專(zhuān)題20 上海高考說(shuō)明文閱讀技巧點(diǎn)睛（解析版）

?專(zhuān)題20上海高考說(shuō)明文閱讀技巧點(diǎn)睛_________________________________________________________________________________________考點(diǎn)精考點(diǎn)精講【考情鏈接】上海高考英語(yǔ)關(guān)于閱讀理解要求考生讀懂簡(jiǎn)易的英語(yǔ)文學(xué)作品、科普文章、公告、說(shuō)明、廣告以及書(shū)、報(bào)、雜志中關(guān)于一般性話題的簡(jiǎn)短文章并回答相關(guān)問(wèn)題。文章題材廣泛，體裁多樣，包括記敘文、新聞報(bào)道、應(yīng)用文、說(shuō)明文、議論文等。以下梳理說(shuō)明文體裁主要閱讀技巧?！疽c(diǎn)梳理】[方法1]細(xì)節(jié)理解題說(shuō)明文通常突出介紹事件的過(guò)程、步驟和方法，同時(shí)通過(guò)具體的事例、數(shù)字、定義或圖表等加以說(shuō)明，所以該文體中的細(xì)節(jié)理解題常常和這些過(guò)程、步驟、方法、事例、數(shù)字、定義、圖表等相關(guān)?？忌忸}時(shí)一定要準(zhǔn)確地理解這些事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)，進(jìn)而做好相關(guān)的細(xì)節(jié)理解題?！镜淅浚?023寶山一模）Whendisasterstrikesacommunity,itisoftencriticalthatassistancebeprovidedrightaway.Thebestfirstrespondersarethepeoplewhocallthatareahome.TheCommunityEmergencyResponseTeam(CERT)programteachescivilianshowtopreparethemselvesfordangersthatmightaffecttheircommunities.Teamsofvolunteersaretrainedinbasicskillssuchasfiresafetyandprevention,searchandrescue,andfirstaid.Aftertraining,thesevolunteerscanbegintoprovideimmediateassistanceintheconsequenceofdisastersbeforeprofessionalrescuersarrive.43.Accordingtothepassage,whendoCERTmembersusuallyprovideassistance?A.Beforethoseprofessionalrescuersarrive. B.Whenuniformedemergencyrespondersarrive.C.Duringtheearlystagesofadisastrousevent. D.Throughouttheprocessofrescueinadisaster.【答案】43.D【解析】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了社區(qū)應(yīng)急響應(yīng)小組（CERT）項(xiàng)目教平民如何為可能影響他們社區(qū)的危險(xiǎn)做好準(zhǔn)備。說(shuō)明了CERT團(tuán)隊(duì)可以對(duì)社區(qū)產(chǎn)生巨大的影響，介紹了其積極作用以及人們對(duì)其的看法?！?3題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中“TheCommunityEmergencyResponseTeam(CERT)programteachescivilianshowtopreparethemselvesfordangersthatmightaffecttheircommunities..……(社區(qū)應(yīng)急響應(yīng)小組（CERT）項(xiàng)目教平民如何為可能影響他們社區(qū)的危險(xiǎn)做好準(zhǔn)備。志愿者隊(duì)伍接受消防安全和預(yù)防、搜索和救援以及急救等基本技能的培訓(xùn)。經(jīng)過(guò)培訓(xùn)，這些志愿者可以在專(zhuān)業(yè)救援人員到達(dá)之前，在災(zāi)難發(fā)生后立即提供援助)”可知，CERT成員通常在災(zāi)難中救援的整個(gè)過(guò)程提供幫助。故選D。[方法2]主旨大意題說(shuō)明文中的主旨大意題通常會(huì)體現(xiàn)作者寫(xiě)作的目的、文章主題思想、段落大意及閱讀人群、文章出處等。這樣，考生需要根據(jù)文章或段落的主題句、作者說(shuō)明的主要內(nèi)容等信息確定和主旨大意相關(guān)的試題，從而做出正確的選擇。【典例】(2023靜安一模)AsChristmasapproached,thepriceofturkeywentwild.Itdidn’trocket,assomemightsuggest.Nordiditcrash.Itjuststartedwaving.Weliveintheageofthevariableprices.Intheeyesofsellers,therightprice—theonethatwilldrawthemostprofitfromconsumers’wallets—hasbecomethefocusofhugeexperiments.Thesesortsofpriceexperimentshavebecomearoutinepartoffindingthatrightprice.Itmaycomeasasurprisethat,inbuyingapie,youmightbeparticipatinginacarefullydesignedsocial-scienceexperiment.Butthisiswhatonlinecomparisonshoppinghasbrought.Simplyput,theconveniencetoknowthepriceofanything,anytime,anywhere,hasgivenus,theconsumers,somuchpowerthatsellers—inadesperateefforttoregaintheupperhand,oratleastavoidextinction—arenowstaringbackthroughthescreen.Theyaretryingto“comparisonshopping”us.46.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Theadvantagesofonlineshoppingovertraditionalshopping.B.Measuressellerstaketomaximizeprofits.C.Theanalysisofpricingmechanism.D.ThebattlebetweenbuyersandsellersinInternetage.