適用于新高考新教材2024版高考英語二輪復習備考前沿高考必會的“快”“準”讀文3策略課件

備考前沿高考必會的“快”“準”讀文3策略策略一策略二目錄索引0102策略三03策略一讀文技巧靈活用,快速閱讀不再難技法1

逐詞閱讀要摒棄,成組視讀劃意群意群就是指句子中按意思和結構劃分出的各個成分,每一個成分即稱為一個意群。同一意群中的詞與詞關系緊密,不能隨意拆分,否則就會引起誤解。閱讀時要分清意群,以意群為單位,成組視讀,這樣讀者接收到的是成組的信息,而不是一個個獨立的單詞。按意群閱讀可避免考生逐詞閱讀,并能讓考生更好、更快地理解文章主要內(nèi)容,大大提高考生的閱讀效率。[典例](2022全國乙卷,C)Can/asmallgroupofdrones(無人機)/guaranteethesafetyandreliabilityofrailways/and,atthesametime,/helprailwayoperators/savebillionsofeuros/eachyear?Thatistheverylikelyfutureofapplyingtoday’s“eyesinthesky”technologytomakingsure/thatthemillionsofkilometresofrailtracksandinfrastructure(基礎設施)worldwide/aresafe/fortrains/ona24/7basis.點撥

劃分意群時,可以根據(jù)意思和句子成分劃分,如主語、動賓結構、固定搭配等?？谠E

主謂賓狀分清楚,固定搭配劃一起。不同成分分開來,主從連詞要斷開。譯文

一小群無人機能在保證鐵路安全可靠的同時,幫助鐵路公司每年節(jié)省數(shù)十億歐元嗎?應用今天的“空中之眼”技術確保全球數(shù)百萬千米的鐵路軌道和基礎設施對火車來說全天候安全,那么未來很可能是這樣的。技法2語篇行文要理清,“選擇”閱讀省時力高考試卷中的語篇文體多樣,行文結構不同?？忌莆樟瞬煌捏w的行文特點,針對高考對不同文體的考查情況,就可以“選擇”高效的閱讀策略,大大提高閱讀速度和理解準確度。那么,如何通過把握文體來提升讀文速度呢?具體方法將在后面“專題一NO.2文體深探究·明晰文體讀文快”中詳細闡述。策略二遇到詞匯“攔路虎”,巧用2法來掃除技法1人名地名某某名,判定類別速略過在閱讀過程中,如果發(fā)現(xiàn)很多以大寫字母開頭的生詞或者一連串的斜體單詞,我們可以快速略過,只需判定生詞是哪類事物即可,比如人名、地名、作品名(常用斜體)、報刊名(常用斜體)、物種名、機構組織名等,無需弄明白其具體所指。這些單詞一般不會影響我們對文章大意的理解。[典例](2022全國乙卷,B)In1916,twogirlsofwealthyfamilies,bestfriendsfromAuburn,N.Y.—Dorothy

WoodruffandRosamond

Underwood—traveledtoasettlementintheRocky

Mountainstoteachinaone-roomschoolhouse.ThegirlshadgonetoSmith

College.Theyworeexpensiveclothes.SoforthemtomovetoElkhead,Colo.toinstructthechildrenwhoseshoeswereheldtogetherwithstringwasasurprise.TheirstayinElkheadisthesubjectofNothing

Daunted:The

Unexpected

Education

of

Two

Society

Girls

in

the

WestbyDorothy

Wickenden,whoisamagazineeditorandDorothy

Woodruff’sgranddaughter.點撥

根據(jù)上下文直接將句中首字母大寫的生詞或一連串的斜體單詞轉換為“某人”“某地”“某個組織”“某部作品”等,提取關鍵信息,加快閱讀速度。譯文

1916年,來自某地(Auburn,N.Y.)的兩個互為最佳好友的富家女孩——某人(Dorothy

Woodruff)和某人(Rosamond

Underwood)——來到某地(Rocky

Mountains)的一個村落,在一個只有一間教室的校舍里教書。女孩兒們上的是某個學校(Smith

College)。她們穿著昂貴的衣服。因此,對她們來說,搬到某地(Elkhead,Colo.)教那些用繩子把鞋子系在一起的孩子們是出乎意料的。她們在某地(Elkhead)的停留是某書(Nothing

