中西海洋文明史 課件全套 Chapter 1 Chinese and Western Ocean Legends-Chapter 5 Chinese and Western Maritime Rights and Interests

ChineseandWestern

OceanLegendsChapterI

CONTENTS1

LegendoftheOceanOrigins2LegendarySeaDeities3LegendarySeaStoriesLead-inStoriesHundunandSevenOrificesHundungoveredCentralHeaven,andhetreatedShu(EmperoroftheSouthernSea)andHu(EmperoroftheNorthernSea)kindly.TheydecidedtofixHundunwithoneorificeaday,andsevendayslater,Hundunfellanddied.WhatdoyoumakeofthecauseofHundun’sdeath?Lead-inStoriesFactsofGaia(Gaea)SECTION1ChineseStoriesofOceanOriginTheStoryofPanguYinYangPangucouldn’tbearthestuffyeggandspliteditintotwohalves.Heusedhisarmstokeepyinandyangseparatefromeachother.Intheend,hisbodypartsmadeupthewholeworld.ChineseStoriesofOceanOriginTheStoryofNüwaGonggongbashedhisheadagainstBuzhoumountain—oneofthefourpillarsholdinguptheheavens.Inordertosaveherchildren,Nüwameltedstonesofthefivecolourstorepairtheheavens.Aftershewasdone,shewassotiredthatshelaidtodowntorestanddiedfromexhaustion.NüwaisapopularChinesegoddessassociatedwithfertilityandmarriage.TheStoryofGuixuGuixuwasanendlessabysswherefivemountainssit,namelyDaiyu,Yuanqiao,Fanghu,Yingzhou,andPenglai.Fifteengianttortoisesweresenttocarrythesesacredmountain.However,peoplefromLongbokilledtortoisesinDaiyuandYuanqiao,thusmakingthesetwomountainsdriftedfarawaywiththewavesandsankintothesea.Fromthenon,onlyFanghu,Yingzhou,andPenglaiwereleftinGuixu.ChineseStoriesofOceanOriginWesternStoriesofOceanOriginPontusPontuswastheprimordialgodofthesea.Hewastheseaitself,notmerelyitsresidentdeity,whowasbornfrom

Chaos

alongside

Tartarus,

Gaea,

Uranus,

Nyx,andmanyotherprimordialgods.Pontusisseenastheembodimentofthesearatherthanagodwholivesintherealmofthesea.WesternStoriesofOceanOriginNjordNjordisthegodofthesea,wind,wealth,andfertility.Njordhasthepowertocontrolthewaves,thestorms,andthecurrents,andhecangrantfavorableweatherandsafevoyagestothosewhoworshiphim.Healsohastheabilitytocalmtheseaandthewind,andhecanbringpeaceandharmonytotheworld.WesternStoriesofOceanOriginMamiWataMamiWataisoneofthetermmostusedtorefertomermaidentityinAfricanculture.Althoughtheoriginsofhercreationcannotbepinpointed,itislikelytohaveoriginatedaroundthecoastofGuineaandfondlyusedinotherWestAfricanculturessuchasGhana&Nigeria.MamiWatahasbecomeoneofthemostprominentwaterspiritofAfricanfolkloreduetothefactthatshecanbereferencedmoreasaconceptratherthanasinglebeing.DidYouKnow?123Westernersstilloftenrefertotheearthas“Gaia”Wordswith“Gaia”astheirrootaremostlyrelatedtotheearth:geology,geographyTheroots“gen,”“gene,”and“gener”arerelatedtoproductionandreproduction:generate,generationGaiaVS.NüwaGaia(Gaea)’smeaninginEnglishGaia:createsgods;respectedastheancestoroftheWesternworldNüwa:createshumanbeingsDidYouKnow?TitanTitan(orTitanes)’sextendedmeaningthegiant,thegreatmanChineseOceanMythsagreatspiritofsacrificeaspirationforatranquilandpeacefullifeChineseOceanMythsWesternOceanMythsVS.WesternOceanMythsconquest,possession,violence,andbloodinessGodissuperiortothemortalsSECTION2Lead-inStoriesChapter49ofJourneytotheWest

theDragonKingsoftheFourSeasLead-inStoriesZeusPoseidonChineseSeaDeitiesGuanyinGuanyin(觀音)isthegoddessofmercyandconsideredtobethephysicalembodimentofcompassion.ChineseSeaDeitiesTheDragonKingInChinesemythology,Longwang(龍王)lordsovertheseasandisknownasthe“DragonKing.”Heisafearsomeguardiandeitywhocontrolsalldragons,seacreatures,theoceans,andtheweather.Althoughhehasatemper,Longwangisseenasasymbolofgoodfortuneandthemythologicalembodimentoftheconceptofyang.ChineseSeaDeitiesMazuMazuwasmostwell-knownforguidingshipstoshoreduringstorms,evensavingherownfamilyfromdrowningbyrescuingtheminspiritform.Asaprotectoroftravellers,herswereamongthefirsttemplesestablishedbyChinesepeopleoverseas.ThishasenabledMazuismtospreadwellbeyonditsrootsinFujiantootherAsiancountries,Australia,andtheUnitedStates.WesternSeaDeitiesOceanusOceanuswasadivinefigureinclassicalantiquity.Hewasthe

