2021年考研英語（一）真題試卷 （含答案解析）

完型填空---為題目類型

Fluidintelligenceisthetypeofintelligencethathastodowithshort-termmemoryandthe

abilitytothinkquickly,logically,andabstractlyinordertosolvenewproblems.lt[Bl]

inyoungadulthood,levelsoutforaperiodoftime,andthen[B2]startstoslowly

declineasweage.But[B3]agingisinevitable,scientistsarefindingoutthatcertain

changesinbrainfunctionmaynotbe.Onestudyfoundthatmusclelossandthe[B4]

ofbodyfataroundtheabdomenareassociatedwithadeclineinfluidintelligence.This

suggeststhe[B5]thatlifestylefactorsmighthelppreventor[B6]thistype

ofdecline.Theresearcherslookedatdatathat[B7]measurementsofleanmuscle

andabdominalfatfrommorethan4,000middle-to-older-agedmenandwomenand[B8]

thatdatatoreportedchangesinfluidintelligenceoverasix-yearperiod.Theyfound

thatmiddle-agedpeople[B9]highermeasuresofabdominalfat[BIO]worse

onmeasuresoffluidintelligenceastheyears[Bll].Forwomen,theassociationmay

be[B12]tochangesinimmunitythatresultedfromexcessabdominalfat;inmen,the

immunesystemdidnotappeartobe[B13]Itishopedthatfuturestudiescould

[B14]thesedifferencesandperhapsleadtodifferent[B15]formenand

women.[B16]therearestepsyoucan[B17]tohelpreduceabdominalfat

andmaintainleanmusclemassasyouageinordertoprotectbothyourphysicalandmental

[B18]Thetwohighlyrecommendedlifestyleapproachesaremaintainingor

increasingyour[B19]ofaerobicexerciseandfollowingaMediterranean-style[B20]

thatishighinfiberandeliminateshighlyprocessedfoods.

1.[Bl]

(A)pauses

(B)returns

(C)peaks

(D)fades

2.[B2]

(A)alternatively

(B)formally

(C)accidentally

(D)generally

3.[B3]

(A)while

(B)since

(C)once

(D)until

4.[B4]

(A)detection

(B)accumulation

(C)consumption

(D)separation

5.[B5]

(A)possibility

(B)decision

(C)goal

(D)requirement

6.[B6]

(A)delay

(B)ensure

(C)seek

(D)utilize

7.[B7]

(A)modified

(B)supported

(C)included

(D)predicted

8.[B8]

(A)devoted

(B)compared

(C)converted

(D)applied

9.[B9]

(A)with

(B)above

(C)by

(D)against

10.[BIO]

(A)lived

(B)managed

(C)scored

(D)played

11.[Bll]

(A)ranout

(B)setoff

(C)drewin

(D)wentby

12.[B12]

(A)superior

(B)attributable

(C)parallel

(D)resistant

13.[B13]

(A)restored

(B)isolated

(C)involved

(D)controlled

14.[B14]

(A)alter

(B)spread

(C)remove

(D)explain

15.[B15]

(A)compensations

(B)symptoms

(C)demands

(D)treatments

16.[B16]

(A)Likewise

(B)Meanwhile

(C)Therefore

(D)Instead

17.[B17]

(A)change

(B)watch

(C)count

(D)take

18.[B18]

(A)well-being

(B)process

(C)formation

(D)coordination

19.[B19]

(A)level

(B)love

(C)knowledge

(D)space

20.[B20]