Daunted:The

Unexpected

Education

of

Two

Society

Girls

in

the

West)的主題,作者某人(Dorothy

Wickenden)是一名雜志編輯,也是某人(Dorothy

Woodruff)的孫女。技法2若遇生詞障礙詞,猜詞技巧來幫忙微技巧1

依據(jù)熟詞猜生義,語境之中定含義有些單詞的基本義比較常用,而它的衍生義則比較生僻。雖然這些詞在課本中出現(xiàn)過,但沒有給出全部漢語意思,所以在高考英語語篇中,考生往往會遇到一些單詞貌似熟悉,但在閱讀文章時卻搞不清意思的情況,這就是熟詞生義現(xiàn)象。這需要在日常學習詞匯時,培養(yǎng)結合具體的語境由詞匯的基本義推測其衍生義的能力;這是高考的重點。[典例](2023新高考全國Ⅰ卷,B)WhenJohnToddwasachild,helovedtoexplorethewoodsaroundhishouse,observinghownaturesolvedproblems.Adirtystream,forexample,oftenbecameclearafterflowingthroughplantsandalongrockswheretinycreatureslived.Whenhegotolder,Johnstartedtowonderifthisprocesscouldbeusedtocleanupthemessespeopleweremaking.Afterstudyingagriculture,medicine,andfisheriesincollege,Johnwentbacktoobservingnatureandaskingquestions.Whycancertainplantstrapharmfulbacteria(細菌)?Whichkindsoffishcaneatcancer-causingchemicals?Withtherightcombinationofanimalsandplants,hefigured,maybehecouldcleanupwastethewaynaturedid.Hedecidedtobuildwhathewouldlatercallaneco-machine....Overtheyears,Johnhastakenonmanybigjobs.Hedevelopedagreenhouse-likefacilitythattreatedsewage(污水)from1,600homesinSouthBurlington.Healsodesignedaneco-machinetocleancanalwaterinFuzhou,acityinsoutheastChina.分析

單詞熟義生義clearadj.明白的,清楚的adj.透明的trapvt.把……困在v.吸收,留存developvt.發(fā)展vt.開發(fā),研制treatv.對待vt.(利用化學物質(zhì)或反應)處理微技巧2

長難單詞巧拆解,利用構詞猜詞義學會拆解單詞利用構詞法猜測詞義是考生必備的一項技能。英語中常見的構詞有三類:派生、轉化與合成。由詞綴(前綴和后綴)和詞根相結合構成單詞的方法叫作派生法;把一種詞性用作另一種詞性而詞形不變的方法叫作轉化法;由兩個或兩個以上單詞組成一個新單詞的方法叫作合成法。[典例](2023全國乙卷,C)WhatcomesintoyourmindwhenyouthinkofBritishfood?Probablyfishandchips,oraSundaydinnerofmeatandtwovegetables.ButisBritishfoodreallysouninteresting?EventhoughBritainhasareputationforless-than-impressivecuisine,itisproducingmoretop

classchefswhoappearfrequentlyonourtelevisionscreensandwhoserecipebooksfrequentlytopthebestsellerlists.It’sthankstotheseTVchefsratherthananyadvertisingcampaignthatBritonsareturningawayfrommeat-and-two-vegandready-mademealsandbecomingmoreadventurousintheircookinghabits.ItisrecentlyreportedthatthenumberofthosestickingtoatraditionaldietisslowlydecliningandaroundhalfofBritain’sconsumerswouldliketochangeorimprovetheircookinginsomeway.TherehasbeenariseinthenumberofstudentsapplyingforfoodcoursesatUKuniversitiesandcolleges.ItseemsthatTVprogrammeshavehelpedchangewhatpeoplethinkaboutcooking....分析

