歐洲侵權法基本原則中英文對照版

歐洲侵權法基本原則中英文對照版EuropeanGrouponTortLawPrinciplesofEuropeanTortLaw歐洲侵權法基本原則部分章節(jié)示例如下：(1)Apersontowhomdamagetoanotherislegallyattributedisliabletocompensatethatdamage.任何在法律上對第三方造成損害的行為人應承擔賠償責任．(2)Damagemaybeattributedinparticulartotheperson損害賠償應尤其由下列各方承擔：a)whoseconductconstitutingfaulthascausedit;or其行為構成過錯并造成損失的一方；或b)whoseabnormallydangerousactivityhascausedit;or從事異常危險的活動且造成損失的一方；或c)whoseauxiliaryhascauseditwithinthescopeofhisfunctions.其附屬機構在其職責范圍內(nèi)造成損失的一方。TITLEII.GeneralConditionsofLiability第二篇．責任原則Chapter2.Damage第二章．損害Art.2:101.Recoverabledamage第二條：可受償損失Damagerequiresmaterialorimmaterialharmtoalegallyprotectedinterest.該損失必須對合法保護的利益造成物質(zhì)上或非物質(zhì)上的損害。Art.2:102.Protectedinterests第二條：受保護的利益(1)Thescopeofprotectionofaninterestdependsonitsnature;thehigheritsvalue,theprecisionofitsdefinitionanditsobviousness,themoreextensiveisitsprotection.某一利益受保護的范圍取決于該利益的性質(zhì);其價值越高，定義越精確，利益越明顯，對該利益的保護范圍越廣泛。(2)Life,bodilyormentalintegrity,humandignityandlibertyenjoythemostextensiveprotection.生命，人身或精神上的完整性，人格尊嚴和人身自由享受最廣泛的保護。(3)Extensiveprotectionisgrantedtopropertyrights,includingthoseinintangibleproperty.財產(chǎn)權，包括無形資產(chǎn)享受廣泛的保護。(4)Protectionofpureeconomicinterestsorcontractualrelationshipsmaybemorelimitedinscope.Insuchcases,dueregardmustbehadespeciallytotheproximitybetweentheactorandtheendangeredperson,ortothefactthattheactorisawareofthefactthathewillcausedamageeventhoughhisinterestsarenecessarilyvaluedlowerthanthoseofthevictim.對純經(jīng)濟損失和合同利益的保護范圍相對受限。在此情況下，應適當考慮行為人與受害方的接近程度，或考慮到行為人明知其行為將造成損失的事實（盡管其利益的價值被認為低于受害方的利益)。(5)Thescopeofprotectionmayalsobeaffectedbythenatureofliability,sothataninterestmayreceivemoreextensiveprotectionagainstintentionalharmthaninothercases.利益保護范圍也受責任性質(zhì)的影響，因此對國際利益造成的損害的保護應比其他情況下的保護更廣泛。(6)Indeterminingthescopeofprotection,theinterestsoftheactor,especiallyinlibertyofactionandinexercisinghisrights,aswellaspublicinterestsalsohavetobetakenintoconsideration.決定利益保護范圍時，應考慮行為人的利益，尤其該行為人行動與行使權利的自由，以及公共利益。Art.2:103.Legitimacyofdamage第二條：損害的合法性Lossesrelatingtoactivitiesorsourceswhichareregardedasillegitimatecannotberecovered.與非法行為及非法資源相關的損失不能得到賠償。Art.2:104.Preventiveexpenses第二條104.款：預防措施的費用Expensesincurredtopreventthreateneddamageamounttorecoverabledamageinsofarasreasonablyincurred.為避免緊急威脅造成的費用在合理的范圍內(nèi)可以得到賠償。Art.2:105.Proofofdamage第二條105款：舉證責任Damagemustbeprovedaccordingtonormalproceduralstandards.Thecourtmayestimatetheextentofdamagewhereproofoftheexactamountwouldbetoodifficultortoocostly.損害的證明必須依據(jù)通常的程序標準進行舉證。在無法舉證損害的確切數(shù)額或舉證費用過高時，法院有權判定損害數(shù)額。Chapter3.Causation第三章．因果原則Section1.Conditiosinequanonandqualifications第一節(jié)．必要條件與原因識別Art.3:101.Conditiosinequanon第三條：必要條件Anactivityorconduct(hereafter:activity)isacauseofthevictim’sdamageif,intheabsenceoftheactivity,thedamagewouldnothaveoccurred.