【答案】46.C【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是說(shuō)明文。文章主要講述在網(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí)代，因?yàn)槭艿胶芏嘁蛩氐挠绊?，物品的價(jià)格不再是一成不變的了，文章對(duì)定價(jià)機(jī)制進(jìn)行了分析【46題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“Itmaycomeasasurprisethat,inbuyingapie,youmightbeparticipatinginacarefullydesignedsocial-scienceexperiment.Butthisiswhatonlinecomparisonshoppinghasbrought.(買(mǎi)餡餅時(shí)，你可能會(huì)參加一個(gè)精心設(shè)計(jì)的社會(huì)科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)，這可能會(huì)讓人感到驚訝。但這就是網(wǎng)上比價(jià)購(gòu)物所帶來(lái)的。)”和最后一段““IntheInternetera,Idon’tthinkanyonecouldhavepredictedhowcomplicatedthesestrategieshavebecome,”saysRobertDolan,aprofessoratHarvard.(哈佛大學(xué)教授羅伯特·多蘭表示：“在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)時(shí)代，我認(rèn)為沒(méi)有人能夠預(yù)測(cè)這些策略會(huì)變得多么復(fù)雜?！?。)”可知，這篇文章主要講述在網(wǎng)絡(luò)時(shí)代，因?yàn)槭艿胶芏嘁蛩氐挠绊?，物品的價(jià)格不再是一成不變的了，文章對(duì)定價(jià)機(jī)制進(jìn)行了分析。故選C。[方法3]標(biāo)題判斷題科普說(shuō)明文多出現(xiàn)標(biāo)題判斷題，考查考生對(duì)全文的理解，它常以Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?等為設(shè)問(wèn)方式，文章標(biāo)題可以是單詞，短語(yǔ)，也可以是句子，它的特點(diǎn)是：短小精悍，多為一短語(yǔ)；涵蓋性強(qiáng)，一般要求能覆蓋全文，其確定的范圍要恰當(dāng)，既不能太大，也不能太小；精確性強(qiáng)，不能隨意改變語(yǔ)言表意的程度及色彩。答案需要理解文章后歸納文章中心。【典例】（2023長(zhǎng)寧一模）……Takenasawhole,however,thebookcontributesmuchtothediscussionoftheoriginsofemotions,presentingaremarkablecollectionofcross-culturalstudiesintermixedwithpersonalstoriesaboutforeignresidents’strugglestoreunitediverseemotionalandsocialworlds.……Thebook’stake-homemessageisfundamental:Therearenonaturalemotions,noinbornemotions,nouniversalemotions.Mesquitaarguesthatemotionsare“meaningmaking”and“apreparationforaction”andthattheideaof“emotionsasinnerstates”isaWesternconstruct.Instead,shesuggeststhatemotionsarea“dance”cocreatedbetweenpeoplewholiveinaspecificculturalcontextataparticularhistoricalmoment.46.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.Theculturallandscapeofemotions B.TheculturaloriginofemotionsC.Theculturalconventionofemotions D.Theculturalshockofemotions【答案】46.B【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是篇說(shuō)明文。文章通過(guò)對(duì)書(shū)籍“InBetweenUs”中關(guān)于情感的描述，介紹了作者——心理學(xué)家Mesquita對(duì)于情感的概念和產(chǎn)生原因的理解，體現(xiàn)了社會(huì)文化背景對(duì)情感的影響?！?6題詳解】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第五段“Takenasawhole,however,thebookcontributesmuchtothediscussionoftheoriginsofemotions,”（然而，從整體上看，這本書(shū)對(duì)情感起源的討論做出了很大貢獻(xiàn)）和最后一段“shesuggeststhatemotionsarea“dance”cocreatedbetweenpeoplewholiveinaspecificculturalcontextataparticularhistoricalmoment.”（她認(rèn)為，情感是生活在特定文化背景下、特定歷史時(shí)刻的人們共同創(chuàng)造的“舞蹈”。）并結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知，文章主要是通過(guò)Mesquita在她的書(shū)中的觀點(diǎn)討論了情感的文化起源。故選B。[方法4]推理判斷題為了考查考生的邏輯推理判斷能力，說(shuō)明文中的推理判斷題通常要求考生推斷出事件發(fā)展過(guò)程和步驟的重要環(huán)節(jié)以及作者使用舉例和對(duì)比等寫(xiě)作手法的具體目的等。這時(shí)，考生需要聯(lián)系文章的主題思想對(duì)推理判斷題加以突破。