Unit 3《Amazing People》Grammar and Usage教案5（譯林版必修2）

Unit3Amazingpeople●GrammarandUsageHerewewilllearntorecognizesituationswherethepastperfecttenseisusedandthetimeexpressionsusedtogetherwiththetense.Wewillalsoseehowthetenseisformed.Youwillreadtwostoriesandcompletethemusingthecorrectverbforms.Payattentiontothedifferencesbetweenthepastperfecttenseandthesimplepasttense.Step1:PastperfecttensePastperfecttenseisusedtoindicatethatoneactionoccurredbeforeanotheractioninthepast.Inotherwords,pastperfecttenseindicatesthefirstofthetwoactions.FormofPastPerfect

[had]+[pastparticiple]

Examples:

IhadstudiedalittleEnglishwhenIcametotheU.S.

TheyhadnevermetanAmericanuntiltheymetJohn.

Note:WhenyouareusingaverbtensewithmorethanonepartsuchasPastPerfect(hadmet),adverbsoftencomebetweenthefirstpartandthesecondpart(hadnevermet).USE1CompletedActionBeforeSomethinginPastThePastPerfectexpressestheideathatsomethingoccurredbeforeanotheractioninthepast.Itcanalsoshowthatsomethinghappenedbeforeaspecifictimeinthepast.

Examples:

IhadneverseensuchabeautifulbeachbeforeIwenttoKauai.

HadyouevervisitedtheU.S.beforeyourtripin1992?

Yes,IhadbeentotheU.S.oncebeforein1988.USE2DurationBeforeSomethinginthePast(Non-continuousVerbs)WithNon-progressiveVerbsandsomenon-progressiveusesofMixedVerbs,weusethePastPerfecttoshowthatsomethingstartedinthepastandcontinuedupuntilanotheractioninthepast.

Examples:

Wehadhadthatcarfortenyearsbeforeitbrokedown.

BythetimeAlexfinishedhisstudies,hehadbeeninLondonforovereightyears.

IMPORTANTSpecificTimeswiththePastPerfect

UnlikethePresentPerfect,itispossibletousespecifictimewordsorphraseswiththePastPerfect.Althoughthisispossible,itisusuallynotnecessary.EXAMPLE:

ShehadvisitedherJapaneserelativesoncein1993beforeshemovedinwiththemin1996.

IfthePastPerfectactiondidoccurataspecifictime,theSimplePastcanbeusedinsteadofthePastPerfectwhenbeforeorafterisusedinthesentence.ThewordsbeforeandafteractuallytellyouwhathappensfirstsothePastPerfectisoptional.Bothsentencesbelowarecorrect.

EXAMPLE:

ShehadvisitedherJapaneserelativesoncein1993beforeshemovedinwiththemin1996.

ShevisitedherJapaneserelativesoncein1993beforeshemovedinwiththemin1996.

HOWEVER

IfthePastPerfectactiondidnothappenataspecifictime,PastPerfectMUSTbeusedatalltimes.Comparethetwosentencesbelow.EXAMPLE:

ShehadneverseenabearbeforeshemovedtoAlaska.Correct

SheneversawabearbeforeshemovedtoAlaska.NotCorrect

ACTIVE/PASSIVEFORMSofPastPerfect

EXAMPLES

Georgehadrepairedmanycarsbeforehereceivedhismechanicslicense.ACTIVE

ManycarshadbeenrepairedbyGeorgebeforehereceivedhismechanicslicense.PASSIVEStep2:Practice1.ReadPoint1onpage48toseewhichactionhappensfirstinthesentencegiven.Notethatthepastperfecttenseisoftenusedwiththesimplepasttense.Ifoneactionhappensbeforeanotherinthepast,thepastperfecttenseisused.Sothesetwotensesareoftenusedtogether.LookatthediagraminPoint1first,andthenreadtheexamplesentence.Notehowthepastperfecttenseisusedwiththesimplepasttense.2.Readthefollowingtwosentencestoseehowthepredicateischangedwhenthesentenceisturnedfromthedirectspeechintotheindirectspeech.Tobysaid,“Iwill/shallnotbeinLondonnextweek.”TobysaidthathewouldnotbeinLondonthenextweek.Nextlet’slookatanothertwosentences:Tobysaid,“IwenttoAfricaamonthago.”TobysaidthathehadgonetoAfricaamonthbefore.Soyouseeifasentencewhichusesthesimplepasttenseinthedirectspeechischangedintotheindirectspeech,itwillusethepastperfecttense.NowgooverPoint2onpage48.3.GooverPoint3toseeinwhatsituationthepastperfecttensecanbeused.4.Pleasetalkaboutwhattimeexpressionscanbeusedwiththepastperfecttenseandhowthetenseisformed.Thenwe’llgooverPoints4and5onpage48.Step3:Presentperfectorpastperfect?We’velearnedboththepresentperfecttenseandthepastperfecttense,butdoyouknowwhentousethepresentperfectandwhenthepastperfect.1.Pleasegoovertheguidelinesandtheexamplesentencesonpage51andidentifythedifferencesbetweenthepresentperfecttenseandthepastperfecttense.Lookattheexamples:HowardCarterisoneofthemostfamousexplorerstheworldhaseverknown.Notlongafterthetombhadbeenopened,peopleinCarter’steambegantofallillanddiestrangely.Nowfromthefollowingdiagramsyoucanseethedifferenttimesofeachexamplesentencegiven.HowardCarterbecamefamousFuturePastPresentPresentPastThetombhadPeoplebegantofallbeenopened.illanddiestrangely.2.Pleasereadthefollowingtwosentencesandidentifythedifferencesbetweenthem:Tobysaid,“IhavestayedinAfricaformorethanamonth.”TobysaidthathehadstayedinAfricaformorethanamonth.Notethatwhenwechangeasentencefromthedirectspeechintotheindirectspeechlikethis,thetensewillbechangedfromthepresentperfecttensetothepastperfecttense.Step4:Consolidation1.GooverthenotesaboutAmeliaEarhartonPage49toseewhoshewasandwhathappenedtoherandthencompletethestory.AnswersA.(2)moved(3)had,taken(4)hadbecome(5)hadmet(6)hadbegun(7)hadstarted(8)had,gonePleasereadPartBonpage50andcompletethepassageusingthesimplepasttenseorthepastperfecttense.AnswersB(1)surprised(2)wasbuilt(3)spent(4)wasfinished(5)hadwanted(6)hadreceived(7)arrived(8)hadhit(9)survived(10)hadsearched(11)used(12)hadcausedLookatthefourpictureswithsentencesinthedirectspeech.Thencompletethearticleusingthepastperfecttensebychangingthesentencesintotheindirectspeech.Answers:(1)hadfailed(2)hadtried(3)hadheard(4)hadcaught(5)hadshowed/shown4.Toknowmoreclearlyaboutthedifferencesbetweenthesimplepastandthepastperfect,doPartC1onpage98inWorkbook.Answers1.flew,haddone,kept,hadhoped,believed2.went,slept,hadfell,broke3.went,hadplanned,was,woke,noticed,hadhappened4.landed,managed,hadtravelled5.Fillintheblankswithproperformsoftheverbs.(1)Iaskedhimtoletmedriveashe___________forhours.(drive)(2)Sinceyou________therules,youcancorrectthesegrammaticalmistakesbyyourselves.(learn)(3)They_______becausetheirschoolbagsarestillintheirdesk.(notleave)(4)MrBell,,whoI___________toLondon,stilllivesinLiverpool.