若無某一活動或行為（以下簡稱為行為)，損失就不會發(fā)生，則此行為被認為是造成受害方損失的原因。Art.3:102.Concurrentcauses第三條：共同原因Incaseofmultipleactivities,whereeachofthemalonewouldhavecausedthedamageatthesametime,eachactivityisregardedasacauseofthevictim’sdamage.在多方行為的情況下，若任一方的單獨行為足以造成損失，則每一方的行為都被認定為造成受害方損失的原因。Art.3:103.Alternativecauses第三條：其他原因(1)Incaseofmultipleactivities,whereeachofthemalonewouldhavebeensufficienttocausethedamage,butitremainsuncertainwhichoneinfactcausedit,eachactivityisregardedasacausetotheextentcorrespondingtothelikelihoodthatitmayhavecausedthevictim’sdamage.在多方行為的情況下，若任一方的單獨行為都可能足以造成損失，但事實上并不明確哪一方的行為造成此損失，則每一方的行為依據(jù)其可能造成受害方損失的可能性來判定其作為造成受害方損失的原因的程度。(2)If,incaseofmultiplevictims,itremainsuncertainwhetheraparticularvictim’sdamagehasbeencausedbyanactivity,whileitislikelythatitdidnotcausethedamageofallvictims,theactivityisregardedasacauseofthedamagesufferedbyallvictimsinproportiontothelikelihoodthatitmayhavecausedthedamageofaparticularvictim.在多方受害人的情況下，若不能確認某一受害方的損失由某一行為造成，而此行為很可能并未造成所有受害方的損失，則依據(jù)該行為造成某一受害方損失可能性的大小依比例認定其作為所有受害方損失的原因。Art.3:104.Potentialcauses第三條：潛在原因(1)Ifanactivityhasdefinitelyandirreversiblyledthevictimtosufferdamage,asubsequentactivitywhichalonewouldhavecausedthesamedamageistobedisregarded.若某一行為絕對且不可避免的造成受害方遭受損害，則相繼的可單獨造成同樣損失的行為不被采納為造成損害的原因。(2)Asubsequentactivityisneverthelesstakenintoconsiderationifithasledtoadditionaloraggravateddamage.但若相繼行為導致額外損失或加重損失，則仍應考慮此行為。(3)Ifthefirstactivityhascausedcontinuingdamageandthesubsequentactivitylateronalsowouldhavecausedit,bothactivitiesareregardedasacauseofthatcontinuingdamagefromthattimeon.若第一個行為造成持續(xù)的損失，后發(fā)的相繼行為本來也可能造成此損失，則這兩個行為都被視為持續(xù)損失的原因。Art.3:105.Uncertainpartialcausation第三條：不明確的部分原因Inthecaseofmultipleactivities,whenitiscertainthatnoneofthemhascausedtheentiredamageoranydeterminablepartthereof,thosethatarelikelytohave[minimally]contributedtothedamagearepresumedtohavecausedequalsharesthereof.在多方行為的情況下，若能確定無一行為造成全部損失或決定性部分損失，則所有（至少)可能造成該損失的行為被推定為相同比例造成損失。Art.3:106.Uncertaincauseswithinthevictim’ssphere第三條：受害方范圍內(nèi)不明確原因Thevictimhastobearhislosstotheextentcorrespondingtothelikelihoodthatitmayhavebeencausedbyanactivity,occurrenceorothercircumstancewithinhisownsphere.若損害可能由受害方范圍內(nèi)的活動、行為或其他情況造成，受害方應承擔與該活動、行為或其他情況造成損害的可能性相對應的損失。Section2.ScopeofLiability第二節(jié)．責任范圍Art.3:201.ScopeofLiability第三條：責任范圍WhereanactivityisacausewithinthemeaningofSection1ofthisChapter,whetherandtowhatextentdamagemaybeattributedtoapersondependsonfactorssuchas若某一行為構成本章第一節(jié)規(guī)定中的原因，行為人是否及至何種程度承擔責任取決于下列因素：a)theforeseeabilityofthedamagetoareasonablepersonatthetimeoftheactivity,takingintoaccountinparticulartheclosenessintimeorspacebetweenthedamagingactivityanditsconsequence,orthemagnitudeofthedamageinrelationtothenormalconsequencesofsuchanactivity;在善意行為人行為時損失的可預見性，尤其考慮到致?lián)p行為與其后果在時間或空間上的接近性，或該行為造成的通常后果與該損失程度之間的關系；b)thenatureandthevalueoftheprotectedinterest(Article2:102);受保護利益的性質(zhì)和價值（第二條：102)；c)thebasisofliability(Article1:101);c)責任基礎（第一條：101)；d)theextentoftheordinaryrisksoflife;andd)生活中通常風險的程度；和e)theprotectivepurposeoftherulethathasbeenviolated.