【典例】（2023青浦區(qū)一模）Adatabasethatfollowstheworld’sfossilfuelproduction,reserves,andreleaseofcarbonwaslaunchedonMonday.Thelaunchcomesoutatthesametimeastwoimportantclimatetalkshappeningattheinternationallevel.OneistheclimatetalksattheUnitedNation’sGeneralAssemblyinNewYorkwhichbeganonSeptember13.TheotherisCOP27inSharmElSkeikhwhichbeganinNovember.Itreallymatterstoenvironmentalsustainability.……Untilnow,therehasbeenprivatedataavailableforpurchase,andresearchoftheworld’sfossilfuelusageandreserves.TheInternationalEnergyAgencyalsokeepspublicdataonoil,gas,andcoal.Butitcentersonthedemandforthosefossilfuels.Thisnewdatabase,however,looksatwhatisyettobeburned.Theinformationcouldhelpenvironmentalgroupstopressureleadersforstrongerpoliciesreducingtheamountofcarbontheyrelease.46.What’sthewriter’sattitudetowardsthelaunchofthenewdatabase?A.Positive. B.Flexible. C.Critical. D.Ironical.【答案】46.A【解析】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了全球首個(gè)化石燃料公共數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)上線?！?6題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Itreallymatterstoenvironmentalsustainability.(這對(duì)環(huán)境的可持續(xù)性非常重要。)”和第三段“Theinformationcouldhelpenvironmentalgroupstopressureleadersforstrongerpoliciesreducingtheamountofcarbontheyrelease.(這些信息可以幫助環(huán)保組織向領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人施壓，要求他們制定更強(qiáng)有力的政策，減少碳排放。)”可推斷，作者對(duì)新數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的啟動(dòng)持積極的態(tài)度。故選A。[方法5]生詞詞義猜測(cè)題科普說(shuō)明文往往揭示自然奧秘、動(dòng)植物生存特點(diǎn)及產(chǎn)品工藝原理，易出現(xiàn)一些學(xué)術(shù)性較強(qiáng)的生詞，因此常出現(xiàn)生詞詞義判斷題，這種試題常以Whatdoestheunderlinedwordmean?或Whatisthemeaningoftheunderlinedword?為設(shè)問(wèn)方式考查對(duì)生詞詞義的判斷。詞義猜測(cè)題的設(shè)置通常和定義、概念、舉例等有關(guān)，這有助于對(duì)詞匯的理解，解題時(shí)考生要注意捕捉這些信息，正確理解相關(guān)詞匯的意思?！镜淅浚?023寶山一模）ACERTteamcanmakeahugedifferencetoacommunity.Duringtheearlystagesofadisastrousevent,citizenswilllikelyfaceextremechallengesontheirown.Emergencyservicesareusuallyoverwhelmed,andcommunitiesmaybeisolatedbecauseofblockedroads.ACERTteamcansizeupthesituationintheirneighborhoodandprovidehelprightaway.In1986,untrainedvolunteerssavedmorethan800livesintheMexicoCityearthquake.Unfortunately,atleast100volunteersalsodiedintheprocess.Toensuretheircommunitywasbetterpreparedineventslikethis,LosAngelespilotedthefirstCERTprogramin1986,andmanycitiesfollowedtheirlead.44.Theword“pilot”inthesecondparagraphmostprobablymeans________.A.conduct B.imitate C.pass D.discuss【答案】44.C【解析】詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)畫(huà)線詞后文“thefirstCERTprogramin1986,andmanycitiesfollowedtheirlead(第一個(gè)CERT計(jì)劃在1986年，許多城市跟隨他們的領(lǐng)導(dǎo))”可知，洛杉磯在1986年通過(guò)了第一個(gè)CERT計(jì)劃，許多城市效仿他們的做法。故畫(huà)線詞意思是“通過(guò)”。故選C。_____真題操練真題操練2019年上海秋季高考英語(yǔ)真題CompositeimageofEuropeandNorthAfricaatnight,2016.Credit:NASAEarthObservatoryimagesbyJoshuaStevens,usingSuomiNPPVIIRSdatafromMiguelRoman,NASA’sGoddardSpaceFlightCenter.Artificiallightisoftenseenasasignofprogress:themarchofcivilizationshinesalightinthedark;ittakesbackthenight;itilluminates.Butachorusofscientistsandadvocatesarguesthatunnaturallybrightnightsarebadnotjustforastronomersbutalsofornocturnal(夜間活動(dòng)的)animalsandevenforhumanhealth.Nowresearchshowsthenightisgettingevenbrighter.From2012to2016theearth’sartificiallylitareaexpandedbyanestimated2.2percentayear(map),accordingtoastudypublishedlastNovemberinScienceAdvances.Eventhatincreasemayunderstatetheproblem,however.Themeasurementexcludeslightfrommostoftheenergy-efficientLEDlampsthathavebeenreplacingsodium-vaportechnologyincitiesallovertheworld,saysleadstudyauthorChristopherKyba,apostdoctoralresearcherattheGermanResearchCenterforGeosciencesinPotsdam.ThenewdatacamefromaNASAsatelliteinstrumentcalledtheVisibleInfraredImagingRadiometerSuite(VIIRS).Itcanmeasurelong---wavelengthsoflight,suchasthoseproducedbytraditionalyellow-and-orangesodium-vaporstreetlamps.ButVIIRScannotseetheshort-wavelengthbluelightproducedbywhiteLEDs.Thislighthasbeenshowntodisrupthumansleepcyclesandnocturnalanimals’behavior.Credit:MappingSpecialists;Source:“ArtificiallyLitSurfaceofEarthatNightIncreasinginRadianceandExtent,”byChristopherC.M.Kybaetal.,inScienceAdvances,Vol.3,No.11,ArticleNo.E1701528;November22,2017.TheteambelievestheongoingswitchtoLEDscausedalreadybrightcountriessuchasItaly,theNetherlands,SpainandtheU.S.toregisterashavingstablelevelsofilluminationintheVIERSdata.Incontrast,mostnationsinSouthAmerica,AfricaandAsiabrightened,suggestingincreasesintheuseoftraditionallighting.Australiaactuallyappearedtoloselitarea—buttheresearcherssaythatisbecausewildfiresskewedthedata.“ThefactthatVIIRSfindsanincrease(inmanycountries),despiteitsblindnessinthepartofthespectrumthatincreasedmore,isverysad,”saysFabioFalchi,aresearcheratItaly’sLightPollutionScienceandTechnologyInstitute,whodidnotparticipateinthestudy.In2016Falchi,alongwithKybaandseveralothermembersofhisresearchteam,publishedaglobalatlasofartificiallightingthatshowedonethirdoftheworld’spopulationcurrentlylivesunderskiestoobrighttoseetheMilkyWayatnight.ThedataalsocastdoubtontheideathattheLEDlightingrevolutionwillleadtoenergycostsavings.Between2012and2016themediannationpumpedout15percentmorelong-wavelengthlightasitsGDPincreasedby13percent.Andoverall,countries’totallightproductioncorrelatedwiththeirGDP.Inotherwords,Kybasays,“webuyasmuchlightaswearewillingtospendmoneyon.”Whichisnottrueaboutthespreadoflitareas?A.Litareaexpandedbyanestimated2.2percentayear. B.Artificiallightisoftenseenasasignofprogress.C.TheincreaseinGDPisduetotheincreaseinlight. D.Itisbadfornocturnalanimalsandevenforhumanhealth.WhatisthefunctionofVIIRS?A.ItcantakingpicturesoftheEarthtosolveproblems.B.Itcanrecordandanalyselongwavelengthsoflight.C.ItisaNASAsatellitearoundtheearth.D.Itcanfindthelightthatisbadforhumansleepcycles.Accordingtothearticle,whatwecanknowabouttheLEDs?A.UnnaturallyLEDlightsarebadforpeople.B.Itisasignofcivilizationinmodernsociety.C.VIIRScanseethelightproducedbywhiteLEDs.D.ArtificiallylitsurfaceofEarthincreasingbecauseofLEDs.66. Theauthorwritesthisarticleto__________.A.showthenightisgettingevenbrighterB.tellpeoplethatVIIRSmeasurelongwavelengthsoflightC.complainthattheMilkyWayisnotvisibleatnightD.attempttoarousepeople’sawarenessoflightpollution【答案】63.C64.B65.A66.D63.C[解析]考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。定位到原文中Between2012and2016themediannationpumpedout15percentmorelong-wavelengthlightasitsGDPincreasedby13percent.Andoverall,countriestotallightproductioncorrelatedwiththeirGDP2012年至2016年期間，隨著國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值(GDP)增長(zhǎng)13%，中值國(guó)家的長(zhǎng)波光輸出量增加了15%?？