不同水平譯員交替?zhèn)髯g過程中筆記效能的對比研究

西安交通大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）題目ACOMPARATIVESTUDYONEFFICACYOFNOTE-TAKINGINCONSECUTIVEINTERPRETING不同水平譯員交替?zhèn)髯g過程中筆記效能的對比研究IntroductionAtpresent,studiesofnote-takinginconsecutiveinterpretingaremostlyconfinedtotheperspectiveoftheEffortModel（Gile1995）andbasedontheempiricalstudyofnote-takingskillsandobservationonnotecontents,languagechosenandnotesymbols.Seldomstudieshavebeendonequantitatively(WangWenyu&ZhouDandan2014)focusingonthesubstantiverole,mechanismsofnote-takinginconsecutiveinterpretingandthenegativeimpactsofnote-takingoninterpretingperformances.Basedontheconceptof"efficiency"ofnotes,thisstudydrawsonthetheoryoftheefficiencytheoryofinterpretingnotes(YaoWenhao2011)and“memoryerror”effectonconsecutiveinterpreting(WangFei&MeiDeming2016),anddiscusseshowthe"effect"and"energy-consumption"ofnotesaffectthecognitivemechanismofinterpretersintheprocessofinterpreting.Whatkindofnotesaremostrecommendableintermsoftime-savinginbothnote-takingandmemoryretrievalparts.Theresearchgaphereisthatthenegative-effectnoteshavelongbeenignoredbyscholars.AndthisresearchfillsthegapbyanalyzingtheencodingandretrievalmechanismoftheinterpretingnotesfromtheperspectiveofwordformationandfindingsofthecomparativestudyonChineseandEnglish.Thisstudyhascertaintheoreticalsignificanceandpracticalvalueforexploringthestrategyinnote-takinginconsecutiveinterpretingandconstructingscientificnote-takingteachingmethodforteacherswhohelpbeginnerinterpretersovercomingtheirshortcomingsinnote-taking.

2LiteratureReviewLiteratureReviewTheRelationshipBetweenInterpretingNotesandMemoryDuetothefactthatthememorycapacityislimited,manyresearchershaveconductedstudiestowardstheroleofinterpretingnotesinreleasingmemoryburdenduringtheprocessofconsecutiveinterpreting.Somescholars(Lambert1988;Liuetal.2004:19-42;Merlini1996:31-41),onceproposedthatnote-takingcanberegardedasprimary-processingofinformation,whichcannotonlyhelpinterpretersretrievethekeyinformationbutalsohelpthemdeepentheimpressionaftertheylistenedtothespeech.TheFrenchscholarBallester&Jimenez(1992:238)andMerlini(1996:31-41)alsostronglyrecommendthattraineeinterpretersaresupposedtofollowtheinstructionorder,namelylistening,analyzingthekeyconceptsandwords,andthentakingnotesduringpractices.TheFrenchexpertiseinterpreter(DanielGile1995),presentedanEffortModelofConsecutiveinterpretation,whosetheoryhasbeenmostrecognizablefordecadesHedividedtheinterpretingprocessintotwostages.Inthefirststage,interpretersaresupposedtodealingwithfourtasksalmostsimultaneously.Theyareacceptingthesoundandanalyzing,takingnotes,recallingrecentmemory,anddoingcoordination.Inthesecondstage,note-reading,information-retrieval,andproductiontakeplacesynchronously.Ifthenote-takingprocessisnoteffectiveenough,itwillcostextraattentioncapacitythatissupposedtomanageotherparts,whichmaydecreasetheoverallperformanceofinterpreting.Manylateststudiesinthefieldconcentratemainlyonthemechanismofworkingmemory.Workingmemory,aspecialkindofshort-timememory,canaffectvoicecycle,thetemplateofvisualspaceandcentralexecutionsystem.Thesestronglyaffectedsystemsplayvitalrolesinconsecutiveinterpretingprocess,themultitaskprocessingactivity.Astudyabouttherelationshipbetweenwalkingmemoryandconsecutiveinterpreting(Chinese-English&English-Chinese)findoutthatC-Econsecutiveinterpretingisstronglyaffectedbyworkingmemory.TheperformanceofE-Cconsecutiveinterpretingdoesn’tshowaclearcorrelationwithworkingmemory(ZhangYijing2008).TheNote-GeneratingMechanismSomescholarsbelievethatthefunctionoftheinterpretingnotesistohelptoresolvememoryloadsuccessfully.Thenotemayhelpinterpreterstoreleasetheirstresswhentheycan’tadjusttheircognitiontothesourcelanguageandkeepthefluencyinthelatterinterpretingwork(Gile1995;TuGuoyuan&LiZhiqi2013：5).Theseauthorsviewthenote-takingprocessasaunidirectionalassistanttoolintranscoding.Underthistheory,theinterpretersaremorelikelytobeviewedasthebridgethatconnectsthetwoside--thespeakerandtheaudience.ScholarslikeDanicaSeleskovitchproposethebidirectionaldecodingtheory,whichbelievesthattheinterpretingqualityislargelydependsontherelationshipbetweentheeternalandexternallogic.Theeternallogicisthecoresenseoftheoriginalspeechwhiletheexternallogicistheacceptablepresenceofthetargetlanguage.Theroleplayedbyinterpretingnotesistoreconcilethecognitiveconflictsbilaterallybetweenthesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguage.Inthisprocess,interpreterstendtobecoordinators.Thethirdgrouponthistopicbelievesthatthenote-generatingprocessisanactivecreationthatevolvedduringtheprocesswhentheinterpreterstrytobridgetheknowledgegap.Thesescholarsbelievethatinterpretingnotestohelptoexcavateoutthetacitknowledge,whichmeanstheknowledgevacancygeneratedbynon-overlappingknowledgesectorsbetweenthespeakerandaudience(WangYan&LILi2014).Tobespecific,themodescanberegardedasknowledgemanagementthatdealswithrisksembeddedintheconsecutiveinterpretingprocess.NonakaandTakeaTuchinamedthecomplicatedprocessas“SECI”thateachletterrepresentsdifferentmeanings.explicit-to-tacitsocializationcanbeshortenedas“S”,whichhappensduringlisteninganddistinguishingstagetotransformtheoriginalspeaker’ssoundsignalintomeaningunits.Next,itcomestocomprehension.Inthisstage,theletter“E”meanstacit-to-tacitexternalizationthathappensduringtheperiodwheninterpretersreceivingtheinformationandcomparethemtotheirdevelopedknowledgesystem.Whentakingnotes,theinterpreterturnsthecomparingresultofthelaststepintoconsecutiveinterpretingnotes.Thisstepisthetacit-to-explicitcombinationthatcanbeshortenedas“C”.Inthefourthstage,interpretersdelivertheprocessedmeaningstheygottotheaudience.Thatistheso-called“I”,whichmeansexplicit-to-explicitinternalization(1995).TheInfluencesofInterpretingNoteswithDifferentFeaturesTheChinesescholar(BAOGang2011)believesthattherearenofixedrulesfornote-takingfortheinterpretingnotesarehighlyindividualized.Aslongasthenotescanassistantinterpreterscomebacktotheoriginalinformation,theyarequalified.