Titan

Godoftheseas,rivers,waterandachildof

Oranos?and

Gaea.

Inothertales,Oceanuswasportrayedasthe“originofeverything.”WesternSeaDeitiesPoseidonPoseidon

wasthe

Greek

godoftheseaandrivers,thecreatorofstormsandfloods,andthebringerofearthquakesanddestruction.Hewasaprotectortomarinersand,asatamerofhorses,thepatronofthatanimalandhorsebreeding.WesternSeaDeitiesAmphitriteAmphitrite,inGreekmythology,thegoddessofthesea,wifeofthegodPoseidon,andoneofthe50(or100)daughters(theNereids)ofNereusandDoris(thedaughterofOceanus).StoryLinksFourwatermonstersinTheClassicofMountainsandSeasHuashe（化蛇）Jimeng（計蒙）Yuer（于兒）Tuowei（鼉圍）StoryLinksSeamonstersinGreekmythScyllaSirenDidYouKnow?TheimageofdragonDidYouKnow?DuZhanAoTou

獨占鰲頭DidYouKnow?TheworshipofMazu1.kind,generousandpositivefigureswhobringbenefitstothepeople2.mostofthemaremercifulandgenerouswomen3.compassionatefigureswithgreatpowersChineseseadeitiesVS.1.theweakeningofkinship2.barelyshowanymercyandkindness3.possessnoboundlesspowerWesternseadeitiesChinesepeoplehaveamoregenerousandtolerantunderstandingofthesea,andtheyareeagertobeprotectedandliveinharmony.Westerners’strongerdesiretoconquerandexplore,aswellastheirintentiontosubjugatetheworldbyforce.SECTION3ChineseSeaStoriesTheBirdJingweiFillingtheSeaNvwa,theyoungestandmostfavoreddaughteroftheSunGod,lostherlifetothemercilesssea.Aftershedied,Nvwaturnedintoabirdwithredclawsandawhitebeak,vowingtofillupthesea.It'swidelyconsideredasasymbolofdoggeddeterminationandperseveranceinthefaceofseeminglyimpossibleodds.ChineseSeaStoriesNezhaRiotingtheSeasNezha,bornfromashapelessballofflesh,wasbornasaboyinsteadofaninfantandcouldwalkandspeakfromthemomentheemerged.InordertoappeaseAoGuang,theSeaDragonKingoftheEast,NeZhaofferedhimselfasasacrifice,committingsuicidetosavehisfamilyandtownfromdestruction.ChineseSeaStoriesEightImmortalsCrossingtheSeaTheBaXian(八仙),alsocalledtheEightImmortals,areagroupoflegendaryheroesofancienttimeswhofightforjusticeandvanquishevil,accordingtoChinesemythology.TheywereonceinvitedbyotherimmortalstoenjoypeoniesbutwereblockedbytheDragonKingoftheEasternSeaontheirwayhome.Theeightthusshowedtheirownmagicpowers.Intheend,theeighteachheldtheirtreasuresandrodethewindandwavesacrosstheEasternSea.WesternSeaStoriesOdysseusOdysseus,alegendaryhero,isoftencalled“OdysseustheCunning”becauseofhiscleverandquickmind.BesidesPolyphemus,Odysseusandhismenalsoencounteredmanyotherseamonstersandseaenchantresses.Aftertenyearsofmultipleordeals,OdysseusfinallystruggledtoreachhisbelovedIthaca.OdysseusandPolyphemustheCyclopsWesternSeaStoriesSirenIn

