大學英語(三)期末復習大綱及參考答案

對外經(jīng)濟貿(mào)易大學遠程教育學院2007-2023學年第一學期大學英語〔三〕復習大綱考試內(nèi)容：完全依據(jù)復習大綱練習和課件課本內(nèi)容考試題型及分值分配：Ⅱ.Cloze(10x1points)Ⅰ.MultipleChoice(25x2points)Ⅲ.ErrorIdentification(15x2points)Ⅳ.ReadingComprehension(10x1points)大學英語第三冊復習大綱練習題〔注：答案〕Ⅰ.MultipleChoice(單項選擇題練習)1.Hedidnotgotoseethefilmlastnightbecausehewasbusy____forhistest.A.toprepare B.tobeprepared C.preparing D.beingprepared2.Bytheendofthismonth,we____asolutiontotheproblem.A.havefound B.willbefinding C.willhavefound D.arefinding3.WheneverIvisithim,he____onhisjob.A.works B.isworking C.isgoingtowork D.willwork4.Soundtravelsinwaterinthesamemanner____.A.asdoesair B.asair C.asinair D.asitintheair5.Good____!Ihopeyouwintherace.A.sort B.wish C.luck D.chance6.It____thatthematch____putoffbecauseoftheweather.A.suggested;wouldbe B.suggested;shouldbeC.issuggested;shallbe D.wassuggested;be7.Theseareniceapples.How____inakilogram.A.mucharethere B.manyarethereC.mucharethey D.manyarethey8.Weshan’tgetthereintime____wehurryup.A.unless B.if C.whether D.when9.I’mbad____rememberingfaces.A.in B.at C.with D.on10.Whenyouletgoaballoonfixedwithhydrogen,itwill____.A.rise B.raise C.berisen D.beraised11.Pleaseopentheletterandtellmewhatit____.A.speaks B.writes C.tells D.says12.You____returnthebooknow.Youcankeepittillnextweekifyoulike.A.can’t B.mustn’t C.needn’t D.maynot13.Idon’tthinkthatyourwatchis____.A.worthytheprice B.worthofthepriceC.worththeprice D.worthytobuy14.“Idon’tthinkIcanwalkanyfurther.〞“____.Let’sstophereforarest.〞A.NeitheramI B.NeithercanIC.Idon’tthinkso D.Ithinkso15.____,I’dhavetoldyou.A.IfIwouldhaveknownit B.IfIhadhaveknownitC.HadIknownit D.ShouldIknowit16.Whenweweremakingasnowman,asnowballhitme____thenose.A.onright B.righton C.onrightly D.rightlyon17.Everythingdependson____wehaveenoughtimeinfact.A.if B.whether C.that D.when18.Parents____nearlyfourthousandyuanforthepiano.A.cost B.used C.spent D.paid19.Ihavenoidea____farthelibraryisfromhere.A.what B.how C.it’s D.that20.Janewasangry____her.A.athisbeinglaughedat B.himtobelaughedatC.withhislaughingat D.athislaughingat21.Weboughtthecarfor____$2,000;whatabargain!a.belowb.underc.aboved.over22.Inolongercare____modernjazz.a.withb.aboutc.aboved.over23.We____ontheshippingcompanyfortherecoveryoftheloss.a.declaredb.assertedc.claimedd.pronounced24.WhenIsaidsomepeoplearestupid,Iwasn’t____you.a.referredtob.referredc.referringtoreferring25.He____hisdollarsintopoundssterlingassoonashearrivedinLondon.a.exchangedb.becamec.turnedd.converted26.Theneweconomicpolicy____everyvillageinourcountry.a.appliesb.appliestoc.appliesford.appliesin27.Heisbeenbanned____drivingforsixmonths.a.fromb.toc.ind.for28.Hisbadbehaviorcanhardly____.a.bedealtinb.bebroughtupc.beputupwithd.beputoff29.Teachersarein____inthisarea.a.askingb.requirementc.needingd.demand30.She____insurancebusinessnow.a.engagesinb.isengagedinc.engagestod.isengagedto31.Howareyougettingalong____yourstudies?a.overb.withc.ond.within32.Thedoctorwillbefree____.a.10minuteslaterb.after10minutesc.in10minutesd.10minutesafter33.