偟膩?lái)說(shuō)，各國(guó)的光生產(chǎn)總量與其國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值相關(guān)。可知光的生產(chǎn)總量與GDP有關(guān)，但不是選項(xiàng)中的因果關(guān)系，故選C64.B[解析]考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)文中“ButVIIRScannotseetheshort-wavelengthbluelightproducedbywhiteLEDs.Thislighthasbeenshowntodisrupthumansleepcyclesandnocturnalanimals'behavior”但VIIRS無(wú)法看到白色LED產(chǎn)生的短波藍(lán)光。這種光已經(jīng)被證明擾亂了人類(lèi)的睡眠周期和夜間活動(dòng)的動(dòng)物的行為?？芍狟正確。其他選項(xiàng)表述錯(cuò)誤。65.A[解析]考查細(xì)節(jié)理解。根據(jù)文中第一段“Butachorusofscientists...arebadnotjustfor.evenforhumanhealth”可知夜間非自然LED燈光會(huì)對(duì)人的身體健康產(chǎn)生危害，故選A。66.D[解析]考查主旨概括。全文都在討論全球照明水平的提高可能威脅動(dòng)物生態(tài)和人類(lèi)健康。由文中ThedataalsocastdoubtontheideathattheLEDlightingrevolutionwillleadtoenergycostsavings這些數(shù)據(jù)也使人們對(duì)LED照明命將導(dǎo)致能源成本節(jié)約的想法產(chǎn)生了懷疑。也可知作者是對(duì)照明革命保持懷疑態(tài)度的。故選D。2014年上海秋季高考英語(yǔ)真題Ifyoucouldbeanybodyintheworld,whowoulditbe?Yourneighbourorasuperstar?Afewpeoplehaveexperiencedwhatitmightbeliketostepintotheskinofanotherperson,thankstoanunusualvirtualreality（虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)）device.RikkeWahl,anactress,modelandartist,wasoneoftheparticipantsinabodyswappingexperimentattheBeAnotherlab,aprojectdevelopedbyagroupofartistsbasedinBarcelona.Sheswappedwithherpartner,anactor,usingamachinecalledTheMachinetoBeAnotherandtemporarilybecameaman."AsIlookeddown,Isawmywholebodyasaman,dressedinmypartner'spants,"shesaid."That'sthepictureIrememberbest."Theset-upisrelativelysimple.Bothuserswearavirtualrealityheadsetwithacameraonthetop.Thevideofromeachcameraissenttotheotherperson,sowhatyouseeistheexactviewofyourpartner.Ifshemovesherarm,youseeit.Ifyoumoveyourarm,sheseesit.Togetusedtoseeinganotherperson'sbodywithoutactuallyhavingcontrolofit,participantsstartbyraisingtheirarmsandlegsveryslowly,sothattheothercanfollowalong.Eventually,thiskindofslowsynchronised（同步的）movementbecomescomfortable,andparticipantsreallystarttofeelasthoughtheyarelivinginanotherperson'sbody.Usingsuchtechnologypromisestoalterpeople'sbehaviourafterwards-potentiallyforthebetter.Studieshaveshownthatvirtualrealitycanbeeffectiveinfightingracism-thebias（偏見(jiàn)）thathumanshaveagainstthosewhodon'tlookorsoundlikethem.ResearchersattheUniversityofBarcelonagavepeopleaquestionnairecalledtheImplicitAssociationTest,whichmeasuresthestrengthofpeople'sassociationsbetween,forinstance,blackpeopleandadjectivessuchasgood,bad,athleticorawkward.Thentheyaskedthemtocontrolthebodyofadarkskinneddigitalcharacterusingvirtualrealityglasses,beforetakingthetestagain.Thistime,theparticipants'biasscoreswerelower.Theideaisthatonceyou've"putyourselfinanother'sshoes"you'relesslikelytothinkillofthem,becauseyourbrainhasinternalisedthefeelingofbeingthatperson.ThecreatorsofTheMachinetoBeAnotherhopetoachieveasimilarresult."Attheendofbodyswapping,peoplefeellikeholdingeachotherintheirarms,"saysArthurPointeau,aprogrammerwiththeproject."It'sareallynicewaytohavethiskindofexperience.Iwouldreally,reallyrecommendittoeveryone."74.Theword"swapping"(paragraph1)isclosestinmeaningto______.A.buildingB.exchangingC.controllingD.transplanting