(think,move)(5)Whenthenoise_______down,theschoolmasterbeganhisspeech.(die)(6)It_________coldthisyear,Iwonderwhenitisgoingtogetwarmer.(be)(7)I_________cakes.That’swhymyhandsareallcoveredwithflour.(make)(8)WhenIgotback,they_______downmostofthehousesinthestreet.(pull)(9)ItwasnotuntilI_________yourletterthatIknewthetruth.(read)(10)Theladyhasbeentotheshopseveraltimes,butshe___________anything.(buy,never)Answers(1)hadbeendriving(2)havelearned(3)havenotleft(4)thoughthadmoved(5)haddied(6)hasbeen(7)havebeenmaking(8)hadpulled(9)hadread(10)hasneverboughtResourcesWhenwechangethesentencethatsomeonesaidusingthepresentperfecttenseindirectspeechintoindirectspeech,thepastperfecttenseisused.“IhavenevervisitedtheGreatPyramid,butIhavereadalotaboutit,”hesaidtome.HetoldmethathehadnevervisitedtheGreatPyramid,buthehadreadalotaboutit.Thetimemarkerslikebynowandbytheendoflastyearetc.canhelpusdistinguishthetwotenses.Wehavereceivedmorethantenlettersfromhimbynow.Wehadreceivedfivelettersfromhimbytheendoflastyear.Whenwetalkaboutanactionthatbeganinthepastandlastsuntilthepresent,weusethepresentperfecttense.Whenwetalkaboutanactionthatendedatatimeinthepast,weusethepastperfecttense.Step5:GrammarexecisesI.Relativeitemsinrecentyears’collegeentranceexaminations:Allmorningasshewaitedforthemedicalreportfromthedoctor,hernervousness______.(2003全國)A.hasgrownB.isgrowingC.grewD.hadgrownThenewscameasnosurprisetome.I_______forsometimethatthefactorywasgoingtoshutdown.（2003北京）A.hadknownB.knewC.haveknownD.knowIthoughtJimwouldsaysomethingabouthisschoolreport,buthe_______it.（2003上海）A.doesn’tmentionB.hadn’tmentionedC.didn’tmentionD.hasn’tmentionedIarrivedlate;I______theroadtobesoicy.（2004北京春招）A.wouldn’texpectB.haven’texpectedC.hadn’texpectedD.wasn’texpectingMymindwasn’tonwhathewassayingsoI’mafraidI______halfofit.（2004全國，30）A.wasmissingB.hadmissedC.willmissD.missedThecrazyfans_______patientlyfortwohours,andtheywouldwaittillthemoviestararrived.（2004重慶，22）A.werewaitingB.hadbeenwaitingC.hadwaitedD.wouldwaitHekeptlookingather,wonderingwhetherhe______hersomewhere.（2004湖北，22）A.sawB.hasseenC.seesD.hadseenGeorgeandLucygotmarriedlastweek.Didyougototheirwedding?No.I_______.Didtheyhaveabigwedding?（2004湖北，33）A.wasnotinvitedB.havenotbeeninvitedC.hadn’tbeeninvitedD.didn’tinvite9.I______Billthismorning,butI______himsince.A.haveseen;haven’tseenB.saw;haven’tseenB.saw;didn’tseeD.hadseen;haven’tseen10.Dad,doyouknowIhadlongbeenlookingforwardtoyourstayingwithmeforthelastweekend?Sorry,son.I______,butIwasjusttoobusy.A.hadreallywantedtoB.haveplannedtoC.haveintendedtoD.hadhopedmeto11.He_________morethat5,000Englishwordswhenheenteredtheuniversityattheageof15.(2005北京卷)A.haslearned B.wouldhavelearned C.learned D.hadlearned12.Whentheoldman______towalkbacktohishouse,thesun_____itselfbehindthemountain.(2005湖北卷) A．started;hadalreadyhidden B．hadstarted;hadalreadyhiddenC．hadstarted;washiding D．wasstarting;hid13.Theyounggirlsittingnexttomeontheplanewasverynervous.Shebefore.(2006廣東)A.hasn'tflownB.didn'tflyC.hadn'tflownD.wasn'tflying14.Iwasgivingatalktoalargegroupofpeople,thesametalkI_______toadozenothergroups.(2006湖南)A.wasgivingB.amgivingC.hadgivenD.havegiven15.John,afriendofmine,whogotmarriedonlylastweek,spent$3,000morethanhe_______forthewedding.(2006全國II)

A.willplan B.hasplanned C.wouldplan D.hadplannedII.Fillingtheblankswithpropertense.（SimplePast/PresentPerfect/PastPerfect）

1.WhenI(arrive)______homelastnight,IdiscoveredthatJane(prepare)______abeautifulcandle-litdinner.

2.SinceIbeganacting,I(perform)______intwoplays,atelevi