(A)design

(B)routine

(C)diet

(D)prescription

閱讀(常規(guī)閱讀理解)---為題目類型

HowcanBritishtrainoperatorspossiblyjustifyyetanotherincreasetorailpassengerfares?It

hasbecomeagrimlyreliableannualritual:everyJanuarythecostoftravellingbytrainrises,

imposingasignificantextraburdenonthosewhohavenooptionbuttousetherailnetwork

togettoworkorotherwise.Thisyear'srise,anaverageof2.7percent,maybeafraction

lowerthanlastyear's,butitisstillwellabovetheofficialConsumerPriceIndex(CPI)measure

ofinflation.Successivegovernmentshavepermittedsuchincreasesonthegroundsthatthe

costofinvestinginandrunningtherailnetworkshouldbebornebythosewhouseit,rather

thanthegeneraltaxpayer.Why,theargumentgoes,shouldacar-drivingpensionerfrom

LincolnshirehavetosubsidisethedailycommuteofastockbrokerfromSurrey?Equally,

thereisasensethatthetravailsofcommutersintheSouthEast,manyofwhomwillface

amongthebiggestrises,havereceivedtoomuchattentioncomparedtothosewhomust

enduretherelativelypoorinfrastructureoftheMidlandsandtheNorth.However,overthe

past12months,thosecommutershavealsoexperiencedsomeoftheworstrailstrikesin

years.ltisallverywelltrainoperatorstrumpetingtheimprovementstheyaremakingtothe

network,butpassengersshouldbeabletoexpectabasiclevelofserviceforthesubstantial

sumstheyarenowpayingtotravel.Theresponsibilityforthelatestwaveofstrikesrestson

theunions.However,thereisastrongcasethatthosewhohavebeenworstaffectedby

industrialactionshouldreceivecompensationforthedisruptiontheyhavesuffered.The

Governmenthaspledgedtochangethelawtointroduceaminimumservicerequirementso

thatevenwhenstrikesoccur,servicescancontinuetooperate.Thisshouldformpartofa

widerpackageofmeasurestoaddressthelong-runningproblemsonBritain'srailways.Yes,

moreinvestmentisneeded,butpassengerswillnotbewillingtopaymoreindefinitelyifthey

mustalsoendurecramped,unreliableservicespunctuatedbyregularchaoswhentimetables

arechanged,orplannedmaintenanceismanagedincompetently.Thethreatof

nationalisationmayhavebeenseenofffornow,butitwillreturnwithavengeanceifthe

justifiedangerofpassengersisnotaddressedinshortorder.

22.Theauthorholdsthatthisyear'sincreaseinrailpassengerfares.

(A)willeasetrainoperators'burden

(B)haskeptpacewithinflation

(C)isabigsurprisetocommuters

(D)remainsanunreasonablemeasure

23.ThestockbrokerinParagraph2isusedtostandfor.

(A)cardrivers

(B)railtravellers

(C)localinvestors

(D)ordinarytaxpayers

24.ltisindicatedinParagraph3thattrainoperators.

(A)areofferingcompensationstocommuters

(B)aretryingtorepairrelationswiththeunions

(C)havefailedtoprovideanadequateservice

(D)havesu什eredhugelossesowingtothestrikes

25.lfunabletocalmdownpassengers,therailwaysmayhavetoface.

(A)thelossofinvestment

(B)thecollapseofoperations

(C)areductionofrevenue

(D)achangeofownership

26.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

(A)WhoAretoBlamefortheStrikes?

(B)ConstantComplainingDoesn'tWork

(C)CanNationalizationBringHope?

(D)Ever-risingFaresAren'tSustainable

LastyearmarkedthethirdyearinarowofwhenIndonesia'sbleakrateofdeforestationhas

slowedinpace.Onereasonfortheturnaroundmaybethecountry'santipovertyprogram.In

2007,Indonesiastartedphasinginaprogramthatgivesmoneytoitspoorestresidents

undercertainconditions,suchasrequiringpeopletokeepkidsinschoolorgetregular

medicalcare.CalledconditionalcashtransfersorCCTs,thesesocialassistanceprogramsare

designedtoreduceinequalityandbreakthecycleofpoverty.They'realreadyusedindozens

ofcountriesworldwide.lnIndonesia,theprogramhasprovidedenoughfoodandmedicine

tosubstantiallyreduceseveregrowthproblemsamongchildren.ButCCTprogramsdon't

generallyconsidereffectsontheenvironment.lnfact,povertyalleviationandenvironmental