Greekmythology,the

Sirenwasadangerouscreaturethatlurednearbysailorswiththeirenchantingmusicandsingingvoicestoshipwreckontherockycoastoftheirisland.Odysseus

ordershimselftobetiedtotheship’smastsohemayhearSiren’ssongastheboatpasses.Heordershiscrewtoblocktheirearswithbeeswaxandtoignorehispleastobeuntied(sothathecannotleavetheshiptojointhesirens).WesternSeaStoriesMermaidsMermaids

arelegendary,aquaticcreatureswiththehead,armsandtorsoofahumanfemaleandthetailofafish.InGreeklegendstherearemermaidsthatcansinkshipsand

sirens

thatluresailorstotheirdoom.StoryLinksMermaidsinChinesefairytalesTheMermaid,directedbyHongKongdirectorStephenChowLingyuinShanHaiJingHeBoStoryLinksMermaidsinChinesefairytalesJiaoReninSouShenJithesilkhandkerchiefgivenbyJiaBaoyuJiaoxiao(鮫綃)StoryLinksMermaidsinChinesefairytales聶璜在《海錯圖》：“人魚其長如人，肉黑發(fā)黃，手足眉目口鼻皆具，陰陽亦與男女同，惟背有翅，紅色，后有短尾及胼指與人稍異耳?！绷掷ぁ墩\齋雜記》：“海人魚狀如人，眉目口鼻手足皆為美麗女子，無不懼足，皮肉白如玉，灌少酒便如桃花，發(fā)如馬尾，長五六尺，臨海鰥寡居多取養(yǎng)池沼。”BaiQiulianinLiaozhaiZhiyiStoryLinksIsoHime（磯姬）inJapanInJapaneselegends,thereisamonster-likemermaidcalledIsoHime,butsheisahideousseamonster,growingafish-shapedlowerbody,ahugemouthcrackedtoherearswithsharpteethinside,andlonghornsonitshead.StoryLinksLoreleiinGermanyTherewasabeautifulgirlinGermanywhowasbetrayedbyherlover.Thegirlwassoangrythatshedrownedherselfintheriver.Afterdeath,sheturnedintoawaterdemonandsatontherockalongtheRhineRiver,combingherhairwhilesingingtolurethepassingboatmen.Heine,afamousGermanpoet,oncewroteapoemtitledLorelei.BecauseofHeine’sincrediblecreation,LoreleihasalsobecometheemblemoftheRhineRiver,themotherriverofGermany.DidYouKnow?TheQueenwiththelowestsenseofpresenceAmphitriteAmphitriteandPoseidon

1.anoptimistviewwhenfacingthesea2.generoussentimentsofharmoniouscoexistencewiththesea3.uniqueromanceChineseseastoriesVS.1.theseaisoppositetoaplaceforharmoniouscoexistence2.theseaisevil,soitmustbedefeatedatallcosts3.amixtureofloveandhateWesternseastoriesfullofinterestandcharmdisplaythevigorousandromanticspiritoftheChinesenationThankyouChineseandWesternExpeditionChapterTwo01ShipbuildingHistory0302CatalogueSeaExplorationHistorySeaExplorationTraditionShipbuildingHistorySection1ShipbuildingHistory12ChineseShipbuildingHistoryWesternShipbuildingHistorySTEP01STEP02EarlyChineseshipbuildinghistoryHollowGourdsInflatedanimalskinsSTEP03TreetrunkSTEP04STEP05CanoesTheNeolithicera16thto11thcenturyBCEPlantboattheSpringandAutumnPeriodandWarringStatesPeriodSTEP06春秋戰(zhàn)國的戰(zhàn)船主要有“大翼”“中翼”“小翼”“突冒”“樓舡”“橋舡”“余皇”“須慮船”“太白船”“戈船”“下瀨船”等。新石器時代獨木舟和筏隋代大龍舟秦漢時期大船隊、樓船唐宋時期弦舸巨艦、“神舟”、水密艙壁漢朝樓船、“榮登”、“蒙沖”、“赤馬”元朝時期五桅戰(zhàn)船、六桅座船、七桅糧船、八桅馬船、九桅寶船三國時期戰(zhàn)船、車船、“飛云”、“蓋?！泵鞒瘯r期鄭和寶船TheHistoryofChinese