____moststudents,shewasalwayswellpreparedandnevercametoclasslate.a.Likeb.Asc.Ford.To34.Thereisalimit____mypatience,theteachergrowled.a.forb.onc.tod.of35.Idon’tthinkthechargeforoverhaulingtheequipmentisexcessivein_____toitssize.a.correspondenceb.proportionc.dimensiond.measurement36.Fromtheeditorialwecangainaclear_____oftheworld’sthought.a.prospectiveb.perspectivec.prospectd.perspicacity37.Thefact-findingcommitteemadeathoroughstudyofthecausesofcivil____.a.disordersb.rebelsc.confusionsd.dins38.He’llacceptthejob____thesalaryistoolow.a.ifb.becausec.whend.unless39.I____Davidforhishelp.a.obligatedtob.amobligatedtoc.amobligatingd.obligate40.Youreallymustleaveme____whatispossibleandwhatisn’ta.decideb.decidingc.todecided.decidedYou____readthatarticleifyoudon’twantto.a.haven’tb.can’tc.mustn’td.needn’t42.He____liveinthecountrythaninthecity.a.prefersb.likestoc.hadbetterd.wouldrather43.What____doyouusuallycoverforinsurance?a.risksb.dangersc.damagesd.items44.Theconsignorshallnotberesponsibleforanybaddebts____outofcreditsales.a.risingb.arisingc.arosed.risen45.Sheis____poor;infact,sheisquiterich.a.byallmeansb.bymeansofc.atallmeansd.bynomeans46.AccordingtotheunifiedinterpretationoftheIMF,theinternationalreserveshould____fourform.a.composeofb.becomposedofc.composeupofd.becomposingof47.While____aroundinthepark,Isawsomelovelyflowers.a.walkb.walkedc.towalkd.walking48.They’vealwayschargedatax____bottlesofwinebroughtintothecountry.a.onb.inc.atd.to49.Itisimpossibleto____alldemands.a.satisfyingb.satisfactorywithc.satisfywithd.satisfy50.Verysoon,theownershipofthesupermarketwill____.a.changehandb.changehandsc.changetohandd.changetohands51.Studying____mostofaseriousstudent’stime.a.engagesb.isengagedc.isengagingd.isengagedto52.Hisbusiness____hisassistantwhileheisawayonvacation.a.willbetrustedtob.willbeentrustedtoc.willbetrustedwithd.willbeentrustedwith53.IsBrown____thecommittee?No,heisnoteven____theclub?a.in,onb.on,inc.in,ind.on,on54.Dickhasvouched____you;hesayshehasknownyouforyears.a.aboutb.onc.ford.around55.Themeteorologicalofficesaysthereislittle____ofraininthenearfuture.a.perspectiveb.foresightc.prospectd.outlook56.Haveyoureceived____ofwhathashappenedtoher?a.wordb.wordsc.thewordsd.theword57.Hefelt____ofwhathashappenedtoher?a.relievedb.releasedc.reducedd.respected58.Facts____thatthecreativepowerofthepeopleknowsnolimits.a.havebecomeb.haveprovedc.haveproofd.havebeen59.Hedislikedmanyofhisteachers,andMissSmithheliked____.a.mostb.morec.lessd.least60.Women____tolivelongerthanmen.a.areb.intendc.tendd.likeShedidnotknow____tosellthebooksortokeepthemforreference.a.ifb.howc.whetherd.either62.Bronzeis____ofcopperandtin.a.composedb.coinedc.consistedd.involved63.Thisincidentinhischildhoodisneveragain____.a.referringtob.referringc.referredd.referredto64.Hewasalwaysthefirst____andlasttoleave.a.comingb.tocomec.comed.comes65.whetherthesportsmeetingwillbeheld____ontheweather.a.dependsb.dependentc.dependabled.independent.66.Thestudentsareallwearingthe____suits.a.unitedb.unifiedc.unitd.unifying67.Themethods____formeasuringsuchthingsasdistance,lengthandweightvarybetweendifferentcountries.a.touseb.usingc.used.used68.Itis____complaining.a.notusefulb.nousec.nousefuld.notuse69.Thetaskwillbefinishedaheadof____ifnothingprevents.a.scheduleb.timec.pland.arrangement70.Thebuildingis____construction.a.onb.underc.ind.at71.Ifyoukeepon,you’llsucceed____.a.intimeb.atonetimec.ontimed.atthesametime72.Didyouhavetrouble____thepostoffice?a.tohavefoundb.withfindingc.tofindd.infinding73.Didyoumanagetopersuadehim____thegreatdangerofremaininginthecountry.a.ofb.toc.aboutd.over74.Weallfeltabitofpity____thebeggar.a.onb.withc.ofd.for75.Thesepeoplewhoare____aremostwelcometothepoliticians.a.credibleb.incrediblec.credulousd.believable76.Shouldteachers____thespiritofadventureintoyoungpeople?a.confuseb.diffusec.effused.infuse77.Alloureffortstopersuadehertocomeandstaywithuswereofno____.a.resultb.availc.effectd.purpose78.TheUnitedStates,____ahighlyindustrializednationwithgoodnaturalresources,tendstoexportmanufactureditemsandnaturalresources,suchascoal.a.isb.beenc.beingd.tobe79.Itisgenerallyagreedthatorganizationswitheffectivemanagerswill____besuccessful,whereasorganizationswithpoormanagerswill____fail.a.unlikely,unlikelyb.likely,unlikelyc.unlikely,likelyd.likely,likely80.Thetransnationalcompany____theorphanagealargesumofmoneylastmonth.a.locatedb.dislocatedc.distributedd.allocated81.Advertisingistotellthepublicaboutthegoodsandservices____areoffered.a.whatb.whichc.whered.when82.Asfarasadvertisingisconcerned,oneshouldnotthinkonlyintermsofacommercialontelevision,oranadvertisementinthenewspapersor____.a.booksb.radiosc.periodicalsd.movies83.Themediasell____andspacetocarrytheadvertiser’smessagetothetargetaudience.a.goodsb.programsc.timed.articles84.Isometimesfinditquitedifficultto____withmyfather.a.speakb.sayc.telld.communicate85.Ifit____fortheflood,we____agoodharvest.a.hadnotbeen,wouldhavehadb.wasnot,wouldhavehadc.hadnotbeen,wouldhaved.werenot,wouldhavehad86.Thenoiseofdoors____couldbeheardoutinthestreet.a.openedandclosedb.tobeopenedandclosedc.beingopenedandclosedd.havingbeenopenedandclosed87.Thescopeofcoverageisbasicallythesameasthat____bythePeople’sInsuranceCompanyofChina.a.grantb.grantingc.grantedd.grants88.Thethreebasictypesof____inOceanMarineCargoInsuranceareFPA,WP,andAllRisks.a.coverageb.coveringc.coverd.covers89.Themurderernever____hispeaceofmind.a.discoveredb.coveredc.recoveredd.uncovered90.Sheattributeshersuccess____hardworkandabitofluck.a.tob.ofc.withd.in91.Everycountryintheworldtodaymustkeepacertainsizeofgoldandforeignexchange____.a.preserveb.preservationc.reservationd.reserve.92.Taxwas____andstatespendingwas____,resultinginabudgetdeficit.a.high,lowb.high,highc.low,lowd.low,high93.Pleasecomehere____.a.bynomeansb.inallmeansc.bymeansd.byallmeans94.When____withcountriesspeakingdifferentlanguages,documents,advertisingmaterial,informationleafletsandlabelsmayneedtobeinaforeignlanguage.a.todealb.dealtc.deald.dealing95.Itisnouse____toselldiamondstothepeopleofapoorcountry.a.totryb.tryc.tryingd.tried96.Haveyougetanyinformation____thismatter?a.concernb.concernedc.toconcernd.concerning97.Wateris____intosteaminaboiler.a.becomingb.convertedc.convertingd.become98.Therewasaroadaccidentand____hewaslateforthemeeting.a.resultinb.resultfromc.asaresultd.asresult99.a.touseb.usedc.usingd.use100.Thecostofairserviceishighandthecarryingcapacityisquitelimited,____oceanfreight.a.comparedwithb.comparingwithc.comparedtod.comparingto101.