75.WecaninferfromtheexperimentattheBeAnotherlabthat______.A.ourfeelingsarerelatedtoourbodilyexperienceB.wecanlearntotakecontrolofotherpeople'sbodiesC.participantswilllivemorepassionatelyaftertheexperimentD.TheMachinetoBeAnothercanhelppeoplechangetheirsexes76.IntheImplicitAssociationTest,beforetheparticipantsusedvirtualrealityglassestocontroladarkskinneddigitalcharacter,______.A.theyfoughtstronglyagainstracismB.theyscoredloweronthetestforracismC.theychangedtheirbehaviourdramaticallyD.theyweremorebiasedagainstthoseunlikethem77.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat______.A.technologyhelpspeoplerealizetheirdreamsB.ourbiasescouldbeeliminatedthroughexperimentsC.virtualrealityhelpspromoteunderstandingamongpeopleD.ourpointsofviewaboutothersneedchangingconstantly【答案與解析】74.B75.A76.D77.C

[語(yǔ)篇導(dǎo)讀]本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。如果你能成為世界上的任何人，可能是誰(shuí)呢？本文介紹了了身體交換以及它帶來(lái)的體驗(yàn)。74.B根據(jù)上文中stepintotheskinofanotherperson，以及機(jī)器的名字TheMachinetoBeAnother可知，swap表示“交換，故選B。75.A由文章第三段第一句“Togetusedto……h(huán)avingcontrolofit”可知，B錯(cuò)誤，C原文中沒(méi)有提到，排除，由第三段中最后一句“participantsreallystart……person'sbody”可知，D錯(cuò)誤，故選A。76.D根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段中最后一句you'relesslikelytothinkillofthem（測(cè)試后人們對(duì)不同人的偏見(jiàn)降低）可知，測(cè)試前他們對(duì)那些與他們不同的人有偏見(jiàn)，故選D。77.C根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段最后一句becauseyourbrainhasinternalisedthefeelingofbeingthatperson可知，應(yīng)選C。_____好題必好題必測(cè)【上海市復(fù)旦大學(xué)附屬中學(xué)2022-2023學(xué)年高三上學(xué)期11月教學(xué)質(zhì)量檢測(cè)英語(yǔ)試題】Thateveryone’stoobusythesedaysisacliche.Butonespecificcomplaintismadefrequently:There’sneveranytimetoread.AprofessionalreaderthenovelistandcriticTimParks,wroteinaNewYorkReviewofBooksessay:“Everymomentofseriousreadinghastobefoughtfor,plannedfor.”P(pán)arkswrotethatinJune;lastmonth,Ifinallyfoundtimetoreadit.Whatmakestheproblemthornieristhattheusualtime-managementtechniquesdon’tseemsufficient.Theweb’sfullofarticlesofferingtipsonmakingtimetoread:“GiveupTV”or“Carryabookwithyouatalltimes”.Butinmyexperience,usingsuchmethodstofreeuptheodd30minutesdoesn’twork.Sitdowntoreadandtheflywheelofwork-relatedthoughtskeepsspinning—orelseyou’resoexhaustedthatachallengingbook’sthelastthingyouneed.“Themodernmind,”P(pán)arkswrites,“isoverwhelminglyinclinedtowardcommunication...Itisnotsimplythatoneisinterrupted;itisthatoneisactuallyinclinedtointerruption.”Deepreadingrequiresnotjusttime,butaspecialkindoftimewhichcan’tbeobtainedmerelybybecomingmoreefficient.Infact,“becomingmoreefficient”ispartoftheproblem.Thinkingoftimeasaresourcetobemaximizedmeansyouapproachitinstrumentally,judginganygivenmomentaswellspentonlyinsofarasitadvancesprogresstowardsomegoal.Immersivereading,bycontrast,dependsonbeingwillingtoriskinefficiency,goallessness,eventime-wasting.Trytoslotitasato-dolistitemandyou’llmanageonlygoal-focusedreading—useful,sometimes,butnotthemostfulfillingkind.