被違反的本原則的保護目的。TITLEIII.BasesofLiability第三篇．責任性質(zhì)Chapter4.Liabilitybasedonfault第四章．過錯責任制Section1.Conditionsofliabilitybasedonfault第一節(jié)．過錯責任制的條件Art.4:101.Fault第四條：101．過錯Apersonisliableonthebasisoffaultforintentionalornegligentviolationoftherequiredstandardofconduct.行為人在過錯的基礎上對由于其故意或過失而違反必要行為準則的行為承擔責任。Art.4:102.Requiredstandardofconduct第四條：必要行為準則(?1)Therequiredstandardofconductisthatofthereasonablepersoninthecircumstances,anddepends,inparticular,onthenatureandvalueoftheprotectedinterestinvolved,thedangerousnessoftheactivity,theexpertisetobeexpectedofapersoncarryingiton,theforeseeabilityofthedamage,therelationshipofproximityorspecialreliancebetweenthoseinvolved,aswellastheavailabilityandthecostsofprecautionaryoralternativemethods.必要行為準則指善意行為人善意行為時的行為準則，尤其取決于受保護利益的性質(zhì)和價值，行為的危險性，可期望的行為人的專業(yè)知識，損失的可預見性，所涉及各方之間接近或特殊依賴關系，以及可用資源和預防措施及其他替代辦法的費用。(2)Theabovestandardmaybeadjustedwhenduetoage,mentalorphysicaldisabilityorduetoextraordinarycircumstancesthepersoncannotbeexpectedtoconformtoit.當行為人由于年齡、精神病或身體殘疾或極其特殊的情況而不能執(zhí)行該準則時，上述準則可適當調(diào)整。(3)Ruleswhichprescribeorforbidcertainconducthavetobeconsideredwhenestablishingtherequiredstandardofconduct.當確立必要行為準則時，規(guī)定或禁止某些行為的規(guī)則應被考慮在內(nèi)。Art.4:103.Dutytoprotectothersfromdamage第四條：保護其他方免受損失的責任Adutytoactpositivelytoprotectothersfromdamagemayexistiflawsoprovides,oriftheactorcreatesorcontrolsadangeroussituation,orwhenthereisaspecialrelationshipbetweenpartiesorwhentheseriousnessoftheharmontheonesideandtheeaseofavoidingthedamageontheothersidepointtowardssuchaduty.行為人積極行為保護其他方免受損失的責任存在于下列幾種情況：在有法律規(guī)定時，或行為人制造或控制危險局面時，或當事方之間存在特殊關系時，或一方面危害的嚴重性，另一方面避免此損失的容易性共同指向此責任時。Section2.Reversaloftheburdenofprovingfault第二節(jié)．舉證責任倒置Art.4:201.Reversaloftheburdenofprovingfaultingeneral第四條：一般舉證責任倒置(1)Theburdenofprovingfaultmaybereversedinlightofthegravityofthedangerpresentedbytheactivity.舉證責任的倒置在某行為構成緊急危險時可成立。(2)Thegravityofthedangerisdeterminedaccordingtotheseriousnessofpossibledamageinsuchcasesaswellasthelikelihoodthatsuchdamagemightactuallyoccur.危險的緊急性由該情況下可能造成損失的嚴重性以及該損失實際發(fā)生的可能性決定。Art.4:202.EnterpriseLiability第四條：企業(yè)責任(1)Apersonpursuingalastingenterpriseforeconomicorprofessionalpurposeswhousesauxiliariesortechnicalequipmentisliableforanyharmcausedbyadefectofsuchenterpriseorofitsoutputunlessheprovesthathehasconformedtotherequiredstandardofconduct.使用輔助設備或技術設備，長期從事經(jīng)濟或?qū)I(yè)性企業(yè)經(jīng)營的行為人，對該企業(yè)或其產(chǎn)品的缺陷造成的損害承擔責任，除非該行為人能證明他采取了所有必要的防護措施。