protectionareoftenviewedasconflictinggoals,saysPaulFerraro,aneconomistatJohns

HopkinsUniversity.That'sbecauseeconomicgrowthcanbecorrelatedwithenvironmental

degradation,whileprotectingtheenvironmentissometimescorrelatedwithgreater

poverty.However,thosecorrelationsdon'tprovecauseandeffect.Theonlypreviousstudy

analyzingcausality,basedonanareainMexicothathadinstitutedCCTs,supportedthe

traditionalview.There,aspeoplegotmoremoney,someofthemmayhavemorecleared

landforcattletoraiseformeat,Ferrarosays.Suchprogramsdonothavetonegativelyaffect

theenvironment,though.FerrarowantedtoseeifIndonesia'spoverty-alleviationprogram

wasaffectingdeforestation.Indonesiahasthethird-largestareaoftropicalforestintheworld

andoneofthehighestdeforestationrates.Ferraroanalyzedsatellitedatashowingannual

forestlossfrom2008to2012—includingduringIndonesia'sphase-inoftheantipoverty

program-in7,468forestedvillagesacross15provincesandmultipleislands.Theduo

separatedtheeffectsoftheCCTprogramonforestlossfromotherfactors,likeweatherand

macroeconomicchanges,whichwerealsoaffectingforestloss.Withthat,"weseethatthe

programisassociatedwitha30percentreductionindeforestation,"Ferrarosays.That's

likelybecausetheruralpoorareusingthemoneyasmakeshiftinsurancepoliciesagainst

inclementweather,Ferrarosays.Typically,ifrainsaredelayed,peoplemayclearlandtoplant

morericetosupplementtheirharvests.WiththeCCTs,individualsinsteadcanusethemoney

tosupplementtheirharvests.Whetherthisresearchtranslateselsewhereisanybody's

guess.FerrarosuggeststheresultsmaytransfertootherpartsofAsia,duetocommonalities

suchastheimportanceofgrowingriceandmarketaccess.Andregardlessoftransferability,

thestudyshowsthatwhat'sgoodforpeoplemayalsobegoodfortheenvironment."Evenif

thisprogramdidn'treducepoverty",Ferrarosays,"thevalueoftheavoideddeforestation

justforcarbondioxideemissionsaloneismorethantheprogramcosts."

28.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,CCTprogramsaimto.

(A)facilitatehealthcarereform

(B)helppoorfamiliesgetbetteroff

(C)improvelocaleducationsystems

(D)lowerdeforestationrates

29.ThestudybasedonanareainMexicoiscitedtoshowthat.

(A)cattlerearinghasbeenamajormeansoflivelihoodforthepoor

(B)CCTprogramshavehehelpedpreservetraditionallifestyles

(C)antipovertyeffortsrequiretheparticipationoflocalfarmers

(D)economicgrowthtendstocauseenvironmentaldegradation

3O.lnhisstudyaboutIndonesia,Ferrarointendstofindout.

(A)itsacceptancelevelofCCTs

(B)itsannualrateofpovertyalleviation

(C)therelationofCCTstoitsforestloss

(D)theroleofitsforestsinclimatechange

31.AccordingtoFerraro,theCCTprograminIndonesiaismostvaluableinthat.

(A)itwillbenefitotherAsiancountries

(B)itwillreduceregionalinequality

(C)itcanprotecttheenvironment

(D)itcanboostgrainproduction

32.Whatisthetextcenteredon?

(A)Theeffectsofaprogram.

(B)Thedebatesoveraprogram.

(C)Theprocessofastudy.

(D)Thetransferabilityofastudy.

Asahistorianwho'salwayssearchingforthetextortheimagethatmakesusre-evaluatethe

past,I'vebecomepreoccupiedwithlookingforphotographsthatshowourVictorian

ancestorssmiling(whatbetterwaytoshattertheimageof19th-centuryprudery?).l'vefound

quiteafew,and—sinceIstartedpostingthemonTwitter—theyhavebeencausingquitea

stir.PeoplehavebeensurprisedtoseeevidencethatVictorianshadfunandcould,anddid,

laugh.TheyarenotingthattheVictorianssuddenlyseemtobecomemorehumanasthe

hundred-or-soyearsthatseparateusfadeawaythroughourcommonexperienceof

laughter.Ofcourse,Ineedtoconcedethatmycollectionof'SmilingVictorians'makesup

onlyatinypercentageofthevastcatalogueofphotographicportraiturecreatedbetween

1840and1900,themajorityofwhichshowsittersposingmiserablyandstifflyinfrontof

paintedbackdrops,orstaringabsentlyintothemiddledistance.Howdoweexplainthistrend?