構詞法例詞派生adventurous-ous(形容詞后綴)有冒險精神的,大膽開拓的consumer-er(在動詞后表示執(zhí)行該動作的人)消費者,用戶轉化topn.頂部,頂端vt.據(jù)……之首合成topclasstop(頂端的)+class(等級)adj.頂級的,第一流的ready-madeready(準備的)+made(制作)adj.預先準備好的,現(xiàn)成的微技巧3

全然生詞莫慌張

巧用邏輯判意義高考閱讀理解越來越注重能力的考查。閱讀理解語篇中會含有一些生詞,而且有一部分生詞考生從來沒有見過,也不能通過構詞法來猜測。這些詞就是考生做題的攔路虎,需要考生利用上下文提供的線索猜測詞義。[典例](2021全國乙卷,A)PeoplehavebeenpouringintostadiumssincethedaysofancientGreece.Inaround80A.D.,theRomansbuilttheColosseum,whichremainstheworld’sbestknownstadiumandcontinuestoinformcontemporarydesign.Rome’sColosseumwas157feettallandhad80entrances,seating50,000people.However,thatwassmall

frycomparedwiththecity’sCircus

Maximus,whichaccommodatedaround250,000people....分析

選段中出現(xiàn)了較多的完全陌生的詞語。其中,Colosseum、Circus

Maximus是專有名詞,根據(jù)“which

remains

the

world’s

best

known

stadium”和“that

was

small

fry

compared

with

the

city’s

Circus

Maximus”可知,它們是體育場,不知道其具體中文名稱對理解文意影響不大;根據(jù)“seating

50,000

people”“compared

with”以及“accommodated

around

250,000

people”可推測,small

fry表示“(相比較之下)不重要的人(或事物)”?？忌诳紙錾嫌鲆娡耆吧脑~語時不要慌張。這類詞中一部分是專有名詞,不理解其含義往往對文意的理解影響不大;另一部分通?？梢愿鶕?jù)語法關系(如定語從句、同位語等)和邏輯關系(如遞進、轉折、因果等)推斷出其含義,所以考生要學會先從整體上把握語篇含義,再在語境中體會詞語的含義。詞匯是閱讀理解的基礎,只有掃除詞匯障礙,考生才能準確理解文章內(nèi)容。課堂應用根據(jù)語境猜測畫線詞匯的詞性及含義:1.(2023新高考全國Ⅰ卷,A)MacBikehasbeenaroundforalmost30yearsandisthebiggestbicyclerentalcompanyinAmsterdam.

2.(2023新高考全國Ⅰ卷,A)Cyclingisthemost①economical,②sustainableandfunwaytoexplorethecity,withitsbeautifulcanals,parks,squaresandcountlesslights.①

②

3.(2023新高考全國Ⅰ卷,B)Littlebylittle,thesedifferentkindsoflifegotusedtooneanotherandformedtheirownecosystem.

4.(2023新高考全國Ⅰ卷,B)Thenyouletthesenewsystemsdeveloptheirownwaystoself-repair.

adv.存在著,出現(xiàn)adj.經(jīng)濟的,實惠的adj.可持續(xù)的,不破壞環(huán)境的n.生態(tài)系統(tǒng)n.自行修復5.(2023新高考全國Ⅰ卷,C)Attheendofthethirtydays,youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelievewillprovidemassivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.

6.(2023新高考全國Ⅰ卷,C)Indoingso,I’lldrawonanexperimentIranin2018inwhichover1,600peopleagreedtoperformadigitaldeclutter.