----Believeitornot,Jackcameout____firstin100-metrerace.----Youmean____shortestboyruns____fastest.a.x;the;xb.the;the;thec.x;x;thed.the;the;x102.Shelefthim,____never____footinthathouseagain.a.determined;tosetb.beingdetermined;toputc.determining;tosetd.determined;place103.Oncelost,____.itissaidtogetsuchachanceagainonecannevergetsuchachanceagainsuchachancewillnevercomeagaintogetsuchachancewillbedifficult104.----I’dliketogotothecinemawithyou,Dad.----Sorry,mydarling,butthefilmis____foradultonly.a.admittedb.intendedc.promisedd.permitted105.----What’sthatbuilding?----____themedicalequipmentisstored.a.That’swhereb.That’sthebuildingwhichc.Thebuildingthatd.There’sinwhich106.Ijustdon’tunderstand____thatpreventssomanyAmericansfrombeingashappyasonemightexpect.a.whyitdoesb.whatitdoesc.whatitisd.whyitis107.Mypain____obviousthemomentIwalkedintotheroom,forthefirstmanImetaskedmepitifully,“Areyoufeelingallright?〞a.mustbeb.musthavebeenc.couldbed.couldhavebeen108.Whois____startingthebushfire?a.blameb.toblameforc.blamedd.blamefor109.Inwarmweatherfruitandmeat____long.a.don’tkeepb.can’tbekeptc.arenotkeptd.arenotkeeping110.____Mr.Cheniswaitingoutsidetospeaktoyou.Heappearstobequite____impatientperson.a.x;anb.A;anc.The;thed.The;x111.----Really,Idon’tknow____tojointhearmyortofindajobaftermygraduation.----Whydon’tyou____yourparents’advice?Theywillsurelyhelpyou.a.if;takeb.whether;followc.if;gived.whether;seek112.Playingtheviolinwellisnot____soeasyasyouimagined,dear!Youmustgetfullypreparedagainstanydifficulties,Isay.a.entirelyb.nearlyc.almostd.completely113.----Howdidyou____French?----Myexperiencehelpsalot,infact.IhadlivedinPariswithmyauntfor2yearsbeforeIcametoEngland.a.pickoutb.pickupc.setupd.setout114.Johnsonhadmadeuphismindtogiveitup,buton____secondthoughthewasdeterminedtotry____thirdtime.a.x;ab.x;xc.a;ad.the;a115.----Lendmesomemoremoney,willyou?----Sorry,I’vegot____athandmyself.YouknowtheMP3playercostmeallIhadjustnow.a.nothingb.noc.noned.not116.----____hecometoseenyouashepromised?----Ofcourse,please.AnyI’dratherhe____methetruth.a.Will;informedb.Shall;toldc.Should;willtelld.Can;covers117.----Youseemtohavelostyourway.____?----Yes.I’mlookingforWangfujingStreet.a.Whatareyoulookingforb.Areyoulookingforsomethingc.Needhelpd.Whereareyougoing118.Itwillcostalotoftime.____,Ithinkweshallneeditanditwillcertainlybeusefultous____.a.What’smore;soonerorlaterb.Asaresult;nowandthenc.Atthesametime;moreorlessd.Afterall;hereandthere119.Yes.Wehavetosaywearenowfacingunexpecteddifficultiesahead,butwefirmlybelievenothingcanstopusfromservingthepeopleheartandsoul,____?a.canitb.can’titc.cantheyd.can’tthey120.BythetimeIsawtheangryexpressiononhisface,I____exactlywhatIwashavingtoface.Butnotforamoment____Ishouldquit.a.hadknown;Ithoughtb.haveknown;hadIthoughtc.wouldknow;Iwouldthinkd.knew;didIthink121.Highertemperaturesturningthelargeicesheettowaterwouldcause____riseinsealevelsworldwideandchange____weatheronearth.a.a;theb.the;xc.a;xd.x;the122.