Duringthe1840sand1850s,intheearlydaysofphotography,exposuretimeswere

notoriouslylong:thedaguerreotypephotographicmethod(producinganimageona

silveredcopperplate)couldtakeseveralminutestocomplete,resultinginblurredimagesas

sittersshiftedpositionoradjustedtheirlimbs.Thethoughtofholdingafixedgrinasthe

cameraperformeditsmagicaldutieswastoomuchtocontemplate,andsoanon-committal

blankstarebecamethenorm.Butexposuretimesweremuchquickerbythe1880s,andthe

introductionoftheBoxBrownieandotherportablecamerasmeantthat,thoughslowby

today'sdigitalstandards,theexposurewasalmostinstantaneous.Spontaneoussmileswere

relativelyeasytocapturebythe1890s,sowemustlookelsewhereforanexplanationofwhy

Victoriansstillhesitatedtosmile.Oneexplanationmightbethelossofdignitydisplayed

throughacheesygrin."Naturegaveuslipstoconcealourteeth,"ranonepopularVictorian

saying,alludingtothefactthatbeforethebirthofproperdentistry,mouthswereoftenina

shockingstateofhygiene.Aflashingsetofhealthyandclean,regular"pearlywhites"wasa

raresightinVictoriansociety,thepreserveofthesuper-rich(andeventhen,dentalhygiene

wasnotguaranteed).Atoothygrin(especiallywhenthereweregapsorblackenedteeth)

lackedclass:drunks,trampsandmusichallperformersmightgurnandgrinwithasmileas

wideasLewisCarroll'sgum-exposingCheshireCat,butitwasnotabecominglookfor

properlybredpersons.EvenMarkTwain,amanwhoenjoyedaheartylaugh,saidthatwhenit

cametophotographicportraitstherecouldbe"nothingmoredamningthanasilly,foolish

smilefixedforever".

34.AccordingtoParagraph1,theauthor'spostsonTwitter.

(A)changedpeople'simpressionoftheVictorians

(B)highlightedsocialmedia'sroleinVictorianstudies

(C)re-evaluatedtheVictorians'notionofpublicimage

(D)川ustratedthedevelopmentofVictorianphotography

35.WhatdoesauthorsayabouttheVictorianportraitshehascollected?

(A)Theyareinpopularuseamonghistorians.

(B)Theyarerareamongphotographsofthatage.

(C)Theymirror19th-centurysocialconventions.

(D)Theyshoweffectsofdifferentexposuretimes.

36.WhatmighthavekepttheVictoriansfromsmilingforpicturesinthe1890s?

(A)Theirinherentsocialsensitiveness.

(B)Theirtensionbeforethecamera.

(C)Theirdistrustofnewinventions.

(D)Theirunhealthydentalcondition.

37.MarkTwainisquotedtoshowthatthedisapprovalofsmilesinpictureswas.

(A)adeep-rootedbelief

(B)amisguidedattitude

(C)acontroversialview

(D)athought-provokingidea

38.Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthetextanswer?

(A)WhydidmostVictorianslooksterninphotographs?

(B)WhendidtheVictoriansstarttoviewphotographsdifferently?

(C)WhatmadephotographydevelopslowlyintheVictorianperiod?

(D)Howdidsmilinginphotographsbecomeapost-Victoriannorm?

Fromtheearlydaysofbroadband,advocatesforconsumersandweb-basedcompanies

worriedthatthecableandphonecompaniessellingbroadbandconnectionshadthepower

andincentivetofavoraffiliatedwebsitesovertheirrivals'.That'swhytherehasbeensucha

strongdemandforrulesthatwouldpreventbroadbandprovidersfrompickingwinnersand

losersonline,preservingthefreedomandinnovationthathavebeenthelifebloodofthe

Internet.Yetthatdemandhasbeenalmostimpossibletofill—inpartbecauseofpushback

frombroadbandproviders,anti-regulatoryconservativesandthecourts.Afederalappeals

courtweighedinagainTuesday,butinsteadofprovidingabadlyneededresolution,itonly

prolongedthefight.AtissuebeforetheU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheDistrictofColumbia

CircuitwasthelatesttakeoftheFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC)onnet

neutrality,adoptedonaparty-linevotein2O17.TheRepublican-pennedordernotonly

eliminatedthestrictnetneutralityrulestheFCChadadoptedwhenithadaDemocratic

majorityin2015,butrejectedthecommission'sauthoritytorequirebroadbandprovidersto

domuchofanything.Theorderalsodeclaredthatstateandlocalgovernmentscouldn't

regulatebroadbandproviderseither.Thecommissionarguedthatotheragencieswould

protectagainstanti-competitivebehavior,suchasabroadband-providingconglomerate

likeAT&Tfavoringitsownvideo-streamingserviceattheexpenseofNetflixandApple

TV.YettheFCCalsoendedtheinvestigationsofbroadbandprovidersthatimposeddata

capsontheirrivals'streamingservicesbutnottheirown.OnTuesday,theappealscourt

unanimouslyupheldthe2017orderderegulatingbroadbandproviders,citingaSupreme

Courtrulingfrom2005thatupheldasimilarlyderegulatorymove.ButJudgePatriciaMillett

rightlyarguedinaconcurringopinionthat"theresultisunhingedfromtherealitiesof

modernbroadbandservice,"andsaidCongressortheSupremeCourtcouldinterveneto

"avoidtrappingInternetregulationintechnologicalanachronism."Inthemeantime,the

courtthrewouttheFCC'sattempttoblockallstaterulesonnetneutrality,whilepreserving

thecommission'spowertopreemptindividualstatelawsthatundermineitsorder.That

meansmorebattlesliketheonenowgoingonbetweentheJusticeDepartmentand

California,whichenactedatoughnetneutralitylawinthewakeoftheFCC'sabdication.The

endlesslegalbattlesandback-and-forthattheFCCcryoutforCongresstoact.ltneedsto

givethecommissionexplicitauthorityonceandforalltobarbroadbandprovidersfrom

meddlinginthetrafficontheirnetworkandtocreateclearrulesprotectingopennessand

innovationonline.

4O.Therehaslongbeenconcernthatbroadbandproviderswould.

(A)bringweb-basedfirmsundercontrol

(B)slowdownthetrafficontheirnetwork

(C)showpartialityintreatingclients

(D)intensifycompetitionwiththeirrivals

41.Facedwiththedemandfornetneutralityrules,theFCC.

(A)stickstoanout-of-dateorder

(B)takesananti-regulatorystance

(C)hasissuedaspecialresolution

(D)hasallowedthestatestointervene

42.WhatcanbelearnedaboutAT&TfromParagraph3?

(A)Itprotectsagainstunfaircompetition.

(B)Itengagesinanti-competitivepractices.

(C)ItisundertheFCC'sinvestigation.

(D)Itisinpursuitofqualityservice.

43.JudgePatriciaMillettarguesthattheappealscourt'sdecision.

(A)focusesontrivialities

(B)conveysanambiguousmessage

(C)isatoddswithitsearlierrulings

(D)isoutoftouchwithreality

44.Whatdoestheauthorargueinthelastparagraph?

(A)Congressneedstotakeactiontoensurenetneutrality.

(B)TheFCCshouldbeputunderstrictsupervision.

(C)Rulesneedtobesettodiversifyonlineservices.

(D)Broadbandproviders'rightsshouldbeprotected.