Shipbuilding

ABCTheQinandHandynastiesTheTangandSongdynastiesTheMingDynastyTheThreePeaksofShipbuilding秦漢時期，是我國造船業(yè)發(fā)展史上出現(xiàn)的第一個高峰。據(jù)古書記載，秦始皇曾派大將率領(lǐng)用樓船組成的艦隊攻打楚國。到了漢朝，以樓船為主力的水師已經(jīng)十分強大。秦漢造船業(yè)的發(fā)達(dá)，為后世造船技術(shù)的進(jìn)步，奠定了堅實的基礎(chǔ)。三國時期的江東孫吳之地，便是歷史上造船發(fā)達(dá)的吳越之地。晉朝在滅掉蜀漢后，為了滅掉吳國，曾派王漕建造樓船，船內(nèi)可以承載2000多人，艙面建有瞭望臺，船上可以馳馬往來，被稱為“舟相之盛，自古未有”。唐宋時期是我國造船史上出現(xiàn)的第二個高峰。我國古代造船也自此進(jìn)入了成熟期，無論從船舶的數(shù)量上還是質(zhì)量上，都體現(xiàn)出我國造船事業(yè)的高度發(fā)展。一是船體不斷增大，結(jié)構(gòu)也更加合理。二是造船數(shù)量不斷增多。唐宋時期造船工場明顯增加許多。三是造船工藝越來越先進(jìn)。唐宋時期的建造的舟船不僅種類繁、體積大，而且工藝先進(jìn)、結(jié)構(gòu)堅固、載量大、航運快、安全可靠等優(yōu)點，在國際上享有很高聲譽。從7世紀(jì)以后，中國遠(yuǎn)洋船隊就日益頻繁的出現(xiàn)在萬頃波濤的大洋上，當(dāng)時的外國人皆用“世界上最先進(jìn)的造船匠”的語言來稱贊中國船工。明朝時期是我國造船業(yè)的第三個發(fā)展高峰。由于元朝經(jīng)辦以運糧為主的海運，又繼承和發(fā)展了唐宋的先進(jìn)造船工藝和技術(shù)，大量建造了各類船只，其數(shù)量與質(zhì)量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過前代。元朝造船業(yè)的大發(fā)展，為明代建造五桅戰(zhàn)船、六桅戰(zhàn)船、七桅戰(zhàn)船、八桅戰(zhàn)船、九桅戰(zhàn)船創(chuàng)造了十分有利的條件，迎來了我國造船業(yè)的新高潮。據(jù)考古新發(fā)現(xiàn)和古書上記載，明朝時期的造船工場分布之光、規(guī)模之大、配套之全，是歷史上空前的，達(dá)到了我國古代造船史上的最高水平。010302041500sEngland’sTudormonarchs

adoptedanexpansivemaritimepolicy.18thcenturyBritain’sNorthAmericancoloniesproducedlargequantitiesoftonnage1450sPortugalproducedthecaravel17thcenturyFrance,Britain,Holland,Spain,andBalticportsweremajorshipbuildingcentersTheHistoryofEuropeanSailingShipDesignNorthAmericancolonies,andtheUnitedStateswerethechiefshipbuildingareas0519thcentury06TheDecliningroleofEuropeanshipbuilding20thcenturySeaExplorationHistorySection2SeaExplorationHistory12ChineseSeaExplorationWesternSeaExplorationChineseSeaExploration1.XuFu’sVoyagestotheEasternSeas1.SeekfortheelixirofimmortalityADCB

FourGuessesabouttheReasonsforXu’sVoyages2.Escapefromtyranny

3.Carryouta“secretmission”--expandawidermaritimeterritory4.Overseasmigration情景設(shè)計圖文并茂簡化設(shè)計循序漸進(jìn)簡化設(shè)計簡化設(shè)計2.MingTreasureVoyagesZhengHe’sJourneytotheWesternOceanZhengHewasregardedasapeacemakeroftheMingDynasty.Zheng

He(1371–1433)

served

as

a

brilliant

military

leader,

maritime

explorer,

and

foreign

diplomat

under

the

Yongle

emperor

of

the

Ming

dynasty.