(2)?Defect“isanydeviationfromstandardsthatarereasonablytobeexpectedfromtheenterpriseorfromitsproductsorservices.缺陷是指偏離對該企業(yè)、其產(chǎn)品或其服務合理期待的標準。Chapter5.Strictliability第五章．嚴格責任制Art.5:101.Abnormallydangerousactivities第五條：異常危險的活動(1)Apersonwhocarriesonanabnormallydangerousactivityisstrictlyliablefordamagecharacteristictotheriskpresentedbytheactivityandresultingfromit.從事異常危險活動的行為人對活動本身特有的風險所造成的損害及該活動造成的損害負嚴格責任。(2)Anactivityisabnormallydangerousif滿足下列條件的活動被視為異常危險的活動：a)itcreatesaforeseeableandhighlysignificantriskofdamageevenwhenallduecareisexercisedinitsmanagementand即使在從事活動過程中采取所有防護措施，該活動仍造成可預見的和極高的風險；且b)itisnotamatterofcommonusage.該活動并非通常慣例。(3)Ariskofdamagemaybesignificanthavingregardtotheseriousnessorthelikelihoodofthedamage.基于損失的嚴重性和可能性，造成損失的風險很大。(4)ThisArticledoesnotapplytoanactivitywhichisspecificallysubjectedtostrictliabilitybyanyotherprovisionofthesePrinciplesoranyothernationallaworinternationalconvention.此條規(guī)定不適用于本原則其他條款、國內(nèi)法或國際條約明確規(guī)定適用嚴格責任的活動。Art.5:102.Otherstrictliabilities第五條：其他適用嚴格責任制的活動(1)Nationallawscanprovideforfurthercategoriesofstrictliabilityfordangerousactivitieseveniftheactivityisnotabnormallydangerous.國內(nèi)法有權規(guī)定其他適用嚴格責任制的危險活動，即使該活動并非異常危險。(2)Unlessnationallawprovidesotherwise,additionalcategoriesofstrictliabilitycanbefoundbyanalogytoothersourcesofcomparableriskofdamage.除非國內(nèi)法另有規(guī)定，其他適用嚴格責任制的活動可依據(jù)造成損失的同類風險類推適用。Chapter6.Liabilityforothers第六章．對第三方的責任Art.6:101.Liabilityforminorsormentallydisabledpersons第六條：對未成年人及精神病人的責任Apersoninchargeofanotherwhoisaminororsubjecttomentaldisabilityisliablefordamagecausedbytheotherunlessthepersoninchargeshowsthathehasconformedtotherequiredstandardofconductinsupervision.監(jiān)護人對其監(jiān)護的未成年人或精神病人造成的損害負責，除非該監(jiān)護人能證明他已盡到監(jiān)護責任要求的必要行為準則。Art.6:102.Liabilityforauxiliaries第六條：對附屬機構的責任(1)Apersonisliablefordamagecausedbyhisauxiliariesactingwithinthescopeoftheirfunctionsprovidedthattheyviolatedtherequiredstandardofconduct.行為人對其附屬機構在職權范圍內(nèi)造成的損失負責，若該附屬機構違反了必要行為準則。(2)AnindependentcontractorisnotregardedasanauxiliaryforthepurposesofthisArticle.獨立承攬人不視為本條款所規(guī)定的附屬機構。TITLEIV.Defences第四篇．抗辯Chapter7.Defencesingeneral第七章．基本抗辯Art.7:101.Defencesbasedonjustifications第七條：證明適當?shù)目罐q(1)Liabilitycanbeexcludedifandtotheextentthattheactoractedlegitimately行為人在下列情況下合法行為可免責：a)indefenceofhisownprotectedinterestagainstanunlawfulattack(self-defence),為保護自身利益防止非法侵犯（自衛(wèi))，b)undernecessity,必要的情況下，c)becausethehelpoftheauthoritiescouldnotbeobtainedintime(self-help),救濟機關不能及時提供救濟（自立救濟)，d)withtheconsentofthevictim,orwherethelatterhasassumedtheriskofbeingharmed,or取得受害方同意，或受害方同意承擔受損害的風險，e)byvirtueoflawfulauthority,suchasalicence.合法授權，比如許可證。(2)Whetherliabilityisexcludeddependsupontheweightofthesejustifi