“Thefuturecomesatuslikeemptybottlesalonganunstoppableandnearlyinfiniteconveyorbelt,”writesGaryEberleinhisbookSacredTime,and“wefeelapressuretofillthesedifferent-sizedbottles(days,hours,minutes)astheypass,foriftheygetbywithoutbeingfilled,wewillhavewastedthem”.Nomind-setcouldbeworseforlosingyourselfinabook.Sowhatdoeswork?Perhapssurprisingly,schedulingregulartimesforreading.You’dthinkthismightfueltheefficiencymind-set,butinfact,Eberlenotes,suchritualisticbehaviourhelpsus“stepoutsidetime’sflow”into“soultime”.Youcouldlimitdistractionsbyreadingonlyphysicalbooks,oronsingle-purposee-readers.“Carryabookwithyouatalltimes”canactuallywork,too-providingyoudipinoftenenough,sothatreadingbecomesthedefaultstatefromwhichyoutemporarilysurfacetotakecareofbusiness,beforedroppingbackdown.Onareallygoodday,itnolongerfeelsasifyou’re“makingtimetoread,”butjustreading,andmakingtimeforeverythingelse.43.Theusualtime-managementtechniquesdon’tworkbecause_________.A.whattheycanofferdoesnoteasethemodernmindB.whatchallengingbooksdemanditrepetitivereadingC.whatpeopleoftenforgetiscarryingabookwiththemD.whatdeepreadingrequirescannotbeguaranteed44.The“emptybottles”metaphorillustratesthatpeoplefeelapressureto_________.A.updatetheirto-dolists B.makepassingtimefulfillingC.carrytheirplansthrough D.pursuecarefreereading45.Eberlewouldagreethatschedulingregulartimesforreadinghelps__________.A.encouragetheefficiencymind-set B.developonlinereadinghabitsC.promoteritualisticreading D.achieveimmersivereading46.“Carryabookwithyouatalltimes”canworkif_________.A.readingbecomesyourprimarybusinessofthedayB.allthedailybusinesshasbeenpromptlydealtwithC.youareabletodropbacktobusinessafterreadingD.timecanbeevenlysplitforreadingandbusiness【答案】43.D44.B45.D46.A【解析】【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要說(shuō)明了人們經(jīng)常抱怨沒(méi)有時(shí)間閱讀，而讓這個(gè)問(wèn)題更加棘手的是，通常的時(shí)間管理技巧似乎并不足夠。因?yàn)樯疃乳喿x不僅需要時(shí)間，而且需要一種特殊的時(shí)間，而這種時(shí)間不能僅僅通過(guò)提高效率來(lái)獲得。文章還介紹了如何實(shí)現(xiàn)沉浸式閱讀的方法?！?3題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中“Deepreadingrequiresnotjusttime,butaspecialkindoftimewhichcan’tbeobtainedmerelybybecomingmoreefficient.(深度閱讀不僅需要時(shí)間，而且需要一種特殊的時(shí)間，而這種時(shí)間不能僅僅通過(guò)提高效率來(lái)獲得)”可知，通常的時(shí)間管理技巧并不奏效，因?yàn)樯疃乳喿x所需要的內(nèi)容無(wú)法得到保證。故選D?！?4題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中““Thefuturecomesatuslikeemptybottlesalonganunstoppableandnearlyinfiniteconveyorbelt,”writesGaryEberleinhisbookSacredTime,and“wefeelapressuretofillthesedifferent-sizedbottles(days,hours,minutes)astheypass,foriftheygetbywithoutbeingfilled,wewillhavewastedthem”.Nomind-setcouldbeworseforlosingyourselfinabook.(GaryEberle在他的《神圣的時(shí)間》一書(shū)中寫(xiě)道：“未來(lái)就像空瓶子沿著一條不可阻擋的、幾乎無(wú)限的輸送帶向我們走來(lái)。當(dāng)這些不同大小的瓶子（天、小時(shí)、分鐘）經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)，我們感到一種把它們裝滿的壓力，因?yàn)槿绻鼈儧](méi)有被裝滿就過(guò)去了，我們就浪費(fèi)了它們?！?”可知，“空瓶子”的比喻說(shuō)明，人們感到有一種壓力，要讓打發(fā)時(shí)間變得有意義。故選B。【45題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中“Sowhatdoeswork?Perhapssurprisingly,schedulingregulartimesforreading.(那么什么是有效的呢？也許令人驚訝的是，安排規(guī)律的閱讀時(shí)間)”可推知，Eberle認(rèn)同安排規(guī)律的閱讀時(shí)間有助于實(shí)現(xiàn)沉浸式閱讀。故選D?！?6題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中““Carryabookwithyouatalltimes”canactuallywork,too-providingyoudipinoftenenough,sothatreadingbecomesthedefaultstatefromwhichyoutemporarilysurfacetotakecareofbusiness,beforedroppingbackdown.Onareallygoodday,itnolongerfeelsasifyou’re“makingtimetoread,”butjustreading,andmakingtimeforeverythingelse.