(Merlini1996)suggestsgrabbingkeywordsasreminders,regardlessofsubjects,conjunctions,adverbs,modalverbs.,objects,andcomplements.Asforthestructuralarrangementoftheinterpretingnotes,aChineseinterpretationmasternameLinChaolunsuggeststhatlesscharacters,fewerindistinguishablelines,lesshorizontallines,moremarks,morearrows,moreverticallinesandclearterminalsymbols.Asforthecontentsofthenotes,keyconcepts,propositions,numbers,propernouns,specializedterms,andlogicalrelations.Intermsofthelanguageofconsecutiveinterpreter’snote,there’sahugedivision.Thesourcelanguage(SL)isencouragedtobeusedmorefrequentlyinnote-taking(Kirchhoff1979:131;Alexieva1994:205),becausetheinformationcanbeprocessedinadvance,whichcandeepentheimpressionandsavethetimeforoutputtinginterpretation.Foranothergroupofscholars,thetargetlanguage(TL)isrecommendedtobedominantlyused(Herbert1952:36;Rozan1956:15;1975:166;DéjeanLeFéal1981:83;Laplace1990:374),regardlessoftheprofessionalityoftheinterpreters.MartaAbuínGonzálezupholdsavaryingpointfromthepreviousschools.MartaAbuínGonzálezfindsthatthelanguageofconsecutiveinterpreter’snoteshiftsfromSLtoTLasinterpreters’levelofexperienceincreases.Oneofthemostconstructivecontributionsoftheresearchisthatthesubjectsareclassifiedintohomogeneousgroupsbasedonvaryinglevelsofqualificationandexperienceinconsecutiveinterpreting.Theclassifieddiscussionwellreflectsthedistinguishablelanguagefeaturesofvariesgroupsofinterpreter’snotes.Theclassificationofinterpretersbasedoninterpreters’levelofexperiencecontributesalotforfurtherstudiesandhelpsdifferentgroupsofinterpretersfindtargetedstrategiesinovercomingtheirweaknesses.However,theconclusionsmentionedaboveconductedbydifferentresearcherswithtestmaterialsrangingfromdifferentdifficultylevels.Theprofessionalismofsubjectsalsovaries.Eliminateasmuchinterferenceaspossibleintheexperiment,manyfoundthecontentorthemeaningofthenotesisthemainelementthataffectstheinterpretingperformance.IntherealprocessofChinese-Englishinterpretation,mostoftheresearchresultsshowthatthere’snoclearrelevancebetweentheinterpretingqualityandformatofthenote,theamountofthenote,thelanguageischosenandsymbolsusage(JeanHerbert1995).Morethan90%ofthenotecontentswereinterpretedcorrectlybysubjectswhichshowsastrongrelevance(WangWenyu&ZhouDandan2014).Asaresult,itwillbemorerepresentativetocarryoncarefulstudyabouttheefficacyofthecontentofthenotesinthisresearch.TheInterpretingPerformanceAssessmentTomeasuretheinterpretingperformances,YangChengshu(2005)designedaqualityscale,whichrelativelyevaluatesthequalityoftheinterpretingliterallyandroundly.Thefirstindicatorisfidelity（Gile1995）.TherequirementforFidelityininterpretingsharesvaryingstandardswithtranslation.Intranslation,beingaccuratetoeverytranslationunitisencouraged.Ininterpretation,duetothetime-limit,itwouldbebetterforinterpreterstoconveytheunitsofsensewithinthelimitedtimeandcapabilityoflanguagetransforming(Bühler1986;Kurz1989;Shlesingeretal.1997).Basedonthesestudies,theconcept‘sense-group-likeunit’(QinYaqing&HeQun2009)ispropertobeintroducedastheunitofmeasurementinthisconsecutiveinterpretingtesttosupporttheresearchinbothqualitativeresearchaswellasthequantitiveresearch.Apartfromfidelity,expressionandlanguagecapabilityandtimecontrolareimportantcriteriaaswell(YangChengshu2005).Yangalsointroducesaudienceevaluation,objective-factor-impactassessmentandtheself-evaluationofinterpretersthemselves.Asthelimitationofthismodelconsecutiveinterpretingexperiment,wecan’tgetrealfeedbackfromtheaudiencelikeprofessionalinterpretersintheirrealworkingcircumstances.Asaresult,wetaketheliteral-interpreting-outputevaluationasthemainstandardtomeasuretheinterpretingquality.TheEffectivenessAnalysisofInterpretingNotesAsanimportantfactorofinterpreting,allaspectsoftheinterpretingnotesaresupposedtohaveimpactsontheinterpreters’performance.Onthecontrary,manystudiesdomesticallyandabroadhavebeendonetoprovethattheinterpretingperformancehasnoclearcorrelationwiththenumberofnotes,symbols,andthelanguageofthenotes(LiuJianjun2010;WnagWenyu,ZhouDandan,&WANGLing2010;MartaAbuínGonzález2012).Asaresult,wecanconcludethatinterpreters’performancehaslittlecorrelationwiththeformofnotes(YaoWenhao2011).InYaoWenhao’sstudy,hebelievesthatthecontentofthenotesisthedecisivefactorofinterpreters’performance.BorrowedthecriteriafromMeiDeming,YaoWenhaoestablishhissystemtoevaluatetheeffectivenessoftheinterpretingnotes.Beingdifferentfromtranslation,interpretationisnotsupposedtobeaccurate,articulateandexquisite(MeiDeming2011).Interpretationissupposedtobepreciseandfluent(MeiDeming2011).Toachievethetworequirements,interpretershavetodevelopeffectivenotes.Thenthekeyissuehereisthestandardsforeffectivenotes.a)Thenotescanbridgeinterpreterstorecallthecorrectmeaningunit.b)Timecostoneachchunkofnotesshouldbeasshortaspossiblesothatmoreattentioncapacitycanbedistributedtolisteningandanalyzing.c)Thetimespentondecodingshouldbeasshortaspossibletoensurethefluencyofinterpretation(YaoWenhao2011).Anotherstudyaboutthenote-takingofconsecutiveinterpretingfromtheperspectiveoftheconceptofvisualgrammarsharesasimilarpointofviewwithYaoWenhao(Chang,L.W.2015).Bothauthorsagreeonthepointthattheinterpretingnoteisathirdvisuallanguagewithitsownlogicandmeaning-makingpracticesthatneedinterpreting.Asaresult,themechanismshappenedduringtheprocessesofnote-encodinganddecode-readingisvitalinfiguringouttheefficiencyoftheinterpretingnotes.Consequently,Yaolistsouttheclassificationofnotes’efficiencybasedonthecriteriamentionedabove,namelyeffectivenotes,second-effectivenotesandinvalidnotes(YaoWenhao2011).Still,there’sonegrouplost-thenegativeeffectnotes.Thelostgrouprepresentsthenotesthatleadtomisinterpretation,listeningdistraction,andnoticeablepausesduringinterpreting.Andthedetailedresearchtowardsthemissinggroupistheuniquecontributionofthisstudy.Besidesexploringthefeaturesofthenegativeeffectnoteswillbeconductedundertheguidanceofsemiology.TheInterpretingNotesAnalysisfromthePerspectiveCognitivePsychologyAccordingtoWuFeifei,interpretingisverycomplicatedwhichrequiresustolisten,comprehend,memorizeandtakenotes.(Herewemainlytalkaboutconsecutiveinterpreting.)Andtheinterpretingpracticingcan’tbesimplyregardedasanalyzingthetext,thetruthistheinteractingprocess,whichisrelatedtoourpriorknowledge,alsohappening(2014).Focusingonthespecificstep,note-takingduringconsecutiveinterpreting,wecanseethattheeffectivenessoftheinterpretingnotesalsoaffectedbymanyaspectsofthecognitivepsychologist.CitedfromWangBo’sstudy,thereareseveralelementsleadingtomistakesduringconsecutiveinterpreting.Firstlyitcomestoseveralsubjectivefactorsincludingthedivergenceofcognitivecapacity,thedifferentculturalintelligenceandlanguageproficiencyandthediverseinterpretingaims.Thesecondgroupistheobjectivefactors,whichmainlydiscusstheinterpretersfromadifferentbackgroundmaygeneratequitedifferentoutcomesbecauseoftheirculturalandideologicaldiversities(2018).Theseelementscanalsoaffecttheencodingaswellthedecodingprocessofthenotes-takingofconsecutiveinterpreting.Ifastudentwithpoorcognitivecapacityorhaslittleknowledgeabouttheculturalbackgroundsofsocietieswhereoriginalandtargetlanguagesareused,it’sveryhardforhim\hertonotedowneffectivenotestohelpthemtoretrievetherightinformationlater.Whilethere’sanothercategoryofthecognitivepsychologyprocesshappenedduringinterpreting,theauthorclassifiestheprocessintofourstepsincludingprocessingmodels--thedata-drivenprocessingmodelandandandconceptualprocessingmodel,thefacultyofmemory,predictionandjudgmentandthetransformationfromthesourcelanguagetothetargetlanguage.Theauthorofthethesisproposedthatthetwoprocessingmodelsmentionedaboveappearalternatelywhiletheconceptualprocessingmodelplaysthemajorroleforitisthemodelthattakesfulloftheexistingknowledgesystemoftheinterpreters.Meanwhile,healsoviewsthelong-termmemoryasthebasicorthepremiseoftheinterpretingpractices(ChenYousong2015).Thisassumptionmayexplainwhyitwouldbebetterforinterpreterstochoosethesymbolsandabbreviationthattheyarefamiliarwith.Theimprovisationalonestendtobecomehardtorecognizelaterwheninterpreterstrytodecode.3MethodologyMethodologyResearchQuestionsBasedonthesemiotictriangletheorythatcreatedbylinguisticiansOgdenandRichard,YaoWenhaodrewhisanalysisontheefficiencytheoryofinterpretingnotes.Heclassifiesalltheinterpretingnoteintothreecategories,namelyefficientnotes,sub-efficientnotes,andnon-efficientnotes,basedontheinformation-processinglevelsthatnotesbelongto.Lookingattheefficacyofnotesinisolationcan’tbecomprehensiveenough.Asfindingtheproblem,theauthorofthisstudyassumethatlowornoneefficientinterpretingnotescouldoccupythecognitivecapabilityandtimeforlisteningandcomprehendthefollowinginformationmodels.Thatistosay,wesacrificetwoormoreinformationmodelsforonethattheaccuracycan’tbeguaranteed.Tofillthisresearchgap,thereisacademicalnecessitytoclassifythiskindofinterpretingnotesandwarnthenewlearnerstoavoidit.Theresearchquestionofthisstudyis:Whatarethefeaturesofthenegativeeffectnotes?Howdotheyaffectinterpretingperformance?ResearchParticipantsTheresearchwasconductedinthe2018-2019schoolyearinXJTU.TheparticipantsconsistofMTIpost-graduatesfromthe1st,2ndyear,andEnglishmajorsintheir4thyear.AllparticipateshavealreadygotconsecutivetrainingandpasstheCATTIIIIexaminationforconsecutiveinterpreting.Therearetenparticipantsintotalinthisresearch.ProceduresPlaythewarm-upmaterialextractedfromthesamespeechwiththeformaltestingmaterialfor2minutestoletthesubjectsgettingfamiliarwiththeaccentandthepaceofthespeaker.Playapieceof3-minuteformaltestingmaterialandletthesubjectstakingnotesbasedontheirownhabits.Whenthetestmaterialisover,subjectsaresupposedtostarttointerpretwithin5seconds.Thewholeprocesswillberecordedasvideosincludingthestepofnote-takingaswellastheoutputstage.Anevaluationinterviewwillbegivenassoonastheinterpretationfinished.Thesubjectswillbeaskedabouttheirspecificpartofnotesbasedontheirinterpretingperformances.Watchthevideosandanalyzetheinformationwegotthroughinterviews.Thanroughlyclassifythenotesintoeffective,second-effectiveandinvalidnotes.