----Areyouclosetoyouruncleandaunt?----____.a.Yes,mostlyonholiday.b.No,theyarenotallrightc.Infact,theirhouseissomedistanceawayd.Notparticularly123.----I’llthankyou____myaffairsalone.----Iwill.It’snoneofmybusiness.a.leavingb.toleavec.forleavingd.nottoleave124.----Doyouknowifthebasketballgamehasstartedyet?----Started?Itmustbecertainwho____bynow.a.iswinningb.winsc.haswond.wouldwin125.Thewomencarryingbabies,comeinfirst,____?a.willyoub.willtheyc.don’ttheyd.don’tyou126.____,thiskindofdiseasecandogreatharmtopeoplethere.a.Occurringwhereb.Itoccurswhereitisc.Wheredoesitoccurd.Whereitoccurs127.____,theyhadnochanceofwinningthewar.a.Theyfoughtasbravelyb.Asbravelytheyfoughtc.Bravelyastheyfoughtd.Astheyfoughtbravely128.Isthatabookonfarming?Ifso,Iwanttobuy____.a.thisb.onec.itd.theone129.Thisisadiseasethatcanresultintotalblindness____leftuntreated.a.afterb.ifc.sinced.unless130.----Ihaven’tseenyouforages.Wherehaveyoubeen?----I____onleaveinEurope.a.havebeenb.amc.wasd.hadbeen131.____Mr.Morganappearsextremelycheerfulinpublic,heisinfactleadingaveryunhappylife.a.Whileb.Whenc.Asd.Since132.Theysoonrealizedthat,____,thesituationwouldgetworse.a.unlessdealingwithcarefullyb.ifnotcarefullydealingwithc.unlesscarefullydealtwithd.ifdealtnotcarefullywith133.ItwasinIndonesia,theUNofficialsbelieve,____thetsunamiscausedthegreatestdamage.a.whereb.whichc.whend.that134.Mr.Browndoesn’tthinkthatallbadlanguagesshouldbeallowed.Inhisopinion,thereare____thatshouldbekeptup.a.degreesb.standardsc.levelsd.limits135.Peter’snotgotanotherjobandit’snot____hewillforsometime.a.easilyb.lonelyc.nearlyd.likely136.Allbut____goingtospendthevacationinthecountry.a.himandIareb.Iandheisc.himandmeamd.heandIare137.Allexpertsagreethatthemostimportantconsiderationwithdietdrugsiscarefully____therisksandbenefits.a.valuingb.evaluatingc.weighingd.supposing138.____inafriendlyway,theirquarrelcametoanend.a.Beingsettledb.Settledc.Havingsettledd.settling139.Arrivinghomeatdaybreak,Johnfeltverytired.He____allnight.a.wasworkingb.hadbeenworkingc.hasworkedd.wouldbeworking140.----____.----That’snotnecessary.I’mallforit.Icamehereespeciallyforyouropinionaboutmynewplay.I’dliketoknowyouropinionaboutmynewplan.141.____whatsumshallweopentheletterofcredit?a.Tob.Atc.Underd.For142.Weaccept60day’sL/C____thisdeal.a.withb.forc.ind.at143.Wearesurewewillbeabletodoubletheannual____ofyourproducts.a.saleb.amountc.salesd.value144.CustomersinKoreahaveapreference____naturalplanttypecosmetics.a.atb.forc.ind.to145.Thewarehousestood____therehadbeenarock.a.whichb.wherec.whend.intheplace146.Ihaveneverheardthesong____inEnglish.a.sungb.issingingc.singingd.sang147.