One

of

China’s

most

accomplished

admirals,

he

led

seven

expeditions

to

the

“Western

Oceans.”RoadmapofZhengHe'sSevenVoyagestotheWest寶船是鄭和船隊中最大的海船，也是鄭和船隊中的主體，也是鄭和率領(lǐng)的海上特混艦隊的旗艦，它在鄭和船隊中的地位相當(dāng)于現(xiàn)代海軍中的旗艦、主力艦。鄭和寶船供鄭和船隊的指揮人員、使團人員及外國使節(jié)乘坐。同時，用它來裝運寶物，有明朝皇帝賞賜給西洋各國的禮品、物品，也有西洋各國進(jìn)貢明朝皇帝的貢品、珍品，還有鄭和船隊在海外通過貿(mào)易交換得來的物品。為此，稱為“寶船”，意為“運寶之船”。ZhengHe’sTreasureShipsThreeMainArgumentsabouttheCausesofMingTreasureVoyages01添加標(biāo)題添加標(biāo)題SearchingforEmperorJianwenParadestovauntpowerofthecountryMilitarypurpose0203EastChinaSeaRouteSouthChinaSeaRoute3.SilkRoadontheSea東海航線，也叫“東方海上絲路”。春秋戰(zhàn)國時期，齊國在膠東半島開辟了“循海岸水行”直通遼東半島、朝鮮半島、日本列島直至東南亞的黃金通道。唐代，山東半島和江浙沿海的中韓日海上貿(mào)易逐漸興起。宋代，寧波成為中韓日海上貿(mào)易的主要港口。南海航線，又稱南海絲綢之路，起點主要是廣州和泉州。先秦時期，嶺南先民在南海乃至南太平洋沿岸及其島嶼開辟了以陶瓷為紐帶的交易圈。唐代的“廣州通海夷道”，是中國海上絲綢之路的最早叫法，是當(dāng)時世界上最長的遠(yuǎn)洋航線。明朝時鄭和下西洋更標(biāo)志著海上絲路發(fā)展到了極盛時期。WesternOceanExplorationTheexplorerChristopherColumbusmadefourtripsacrosstheAtlanticOceanfromSpain:in1492,1493,1498and1502.Firstvoyage:totheislandofCuba.Secondvoyage:toexplorethe"Indiancontinent".Thirdvoyage:southAmericawasfirstdiscoveredbyEuropeans.Fourthvoyage:shipdamaged1.ChristopherColumbusandtheAgeofDiscoveryTheAgeofDiscoveryFirstly,theAgeofDiscoveryplayedanimportantroleinpromotingtheRenaissanceandprovidedawealthofresources,enhancingtheeconomicstrengthofEuropeanaristocrats,whobegantousethiswealthtosupportthecreationofartists.Secondly,theAgeofDiscoveryallowedEuropeanstocomeintocontactwiththeNewWorldandnewcultures,whichprofoundlyinfluencedEuropeanculturaltraditions.Thirdly,theAgeofDiscoveryenabledEuropeanstointeractwithothercultures,promotingthespreadofknowledgeandtechnology.2.SlaveTrade跨大西洋奴隸貿(mào)易，是指16世紀(jì)至19世紀(jì)時期，在環(huán)大西洋地區(qū)將非洲大陸人民作為廉價勞動力提供給美洲大陸殖民地地區(qū)的一種貿(mào)易。奴隸的來源主要是非洲西部和中部，黑人被歐洲人通過貿(mào)易或襲擊、綁架等手段抓獲販往美洲大陸。奴隸貿(mào)易者包括（根據(jù)規(guī)模排序）：葡萄牙人、英國人、法國人、西班牙人、荷蘭人和美國人。在長達(dá)約400年的帶有強烈殖民主義色彩的黑奴貿(mào)易中，目前估計約有1200萬人從非洲運到美洲的奴隸，部分學(xué)者得到的數(shù)據(jù)相對更高，尤其是從非洲得到的。將航運死亡的一千萬人計算入內(nèi)后，非洲人口損失數(shù)據(jù)可以達(dá)到三千萬。3.CriminalTradeCriminaltradereferstothetransportationofcriminalfromBritaintoitsoverseascolonies.In1655,theBritishbegandeportingprisonerstoNorthAmerica,andaround1760,theriftbetweentheBritishandtheNorthAmericancoloniesbegantoemerge,forcingtheBritishtoreducetheirdeportations.TheoutbreakoftheNorthAmericanWarofIndependenceledtoasignificantincreaseinthenumberofprisonersonBritishsoil.Itdidn'ttakelongforBritaintodiscoverAustraliain1770.AftertheindependenceoftheUnitedStates,AustraliabecamethenewexileofBritishconvicts.OceanExploration(5000

BCE-1

BCE)Oceanexplorationbegins,producingthefirstdivingandsailingvessels.(1CE-1600)Explorersdiscoveringnewlandsandtravelingaroundtheworld.(1601–1800)Deepdivingbecomespossible.Expeditionscontinuetosailtheworld’soceansandthefirstsubmarineisinvented.(1801–1900)Technologicaladvancesenablethedevelopmentofmoreadvanceddivingequipment.Expeditionsbegintodiscovertheexistenceofdeepsealife.(1901-1950)The1900sseethefirstmapsoftheoceanfloorandthefirstdeepoceandives.(1951-1970)Thedeepestoceandivetakesplacein1960,oceanlaboratoriesevolve,andNOAAisestablishedin1970tohelpwithoceanresearch.(1971-Present)After1970,manyexcitingnewdiscoveriesincludethediscoveryofdeepseahydrothermalvents,thediscoveryofthewreckoftheTitanic,andthefirstvideoofalivegiantsquidintheocean.SeaExplorationTraditionSection3SeaExplorationTradition12ChineseSeaExplorationTraditionWesternSeaExplorationTraditionChineseSeaExplorationTraditionABCEmbracingPeace:ZhengHe--anenvoyofpeaceHarmonybetweenManandOcean