7.(2023新高考全國Ⅰ卷,D)Mostfrequently,thegroupsreportedthatthey“sharedargumentsandreasonedtogether.”Somehow,theseargumentsandreasoningresultedinaglobalreductioninerror.

vt.重視,珍視vt.組織vt.推理8.(2023新高考全國Ⅰ卷,D)Somepeoplewilltendto①overestimate,andsometo②underestimate.①

②

9.(2023全國乙卷,B)Tomakesomeofmylandscapeshots,Ihavetraveleduptofourhoursawaytoshootwithina10-minutetimeframe.

10.(2023全國乙卷,D)Inadditiontotheproblemofmiscomprehensionfrombothsides,therearevictoriesaccidentallyordeliberatelytwisted,especiallywhenonlythevictorsknowhowtowrite.

vt.高估vt.低估n.照片n.誤解策略三讀文碰見長難句,運用“4招”來破解閱讀理解得分低,主要是因為文章看不懂,句子太長或者句子結構復雜。句子除了主干之外還包含一些附加部分,如插入語、同位語、分隔現(xiàn)象、各種從句或較長的非謂語動詞短語等。下面介紹如何通過“4招技法”處理英語閱讀理解中的長難句。技法1據(jù)謂語,找主干一般情況下,一個謂語形式的動詞對應其動作的發(fā)出者(主語),我們可以根據(jù)謂語動詞來確定其主語。而且,如果一個句子中出現(xiàn)兩個或兩個以上的謂語形式的動詞,則該句可能是并列句或復合句(并列謂語動詞的情況除外)。典例(2022全國甲卷,C)Thesegentle,lovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldneverforget.分析尋謂語本句的謂語為:welcomed和kick-started。找主干主語為:Thesegentle,lovelygatekeepers;本句的主干為:Thesegatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedatrip。析成分本句為主從復合句。主句使用并列謂語welcomed和kick-started;what引導賓語從句;從句中又包含一個省略了關系代詞that/which的定語從句Ginniwouldneverforget,修飾先行詞atrip。句意這些溫柔可愛的接待員們歡迎了她的到來,而這也開啟了Ginni難以忘懷的一次旅行。技法2提主干,去枝葉一般情況下,一個結構復雜的句子中主句所表達的信息為主要信息,從句、狀語和定語等所表達的信息為次要信息。若句子的主干提煉不出來,就不能完全把握句子的核心意義,從而導致思維混亂,主次不分典例(2023新高考全國Ⅰ卷,C)Inpartone,Idescribethephilosophicalfoundationsofdigitalminimalism,startingwithanexaminationoftheforcesthataremakingsomanypeople’sdigitallivesincreasinglyintolerable,beforemovingontoadetaileddiscussionofthedigitalminimalismphilosophy.分析提主干句子主干為:Idescribethephilosophicalfoundationsofdigitalminimalism。去枝葉介詞短語Inpartone和beforemovingontoadetaileddiscussionofthedigitalminimalismphilosophy均作狀語,startingwithanexaminationoftheforces為現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語,thataremakingsomanypeople’sdigitallivesincreasinglyintolerable為that引導的定語從句,修飾先行詞forces。句意在第一部分中,我論述了數(shù)字極簡主義的哲學基礎,首先探討了到底是什么樣的力量使得許多人的數(shù)字生活越來越難以忍受,然后對數(shù)字極簡主義生活準則進行詳細討論。技法3尋關聯(lián),辨邏輯一些長句其實是由若干分句組成的并列句或復合句,它們之間需要一些關聯(lián)詞來連接。如果找準這些關聯(lián)詞,我們就能夠弄清楚句與句之間的邏輯關系,分別弄清楚主句和從句的意義,那么長句也就容易理解了。典例(2023新高考全國Ⅰ卷,C)You’llheartheseparticipants’storiesandlearnwhatstrategiesworkedwellforthem,andwhattrapstheyencounteredthatyoushouldavoid.分析提主干句子主干為:You’llheartheseparticipants’storiesandlearn...尋關聯(lián),辨邏輯此句為復合句,第二個并列連詞and連接兩個由what引導的賓語從句whatstrategiesworkedwellforthem和whattrapstheyencountered,that引導的定語從句thatyoushouldavoid修飾先行詞traps。句意你將了解到這些參與者的故事,知悉哪些策略對他們有效,以及他們遇到了哪些你應當避免的陷阱。技法4看搭配,防分隔有時一個長句是由一個或多個搭配構成,而且這些搭配常常出現(xiàn)分隔現(xiàn)象。學生若受分隔現(xiàn)象的干擾而看不清句子的本來面目,則會對句意的理解發(fā)生偏差。典例(2021新高考全國Ⅰ卷,C)TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwasdesignedbyJ.N.“Ding”Darling,apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoines,Iowa,whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirectoroftheBureauofBiologicalSurvey.分析提主干本句主干為:TheveryfirstFederalDuckStampwasdesignedbyJ.N.“Ding”Darling。分析尋關聯(lián),辨邏輯whoatthattimewasappointedbyPresidentFranklinRooseveltasDirectoroftheBureauofBiologicalSurvey為定語從句?？创钆?防分隔apoliticalcartoonistfromDesMoines是J.N.“Ding”Darling的同位語。句意第一枚聯(lián)邦鴨票是由J.N.“丁”達林設計的,他是一位來自艾奧瓦州得梅因的政治漫畫家,當時被富蘭克林·羅斯?？偨y(tǒng)任命為生物調(diào)查局局長。課堂應用1.(2023新高考全國Ⅰ卷,C)Attheendofthethirtydays,youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelievewillprovidemassivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.[分析]提主干:本句是一個主從復合句,you