____?Asample-book.a.Forwhatdidheaskb.Whatdidheaskforc.Whatdidheaskd.Forwhatdidheaskfor148.Whatisthelanguage____inFranc?a.spokenb.sayingc.talkedd.speaking149.Theywanttheletterofcredit____assoonaspossible.a.toopenb.tohavebeenopenedc.tobeopenedd.beingopened150.Canyou____tocarrythesuitcasebyyourself?a.arrangeb.managec.offerd.prepare151.Weaskhimtoadvertiseourgoodsbuthewillnot____toit.a.acceptb.takec.agreed.allow152.Itis____toeveryonethatpracticemakesperfect.a.trueb.clearc.cleand.aware153.Whentheteachercamein,Isawthestudents____fromtheirseats.a.roseb.raisec.raisedd.rise154.Shespeakstoofast,____?a.issheb.doesshec.doesn’tshed.doesnotshe155.Mybrother____atthisschooltwoyearsago.a.studiedb.hasstudiedc.studyd.hadstudied156.I____toWuhanmanytimessince1990.a.wentb.havegonec.havebeend.was157.Haveyoueverseensuch____tallman?a.theb.anyc.ad.one158.Thecloudmade____forustoseetheplane.a.nopossibilityb.itimpossiblec.impossibled.animpossibility159.Weranallthewayto____thebus.a.takeb.getc.catchd.have160.Tomis____mostinterestingasaplayer.a.ab.somec.thed.veryⅡ.Cloze(完型填空語篇理解)OneJusticesofthePeacereceivenopayment.Theirrewardisintheinterestinherentintheworktheydo,inthesenseofperformingapublicserviceandexercisingpower,andintheprestigeattachedtotheirposition.Theyarenotexpectedtohaveanyspecificqualificationsotherthansoundnessofcharacter,noranylegaltrainingorexperience,thoughsomecoursesareprovidedwhichtheyareobligedtofollow,afterbeingappointed.TheyareadvisedonpointsoflawbytheirClerk,whoisaprofessionallawyer,butindecidingonpunishmentstheydowhatseemsbesttothem,thoughtheyarealwaysexpectedtobeguidedbycommonsense,humanityandarecognitionthatallcourtsought,asfarasispracticable,toimposesimilarpenaltiesinsimilarcircumstances.Whenacourtsitsitmusthaveatleasttwojusticesonit,andnotmorethanseven.Justicestaketurnsatattendingtositonthebenchattheircourts.太平紳士沒有獲得任何付款。他們的報酬是符合其利益的內(nèi)在，在他們所做的工作，在一定意義上的表演為公眾提供效勞，并行使權(quán)力，而在社會聲望，以他們的立場。他們預料不會有什么具體的資歷比其他的健全人格，也沒有任何法律訓練或經(jīng)驗，雖然有些課程是提供他們所必須遵守，之后被任命的。他們那么宜法律要點，由自己的秘書，他是一位專業(yè)人士，律師，但在決定懲罰他們做什么，似乎最好對他們來說，雖然他們一直預料可遵循的共同意識，人道和成認所有法院都應當，據(jù)切實可行的情況下，施加類似的處分，在類似的情況。當法庭坐在它必須有至少兩名法官這件事時，不超過七人。大法官會議輪流在出席向坐在他們的法庭替補席上。TwoTheAmerican’sattitudetowardauthority,rules,andregulationswasthedespairofbureaucratsanddisciplinarians.NowheredidhediffermoresharplyfromhisEnglishcousinsthaninhisattitudetowardrules,forwheretheEnglishmanregardedtheobservanceofaruleasapositivepleasure,totheAmericanarulewasatonceaninsultandachallenge.Hisschoolswerealmostwithoutdiscipline,yettheywerenotonthewholedisorderly,andtheyounggirlsandspinsterswhotaughtthemwererarelyembarrassed.Thisabsenceofdisciplineintheschoolsreflectedabsenceofdisciplineinthehome.Parentswereknowntobeindulgentoftheirchildrenandchildrenwereknowntobedisrespectfulofparents,yetfamilylifewasonthewholehappy,andmostchildrengrewuptobegoodparentsandgoodcitizens.ItseemedentirelynaturalthatduringtheCivilWarprivatesshouldelecttheirofficersandthatthegreatestofthegeneralsshouldsooftenseehisplansmiscarriedbecausehehesitatedtogivefirmorderstohissubordinatesortoinsistuponobedience.IfLincolndidnotpardonquitesomanysleepingsentinelsasfolklorerelates,itwascharacteristicthatfolkloreshouldcelebrateasavirtueagesturesodisruptivetoalldiscipline.美國對待權(quán)力，法規(guī)以及規(guī)章的態(tài)度，是對官僚和執(zhí)行紀律者的絕望。