Inspiredbynature"泛愛眾"、"而親仁"自古以來，中國人民在開發(fā)和利用海洋的過程中，逐步形成了與海洋和諧相處、保護環(huán)境、追求生態(tài)平衡的哲學(xué)思想、知識、傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗和實踐經(jīng)驗。中國古人認(rèn)為，海洋是有靈性的存在，其力量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過人類。因此他們形成了對海洋的自然崇拜。莊子主張“泛愛眾”的博愛精神?！秴问洗呵铩穭窠溥^度捕撈。道家戒律提倡愛護生命的美德。佛教戒律勸人放生和不殺生。中國人受天人合一思想的熏陶，在利用海洋資源時非常重視自然法則。中國文化的基礎(chǔ)是崇尚自然、熱愛自然，人與自然是和平共處的獨特生命。在瀕危海洋動物保護方面，中國積極遵循自然法則，科學(xué)立法，建立海洋自然保護區(qū)。此外，中國還開展相關(guān)科學(xué)研究，監(jiān)測海洋環(huán)境，及時更新保護動物名錄，推廣替代品和養(yǎng)殖品的使用，積極參與世界海洋生物多樣性保護工作。ChineseSeaExplorationTraditionWesternSeaExplorationTraditionABCRomanEmpireAlexandertheGreat--aconquerofnoend

BritishEmpire

亞歷山大即位后，開始了他的征服之路。他率領(lǐng)馬其頓軍隊征服了希臘城邦。公元前334年：亞歷山大開始對波斯帝國的征服，率領(lǐng)軍隊渡過黑海，在小亞細(xì)亞地區(qū)擊敗波斯的薩特拉帕軍隊。公元前333年：亞歷山大在伊蘇索斯戰(zhàn)役中擊敗波斯軍隊，占領(lǐng)了波斯帝國的首都佩爾西斯。公元前332年：亞歷山大占領(lǐng)了埃及，并建立了亞歷山大港，成為了希臘文化在東方的中心。公元前331年：亞歷山大在迦密拉戰(zhàn)役中擊敗了波斯大帝達(dá)里奧三世的軍隊，奪得了決定性的勝利。公元前327年：亞歷山大率領(lǐng)軍隊征服了巴克特里亞，成為了他征服的最遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)之一。公元前326年：亞歷山大率領(lǐng)軍隊進(jìn)入印度，與印度國王波羅奢陀戰(zhàn)斗。公元前323年：亞歷山大在巴比倫去世，他的帝國被分割成了多個部分。AlexandertheGreat--aconquerofnoend

RomanEmpire共和國時期（公元前509年-公元前27年）羅馬共和國時期是羅馬歷史上最初的階段，始于公元前509年羅馬城被貴族政治家們推翻了君主制，并宣布成為共和國。帝國建立時期（公元前27年-公元117年）公元前27年，奧古斯都將帝國建立，結(jié)束了共和國時期的政治動蕩。帝國輝煌時期（公元117年-公元180年）公元117年，特拉托將帝國邊界擴展到了最大，成為歷史上最龐大的帝國之一。這一時期是羅馬帝國最為輝煌的時期，政治、經(jīng)濟和文化都達(dá)到了一個新的高峰。帝國衰退時期（公元180年-公元476年）公元180年后，羅馬帝國逐漸開始走向衰退。公元395年，羅馬帝國分裂成東羅馬帝國和西羅馬帝國。公元476年，西羅馬帝國被日耳曼民族的奧多亞塞所滅，羅馬帝國的統(tǒng)治時代結(jié)束了。16世紀(jì)，英格蘭殖民帝國開始萌芽，英國透過建立海上強權(quán)的方式建立自己的體系。英國正式在海權(quán)方面崛起。17世紀(jì)和18世紀(jì)，英國都在和他國的斗爭中不斷累積自己的實力，急速變強。19世紀(jì)是英國的世紀(jì)，真正意義上的大英帝國完成，整個時代被稱為“英國的時代”，并且由英國開始改變整個人類生活模式的“工業(yè)革命”。20世紀(jì)，大英帝國的全球領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位下滑，而海軍和殖民方面則依然保持世界第一梯隊的優(yōu)勢。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束之后，英國自身開始解放殖民地、幫助殖民地民主化。隨著英國國力日衰以及全球掀起去殖民化浪潮，大英帝國自1947年印度獨立后逐漸瓦解。BritishEmpireGeography:

moreruggedandrocky,withfewerbaysandestuaries.Culture:drivenbythedesirefornewtraderoutesandmarkets,henceleadtoconquerandinvsasionbrutally.History:Westerncolonizationandwealthplunderingwerebasedonthefoundationofmaritimeexploration,conquestofforeignculturesthroughmaritimeexploration.WesternoceantraditionChineseoceantraditionGeography:numerousbays,inlets,andriverdeltas,providingamorediverserangeofhabitatsandmarineresources.Culture:drivenbytheneedforfoodandresources,sincefocusonhamoniouscoexistence.History:China’sexplorationwaspeaceful,viewingtheoceanasasourceoflivelihood,asymbolofstrengthandtoughness,ratherthananobjectofwealthplunderingandacquisition.VS1.WhatisthemajordifferencebetweenChineseandwesternshipbuilding?2.WhatisthebasicmeaningoftheSilkRoadandwhyitissoimportant?3.WhatphilosophicalperspectivesarereflectedinChineseandweternseaexplorationtradition?TimetothinkThankyou！ChineseandWesternMarineArts3ChapterOceanPaintingsOceanMusicOceanLiterature123CONTENTS★ChineseOceanLiterature★ThedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternoceanliteratureandtheirculturalessence★WesternOceanLiteraturePART01OceanLiterature1TheClassicofMountainsandSeasBizarreanimalsinthesouthernmountainsearlygeographyofChinacompiledduringthelateWarringStatesandHanperiodsTheMoonovertheRiveronaSpringNight“春江潮水連海平，海上明月共潮生?！眞rittenbyZhangRuoxu“Inspringtheriverrisesashighasthesea;Andwiththeriver’stideuprisesthemoonbright.”（許淵沖譯）ByImperialCommand,ZhengSanbaoSetsSailfortheWesternOceansMingDynastyDramabyZhaoQimeibothacourtoperaandanorthernzajuRobinsonCrusoeFictionbyDanielDefoeonApril25,1719TheRimeoftheAncientMarinerPoembySamuelTaylorColeridgein1798“TheSunnowroseupontheright:Outoftheseacamehe,Stillhidinmist,andontheleftWentdownintothesea.”TheTempestPlaywrittenbyWilliamShakespearebetween1610and1611ChinesemaritimenovelsthedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternmarinenovelsmagnificentimaginationofdistantoverseasconciseandcondensedinthenarrativeunwaveringChinesephilosophyofpeaceWesternmaritimenovelsamassandplunderwealthconquest:discriminationandviolenceaveryclearrationalthinkingmodeChineseoceanpoetrythedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternoceanpoetrycreativewayofexpressingemotionsandmoodblankspaceselegance,subtlety,condensedmeaning,andprofoundimplicationWesternoceanpoetrylogicalprecisionandnarrativearrangementtheoceanmeanswildnessandterrormorepreciseinadirectandenthusiasticway,oronrationalthinkingChinesetheaterthedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesterntheaterfocusesmoreonconveyingmeaningmoretypes:eachregionhavingitsownuniqueformWesterntheatermorerealisticmaintypes:spokendrama,operasthatonlyhavesinging,andballetsthatonlyhavedancingChineseculturalessencetheculturalessenceofthedifferencebetweenWesternandChinesemaritimetheatertheChinesepeople'sdesireforahappyendingasinheritorsofagriculturalculturemorality,ethics,andthehierarchybetweenrulerandsubjectWesternculturalessenceoutwardexplorationandaggressionareemphasizedinmaritimeculture，presentingmoretragedyemphasizesindividualbehaviormore★ChineseOceanPainting★ThedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternoceanpaintingsandtheirculturalbackground★WesternOceanPaintingPART02OceanPaintings2TwelveWatersbyMaYuan(SongDynasty).DanshanYinghaiMapbyWangMeng(YuanDynasty).HaiwuZhanchouTubyYuanJiang(QingDynasty).J.M.W.TurnerEnglishRomanticartist“thepainteroflight”.TheFightingTemeraireImpression·SunrisebyClaudeMonet.JohnEverettalifetimepaintingofthesea.thedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternoceanpaintingsChineseoceanpaintingsWesternoceanpaintingsSimilarityexpresscommonemotionalsentimentsandidealpursuitsDifferenceharmonybetweenheavenandhumanitytragediesandjoysofsecularlifewiththebeautyofnaturetheuseofblankspacesimplefigureandsceneryprofoundphilosophicalideasobjectsoccupyacentralpositionmeticulousbrushtechnique,usingink,paper,andinkstoneastools(mainlyinblackandwhite)morediversepaintingtools,,likeapen,paper,cloth,knife,brush,etc.andgouache,watercolor,oilcloth,etc.(presentthecolor,lightandshadowoftherealworld)ChineseculturalbackgroundculturalbackgroundofdifferentseapaintingsanagriculturalsocietythatvalueslocalfarminginfluenceofConfucianism,Taoism,andBuddhismanaturalisticperspectiveWesternculturalbackgroundthebinarydichotomyandregardnatureasanobjectofexplorationandconquestempiricism,individualism,andscientificspirit★ChineseOceanMusic★ThebasicfeaturesofChineseandWesternoceanmusicandtheirculturalsources★WesternOceanMusicPART03OceanMusic3ADrunkenFishermanSingsattheSunsetbyPiRixiuandLuGuimeng(TangDynastypoets)Theycreatedanewstyleofmatchingrhymepoetry..ChatBetweenaFishermanandaWoodcutter(Yu-QiaoWenda)qinmelodythedialoguebetweenthefishermanandwoodcuttergetsrighttotheessence.RhythmoftheWavebyZhaoYuanrenanoratorio-likeworkarepresentativeworkofearlyChinesechoralmusic.ClaudeDebussyafamousFrenchcomposer.Majorworks:MoonlightPreludetotheAfternoonofaFaunTheSeaCalmSeaandProsperousVoyageTwopoemsbyGoethe.Theywerethesourceforthree19th-centurysettings:Beethoven’sOpus112(1814-1815)Schubert’ssong“CalmSea”(1815)Mendelssohn’sOvertureOpus27(1828,revisedin1834)RichardWagner’sTheFlyingDutchman.ChineseseamusicthebasicfeaturesofChineseandWesternseamusicpursueavirtual,quietandetherealmood,andpayingmoreattentiontopersonalinnerfeelingsWesternseamusicpaysmoreattentiontotheunityofreasonandemotion,pursuingstrengthandintensity,andseekingtheunityofmysteryandactiontheculturalsourcesofthedifferencesinseamusicChineseseamusicWesternseamusicoriginsfrompeople’sproductiveactivitiesfromancientGreecemusicalinstrumentsrelativelysimplestructureandrelativelysinglesoundproductionprinciplecomplexandrefinedconstruction,arichandwiderangeofsoundswithstrongexpressivepower.aestheticappealsintrospectiveoutwardconquestofhistoryThankyou!3ChapterChapterIV:ChineseandWesternOceanEconomy123TraditionalOceanIndustryEmergingOceanIndustryMarineAquaticResources延時符Sections:TraditionalOceanIndustryLearningObjectivesLearningContentsStoryLinksLead-inQuestions1Toknowthebasicconceptofoceantraditionaleconomy.TounderstandthespecificcharacteristicsofChineseandWesternsalthistory.ToexplorethedifferentdevelopmenthistoriesofChineseandWesternoceantraditionaleconomy.LearningObjectives延時符Lead-inQuestions延時符Whatisthedifferencebetweenlandeconomyandoceaneconomy?Whataretheopportunitiesinoceaneconomy?Howimportantistheoceantoournationaleconomy?Whatarethelargestoceanindustries?LearningContents延時符WesternSeaSaltIndustryChineseSeaSaltIndustryThe