閱讀(補(bǔ)全短文)---為題目類型

Inthemoviesandontelevision,artificialintelligence(Al)istypicallydepictedassomething

sinisterthatwillupendourwayoflife.WhenitcomestoAlinbusiness,weoftenhearaboutit

inrelationtoautomationandtheimpendinglossofjobs,butinwhatwaysisAlchanging

companiesandthelargereconomythatdon'tinvolvedoom-and-gloommass

unemploymentpredictions?Arecentsurveyofmanufacturingandserviceindustriesfrom

TataConsultancyServicesfoundthatcompaniescurrentlyuseAlmoreoftenin

computer-to-computeractivitiesthaninautomatinghumanactivities.Onecommon

application?Preventingelectronicsecuritybreaches,which,ratherthaneliminatingITjobs,

actuallymakesthosepersonnelmorevaluabletoemployers,becausetheyhelpfirms

preventhackingattempts.HereareafewotherwaysAlisaidingcompanieswithout

replacingemployees:BetterhiringpracticesCompaniesareusingartificialintelligenceto

removesomeoftheunconsciousbiasfromhiringdecisions/'Thereareexperimentsthat

showthat,naturally,theresultsofinterviewsaremuchmorebiasedthanwhatAldoes,"says

PedroDomingos,authorofTheMasterAlgorithm:HowtheQuestfortheUltimateLearning

MachineWillRemakeOurWorldandacomputerscienceprofessorattheUniversityof

Washington.Inaddition,[Cl]Onecompanythat'sdoingthisiscalledBlendoor.lt

usesanalyticstohelpidentifywheretheremaybebiasinthehiringprocess.Moreeffective

marketingSomeAlsoftwarecananalyzeandoptimizemarketingemailsubjectlinesto

increaseopenrates.OnecompanyintheUK,Phrasee,claimstheirsoftwarecanoutperform

humansbyupto10percentwhenitcomestoemailopenrates.Thiscanmeanmillionsmore

inrevenue.[C2]Theseare"toolsthathelppeopleusedata,notareplacementfor

people,"saysPatrickH.Winston,aprofessorofartificialintelligenceandcomputerscienceat

MIT.SavingcustomersmoneyEnergycompaniescanuseAltohelpcustomersreducetheir

electricitybills,savingthemmoneywhilehelpingtheenvironment.Companiescanalso

optimizetheirownenergyuseandcutdownonthecostofelectricity.lnsurancecompanies,

meanwhile,canbasetheirpremiumsonAlmodelsthatmoreaccuratelyassess

risk.Domingossays,"[C3]"Improvedaccuracy"Machinelearningoftenprovides

amorereliableformofstatistics,whichmakesdatamorevaluable,"saysWinston.lt"helps

peoplemakesmarterdecisions.M[C4]Protectingandmaintaininginfrastructure

Anumberofcompanies,particularlyinenergyandtransportation,useAlimageprocessing

technologytoinspectinfrastructureandpreventequipmentfailureorleaksbeforethey

happen."Iftheyfailfirstandthenyoufixthem,it'sveryexpensive,"saysDomingos."[C5]

"[A]Alreplacestheboringpartsofyourjob.Ifyou'redoingresearch,youcanhave

Algooutandlookforrelevantsourcesandinformationthatotherwiseyoujustwouldn't

havetimefor.[B]Oneaccountingfirm,EY,usesanAlsystemthathelpsreviewcontracts

duringanaudit.Thisprocess,alongwithemployeesreviewingthecontracts,isfasterand

moreaccurate.[C]TherearealsocompanieslikeAcquisio,whichanalyzesadvertising

performanceacrossmultiplechannelslikeAdwords,Bingandsocialmediaandmakes

adjustmentsorsuggestionsaboutwhereadvertisingfundswillyieldbestresults.[D]You

wanttopredictifsomethingneedsattentionnowandpointtowhereit'susefulfor

employeestogoto.[E]Before,theymightnotinsuretheoneswhofeltlikeahighriskor

chargethemtoomuch,ortheywouldchargethemtoolittleandthenitwouldcostthe

companymoney.[F]We'realsogivingourcustomersbetterchannelsversuspickingupthe

phonetoaccomplishsomethingbeyondhumanscale.[G]Allooksatresumesingreater

numbersthanhumanswouldbeableto,andselectsthemorepromisingcandidates.

