProHotisostaticOuterWeldedinnerPowderRemovalofinnerbyinertgasPDF"pdfFactoryPro4.4Surface4.4SurfacePDF"pdfFactoryProSurfacePurposesSurfacePurposessurfaceImprovecorrosionEnhancefrictionImprovephysicalproperties:reflection,color,electricalconductivity,electricalresistivityModifySurfaceroughness、texture、color4.4SurfaceAVA4.4SurfaceAVAImmersionPlating(Dipcoating,dipImmersionPlating(Dipcoating,dipsurfacesaredifficulttobeForexample：copperdepositedonthesurfaceofthecathodefromCuSO4electrolyte3.AutocatalyticNiSO4+NaH2PO2+Ni（plating）+NaHPO3+Surface4.4.2ConversionOxideSurface4.4.2ConversionOxidefilm(oxidationonsurfaceofanticorrosion,microporousstructurePhosphatefilm(phosphateformedonthesurfacesteeltreatedby1%phosphoricacidChromatefilm(surfaceofaluminumorzincbypotassiumdichromateorsodiumdichromate4.4Surface4.4.3Vapor CVD ControlInertgasesH2＋MetalPressureCoated4.4Surface4.4.3Vapor CVD ControlInertgasesH2＋MetalPressureCoatedVacuumWashingSurface4.4.3Surface4.4.3VaporDepositionReductivereaction(metalchlorideorfluoridereducedbyhydrogen):TiCl4(g)+2BCl3(g)+5H2(g)TiB2(s)+Thermaldecomposition(carbonylmetal,hydride,chlorideandorganometalcompound):Ni(CO)4(g)Ni(s)+SubstitutionSiCl4(g)+CH4(g)SiC(s)+4.4Surface4.4.3VaporLowconcentrationofreactantandhighdiffusion4.4Surface4.4.3VaporLowconcentrationofreactantandhighdiffusionFiber-shapeHighconcentrationofreactantandlowerdiffusionrate：CoresedimentsformedbystackingrandomlyorientedHigherconcentrationofrawmaterialsandmuchlowerdiffusionrate：Fineequiaxedgrains—thismicrostructurehasthemechanicalpropertiesandfracturetoughness4.4Surface7.4.3Vapor4.4Surface7.4.3VaporPhysicalvapordeposition：electronElectronFusingElectron4.4Surface4.4.3Vapor4.4Surface4.4.3VaporIonCoating4.4Surface4.4.4IonTungstenElectricalPlasmaPDF"pdfFactoryPro4.4Surface4.4.4IonTungstenElectricalPlasmaPDF"pdfFactoryPro4.4SurfacediffusionHeatingtoabovethecarburizing4.4SurfacediffusionHeatingtoabovethecarburizingSealingAsbestosCCParttobeActivatedPDF"pdfFactoryPro4.4SurfacediffusionGasGas4.4SurfacediffusionGasGas4.4SurfacediffusionInertCarbonaceousInertCarbonitridingCarbonitriding4.4SurfacediffusionInertCarbonaceousInertCarbonitridingCarbonitriding4.54.5MetalMatrixCommonAluminumCommonAluminumTitaniumpointMagnesiumDensity:Asamatrixmaterialinniobium-basedCommonIntermetallicNi3Alwithextremelysmallamountsofboron(0.06wt.%),CommonIntermetallicNi3Alwithextremelysmallamountsofboron(0.06wt.%),amarkedincreaseinstrengthuptoMoSi2hasahighmeltingpointandshowsgoodstabilitygreaterthan 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aSiO2filmthatittendstoformathighDuralcanExtrusionCeramicFoundryIngot-GradeRollingPDF"pdfFactoryProDuralcanExtrusionCeramicFoundryIngot-GradeRollingPDF"pdfFactoryProFiberpreformfabricatedbycompressionFiberPDF"pdfFactoryFiberpreformfabricatedbycompressionFiberPDF"pdfFactoryProFiberpreformfabricatedbyCore-andWaterFiberFiberpreformfabricatedbyCore-andWaterFiberPDF"pdfFactoryMeltPDF"pdfFactoryProMeltPDF"pdfFactoryProFoil-fiber-foilFoil-fiber-foilandcuttoshapeLayupdesiredVacuumHeattofabricationCool,removeandcleanpartApplypressureandholdforconsolidationcycleTheThemicrostructureofSiCfiber/titaniummatrixcompositemadebydiffusionbonding.Eachfiberis142mindiameter.PropertiesofSomemetalmatrixFiberVolumegcm-PropertiesofSomemetalmatrixFiberVolumegcm-E--172--InSituInSituTransversesectionofinsitucompositesobtainedatdifferentsolidificationrates(cm/h).ThenickelalloymatrixhasbeenetchedawaytorevealtheTaCfibers.SomeimportantinSomeimportantinsitucompositeNi-Carbide(vol.15-StrengtheningofStrengtheningofPDF文件使用"pdfFactory試用版本創(chuàng)建4.6Strengtheningof4.6.1ColdworkingorStrain4.6Strengtheningof4.6.1ColdworkingorStrain4.6StrengtheningofStrengtheningof4.6.1ColdworkingorStrainDislocationEffectofEffectofcolddrawingonthehardeni