will

then

add

back

a

small

number

of

carefully

chosen

online

activities為句子的主干。去枝葉:At

the

end

of

the

thirty

days作

語;that

you

believe

will

provide

massive

benefits

to

the

things為that引導的

從句修飾先行詞

,you

believe為

語;you

value為省略關系代詞that/which的

從句,修飾先行詞

。

翻譯:時間狀定語onlineactivities插入定語thethings

在這三十天結束時,你可以恢復少量精心挑選的、你認為將對你所珍視的東西大有裨益的線上活動。2.(2023新高考全國Ⅰ卷,B)A

dirty

stream,for

example,often

became

clear

after

flowing

through

plants

and

along

rocks

where

tiny

creatures

lived.[分析]提主干:分析句子成分可知,A

dirty

stream

often

became

clear為句子的主干。去枝葉:本句中for

example為插入語,after

flowing

through

plants

and

along

rocks為

語,其中包含一個由where引導的

,修飾先行詞

。

翻譯:時間狀定語從句rocks

例如,一條污濁的小溪,在流經(jīng)植物和微小生物棲息的巖石后,通常會變得清澈。3.(2023新高考全國Ⅰ卷,D)The

key

finding

of

the

study

was

that

when

crowds

were

further

divided

into

smaller

groups

that

were

allowed

to

have

a

discussion,the

averages

from

these

groups

were

more

accurate

than

those

from

an

equal

number

of

independent

individuals.[分析]提主干:本句是一個主從復合句,主干The

key

finding

of

the

study

was

that...是一個主系表結構的句子。去枝葉:that

when

crowds

were

further

divided

into

smaller

groups

that

were

allowed

to

have

a

discussion,the

averages

from

these

groups

were

more

accurate

than

those

from

an

equal

number

of

independent

individuals為that引導的

從句;該從句中when

crowds

were

further

divided

into

smaller

groups

that

were

allowed

to

have

a

discussion為when引導的

從句,該從句中又含有

從句that

were

allowed

to

have

a

discussion,修飾先行詞

。

翻譯:表語時間狀語定語smallergroups

這項研究的重要發(fā)現(xiàn)是,當大的群體被進一步分成更小的群體并允許討論時,這些群體(估算)的平均值比同樣數(shù)量的獨立個體的平均值更準確。4.(2022全國乙卷,D)Today’s

figures,according

to

o