起草委員會并無不同，他更鋒利，由他的英國表弟比他的態(tài)度規(guī)那么，為那里的英國人認為遵守規(guī)那么，作為一個積極的快樂，向美國一項規(guī)那么是，一旦一種侮辱和挑戰(zhàn)并存。他的學校，幾乎沒有紀律，但他們并沒有對整個無序，和年輕的女孩和老處女他們學會了很少為難。這種缺乏紀律，在學校反映，如果沒有紀律，在家庭。家長知道是放縱自己的子女和孩子們知是不敬父母，但家庭生活是對整個快樂，對大多數(shù)兒童長大成為好父母，好公民。這似乎是完全自然的內(nèi)戰(zhàn)期間列兵們應選出其主席團成員，并認為最偉大的將軍們應該常?？吹剿姆桨噶鳟a(chǎn)，因為他毫不猶豫地給予堅決的命令，以他的下屬或堅持服從。如果林肯不原諒相當這么多睡哨兵，因為涉及民俗，它的特點民俗學應該表揚作為一種美德，一種姿態(tài)，使破壞性的所有紀律ThreeThe1950sproducedanewidealfamilytype,thenuclearfamilyconsistingofahusband,wife,andtheirdependentchildrenlivinginahomeoftheirown.Thedefiningcharacteristicofthenuclearfamilyisindependence.Parentsorotherrelativesmayvisitorevenmoveintemporarily,buttheyareexpectedtoactlikeguestsandnot“interfere〞.Intimesofneedthenuclearfamilyturnstoprofessionals(doctors,police,bankers)aswellastorelatives.Youngpeoplearesenttoschoolandoldpeopleto“homes〞.Typically,thehusbandisconsideredresponsibleforsupportingthefamily,evenifthewifeworks.Hegoesoffeachdaytoworkforacorporationorsomebranchofgovernment,notafamily-ownedenterprise.Typically,thewife,whoisconsideredresponsibleforthefamily’ssocialandemotionalwell-being,stayshomeatleastwhilethechildrenaresmall.Thecouple—particularlythewife—hassoleresponsibilityfortheirchildren.(Grandparentsandotherrelativestakesoveronlyasafavororinemergencies.)Butthechildrenareexpectedtoleavehomeandstartfamiliesoftheirownintheirtwenties.Whatcareerstheypursue,wheretheylive,andwhotheymarryareuptothem.20世紀50年代，產(chǎn)生了新的理想家庭類型，核心家庭構(gòu)成的一個丈夫，妻子，和他們的受供養(yǎng)子女生活在一個屬于自己的家。決定性特征的核心家庭是獨立。父母或其他親屬也可以瀏覽，甚至走向暫時的，但預料他們的行為像客人，而不是"干擾"。在需要的時候，核心家庭逐漸轉(zhuǎn)向?qū)I(yè)人士〔醫(yī)生，警察，銀行家〕，也向親戚。青少年是分發(fā)給各學校及舊人，以"家"。通常情況下，丈夫被認為是負責為家庭提供支援，即使妻子工程。他接著過每一天的工作，為一家公司或某些政府部門，而不是一個家族經(jīng)營的企業(yè)。通常情況下，妻子，他們被認為是負責家庭的社會和情感福祉，留在家至少當孩子都是小。這對夫婦-尤其是妻子已獨力承當其子女?！沧娓改?，外祖父母及其他親屬接管只是作為一種恩賜或在緊急情況下〕，但孩子們都預計在離家時，并開始家人自己在二十多歲。作什么職業(yè)，追求什么，住哪里，和誰結(jié)婚都取決于他們。FourSchool-agechildrenofemployedmothersseemtohavetwoadvantagesoverchildrenofhomemakers.Theytendtoliveinmorestructuredhomes,withclear-cutrulesgivingthemmorehouseholdresponsibilities;andtheyareencouragedtobemoreindependent.Achievementofindependenceseemstobeespeciallygoodforgirls,helpingthemtobecomemorecompetent,toachievemoreinschool,andtohavehigherself-esteem;butitmayputpressureonsomeboys.Findingsforboysarelessclear-cutandmorevariedbysocialclass.Forexample,boysinbothsingle-parentandtwoparentlower-incomefamiliesseemtobenefitwhentheirmotherswork;theseboysachievemoreinschool.Theyareprobablybenefitingfromthefamily’shigherincome.Sonsofmiddle-classworkingmothers,however,havedonelesswellinschoolthanhavethesonsofhomemakers.However,thedataforthisstudywerecollectedinthe1960sand1970s,whenopportunitiesforwomenandoptionsforchildcarewerenotasbroadastheyaretoday.Associetyadjuststothefactthatnowthetypicalmotherisaworkingmother,thereshouldbefewernegativeeffectsonboys.Childrendocomplainthattheyhavetoolittletimewiththeirworkingmothers.Andmanymothersareconcernedaboutthedifficultiesoffindingcompetentdaycareandafter-schoolcareforyoungerchildrenandofsupervisingolderones,especiallywhenthechildrencareforthemselvespartoftheday.