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saltSaltandeconomySalt

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worshipSaltandcolonizationSaltandwarv.sChineseSeaSaltIndustry:延時符Thehistoryofseasalt:1(1)Theoriginofsalt:鹽宗夙沙氏煮海成鹽ChineseSeaSaltIndustry:延時符(2)ThreemajortechnologicalreformsofthemanufacturingtechnologyofseasaltinChina:PlaceTimeMethodFirstGuangdong&JianghuaiTangDynastyBoilthebrineintosaltSecondFujian&GuangdongSong&YuandynastiesSunbrinetoproducesaltThirdHebei&TianjinThereignofKublaiKhanDirectlyuseseawaterbrinetomakesaltChineseSeaSaltIndustry:延時符Saltandeconomy:2“臣”，itmeansthatsaltmakingisrelatedto“servingtheemperor”.Theappearanceofapersonmakingthebrine.Thecontainerforcookingsalt.Thischaractershowsthatsaltwasoncecontrolledbytheimperialgovernment.ChineseSeaSaltIndustry:延時符Theimportanceofsaltbeingnationalizedbythegovernment:animportanteconomicsource&ameansofgoverningthecountries.清代官鹽發(fā)票ChineseSeaSaltIndustry:延時符古書《鹽鐵論》江蘇鹽稅博物館Chinese