(“隨時(shí)隨身攜帶一本書(shū)”實(shí)際上也能起作用——只要你經(jīng)常閱讀，那么閱讀就會(huì)成為你的默認(rèn)狀態(tài)，你會(huì)暫時(shí)浮出水面處理事務(wù)，然后再回到原位。在一個(gè)非常好的日子里，你不會(huì)再覺(jué)得你“擠出時(shí)間來(lái)閱讀”，而是只是閱讀，并為其他事情騰出時(shí)間)”可知，如果閱讀成為你每天的首要任務(wù)，“隨身攜帶一本書(shū)”是可行的。故選A。上海師范大學(xué)附屬外國(guó)語(yǔ)中學(xué)高三第二學(xué)期四月線上診斷Dependingonwhomyoubelieve,theaverageAmericanwill,overalifetime,waitinlinesfortwoyears(saysnationalpublicradio)orfiveyears(accordingtosomecustomer-loyaltyexperts).Thecrucialwordisaverage,aswealthyAmericansroutinelyavoidlinesaltogether.Oncethemostdemocraticofinstitutions,linesarerapidlybecomingtheexclusiveprovinceofsuckers(peoplewhostillbelieveinandpracticewaitinginlines).Poorsuckers,mostly.AirportsresembleFrancebeforetheRevolution:first-classpassengersenjoy"elite"securitylinesandpriorityboarding,anddisembarkbeforetheunwashedincoach,heldatbaybyaflightattendant,areallowedtofoultheJet-way.Atamusementparks,too,youcannowbuyyourwayoutofline.ThissummerIhaplesslywatchedkidsusea$52GoldFlashPasstojumpthelinesatSixFlagsNewEngland,andsimilarsystemsareinuseinmostmajorAmericanthemeparks,fromUniversalOrlandotoWaltDisneyWorld,wherethehavesgettowatchthehave-moresbreezepastontheirwaytotheirseats.FlashPassteacheschildrenavaluablelessoninreal-worldeconomics;thatthericharemoreimportantthanyou,especiallywhenitcomestowaiting.AnNBAplayeroncesaidtome,withabemusedchuckleofdisbelief,thatwhenplayinginCanada—getthis—"Wehavetowaitinthesamecustomslineaseverybodyelse."Almosteverylinecanbebreachedforaprice.InseveralU.S.citiesthissummer,earlyarriversamongtheearlyadopterswaitingtobuyiPhonesofferedtoselltheirspotsinthelines.OnCraigslist,prospectiveiPhonepurchasersofferedtopay"waiters"or"placeholders"towaitinlineforthemoutsideApplestores.Inevitably,somesemi-populistpoliticianshaveseenthevalueofsort-ofwaitinginlineswiththeordinarypeople.BillionaireNewYorkmayorMichaelBloombergoftenwaitsforthesubwaywithhisfellowcitizens,thoughhe'sfirstdrivenbymotorcadepastthestopnearesthishousetoastation22blocksaway,wherethewait,oratleasttheride,isshorter.Nothingannoysanationallawmakermorethanapersonwhowillnotwaitinline,unlessthatlineisinfrontofanelevatorattheU.S.Capitol,whereSenatorsandRepresentativesuseprivateelevators,lesttheyhavetoqueuewiththeirconstituents.Butcompromisingtheintegrityofthelineisnotjustantidemocratic,it'sout-of-date.TherewassomethingabouttheorderlyboardingofNoah'sArk,twobytwo,thatseemedtorestorenotjustcivilizationbutcivilityduringtheGreatFlood.Howcivilwasyourlastflight?SouthwestAirlineshasfirst-come,first-servedfestivalseating.Butfor$5perflight,anunaffiliatedcompanycalledBoardFirst.comwillsecureyouacoveted"A"boardingpasswhenthatairlineopensforonlinecheck-in24hoursbeforedeparture.Thus,thesavvytravelerdoesn'tevenwaitinlinewhenheorsheisonline.Someculturesarenotrenownedforliningup.Thenagain,someculturesaretooadeptatliningup:acitizenoftheformerSovietUnionwouldjoinaqueuejustsohecouldgettotheheadofthatqueueandseewhateveryonewasqueuingfor.AndthenthereistheUS,wheresocietyseemstobecleavingintotwogroups;VeryImportantPersons,whodon’twait,andVeryImpatientPersons,whodo-unhappy.43.W