46.[Cl]

47.[C2]

48.[C3]

49.[C4]

50.[C5]

閱讀9翻譯句子)---為題目類型

WorldWarIIwasthewatershedeventforhighereducationinmodernWesternsocieties.

[Fl]Thosesocietiescameoutofthewarwithlevelsofenrollmentthathadbeenroughly

constantat3%?5%oftherelevantagegroupsduringthedecadesbeforethewar.Butafter

thewar,greatsocialandpoliticalchangesarisingoutofthesuccessfulwaragainstFascism

createdagrowingdemandinEuropeanandAmericaneconomiesforincreasingnumbersof

graduateswithmorethanasecondaryschooleducation.[F2]Andthedemandthatrosein

thosesocietiesforentrytohighereducationextendedtogroupsandsocialclassesthathad

notthoughtofattendingauniversitybeforethewar.Thesedemandsresultedinaveryrapid

expansionofthesystemsofhighereducation,beginninginthe1960sanddevelopingvery

rapidly(thoughunevenly)duringthe1970sand1980s.Thegrowthofhighereducation

manifestsitselfinatleastthreequitedifferentways,andtheseinturnhavegivenriseto

differentsetsofproblems.Therewasfirsttherateofgrowth:[F3]inmanycountriesof

WesternEurope,thenumbersofstudentsinhighereducationdoubledwithinfive-year

periodsduringthe1960sanddoubledagaininseven,eightortenyearsbythemiddleofthe

1970s.Second,growthobviouslyaffectedtheabsolutesizebothofsystemsandindividual

institutions.Andthird,growthwasreflectedinchangesintheproportionoftherelevantage

groupenrolledininstitutionsofhighereducation.Eachofthesemanifestationsofgrowth

carrieditsownpeculiarproblemsinitswake.Forexample,ahighgrowthrateplacedgreat

strainsontheexistingstructuresofgovernance,ofadministration,andaboveallof

socialization.Whenafacultyordepartmentgrowsfrom,say,5to20memberswithin3or4

years,[F4]andwhenthenewstaffpredominantlyyoungmenandwomenfreshfrom

postgraduatestudy,theylargelydefinethenormsofacademiclifeinthatfaculty.Andifthe

postgraduatestudentpopulationalsogrowsrapidlyandthereislossofaclose

apprenticeshiprelationshipbetweenfacultymembersandstudents,thestudentculture

becomesthechiefsocializingforcefornewpostgraduatestudents,withconsequencesfor

theintellectualandacademiclifeoftheinstitution-thiswasseeninAmericaaswellasin

France,Italy,WestGermany,andJapan.[F5]Highgrowthratesincreasedthechancesfor

academicinnovation,theyalsoweakenedtheformsandprocessesbywhichteachersand

studentsareadmittedintoacommurdtyofscholarsduringperiodsofstabilityorslow

growth.Inthe1960sand1970s,Europeanuniversitiessawmarkedchangesintheir

governancearrangements,withtheempowermentofjuniorfacultyandtosomedegreeof

studentsaswell.

52.[Fl]

53.[F2]

54.[F3]

55.[F4]

56.[F5]

小作文--為題目類型

58.Aforeignfriendofyourshasrecentlygraduatedfromcollegeandintendstofindajobin

China.Writehim/heranemailtomakesomesuggestions.Youshouldwriteabout100words

ontheANSWERSHEET.Donotsignyourownnameattheend.Use"LiMing"instead.You

donotneedtowritetheaddress.

大作文---為題目類型

59.Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.lnyouressay,you

should(1)describethedrawingbriefly,(2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen(3)give

yourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.

完型填空---為題目類型

Fluidintelligenceisthetypeofintelligencethathastodowithshort-termmemoryandthe

abilitytothinkquickly,logically,andabstractlyinordertosolvenewproblems.lt[Bl]

inyoungadulthood,levelsoutforaperiodoftime,andthen[B2]startstoslowly

declineasweage.But[B3]agingisinevitable,scientistsare