(YaoWenhao2011)Watchdeepertofindthenegative-effectivenotesbasedonthetimeandenergyconsumingaswellasthequalityofinterpretingtheoutput.MakeuseoftheELAN5.4.0tofigureoutsomeofthemosttimeandenergyconsumingnotestypethatisalsohardforinterpreterstorecognizeandretrievethecorrespondinginformationbycomparativecomparingwiththeinterpretingoutputrecordings.Analyzethenegative-effectivenotesfromtheperspectiveofsemiologyandcognitivelawsandthenconcludethefeaturesofthenegative-effectivenotes.DatacollectionUsingYangChengshu’sinterpretingperformanceassessmenttabletoassessthequalityoftheconsecutiveinterpretingoutputs.(YangChengshu2005)（SeeAppendix8.1）Basedonlastthestepandthevideorecording,theresearcherwillmarkthepoorperformancesonthenote-takingvideocorrespondinglybyELAN5.4.0.Onthesecondlayer,thetime-consumingandlistening-distractingnoteswillalsobemarkedout.Selectingthenegative-effectnotesbasedontheformertwostepsandclassifydifferentnegative-effectnoteswithitscorrespondinglynegativeeffects.MaterialsThematerialisselectedfromShanghaiAdvancedInterpretationtest.ItisthebeginningpartofakeynotespeechaboutChina-ASEANeconomiccooperation.“Excellencies,distinguishedparticipants,ladiesandgentlemen.ItisanhonorandpleasureformetohaveacquaintancesofASEANandChinawhoarethekeyplayers,truesupportersandvaluablepartnersinstrengthencooperationandpromotingthegrowthandprosperitybetweenthetworegions.PleaseallowmetobrieflyexpressmydeepappreciationtothepeopleandgovernmentofChina,particularlythegovernmentofYunnanprovincefortheexcellentarrangementsandcordialhospitalityinhostingthisimportantconference.Ithinkbynow,wehaveallrealizedtheimportanceofforeigntradeasapowerfulstimulusforfastereconomicgrowth.WearealsoawareoftheimportanceofChinaasapartnerintrade.Ithasenormousdomesticmarketand1.2billionpeople.Anditisonethemostpowerfulenginesofglobalgrowth.SoitisquitenaturalthatASEANhasestablisheditscloseeconomicandtraderelationswithChina,andthatwedesiretostrengthentheserelationsfurther.Todosowouldbetoenhancetradefurther,andtoachievemoregrowthandprosperityforthemutualbenefitofbothsides.IamalsomindfulofthebrightsidesandshadowtoASEANthatresultfromChinese’saccessiontotheWTO.ThismakesChineseeconomymoreefficient.Itsmarketmorecompetitive,anditsregulationsmoretransparent.ItismyconvictionthatWTOaccessionhasopenedupnewopportunitiesforfurthergrowthofeconomicrelationsbetweenChinaandASEAN.HoweverwhatIconcernisthatLao’sPDR,Lao’sPeople’sDemocraticRepublic,CambodianandVietnamarenotyetWTOmembers.AndthereforethesecountrieswillnotbeabletobenefitfromChina’sWTOcommitmentsandlesssupervisedspecialconcessionstothem.Therefore,thetopicofmyspeechtodayisthecurrentsituationandfutureofChina-ASEANjoined-handeconomicmove.IwillstartwiththecurrentsituationofChina-ASEANeconomiccooperation.Thencometooursupportofsuchcooperation,andatlastpredicttheoutlookforthefuturerelationshipbetweenChinaandASEAN.”Inordertoevaluatetheinterpretingperformance,theresearcherdividedthespeechexcerptintosmallermeaningunitsasfollows.Table3.5-1:Smallermeaningunitsoftheoriginaltext4ResultResultsTheFeaturesoftheNegativeEffectNotes“AbbreviationNotes”“Abbreviation”notes,severalstartinglettersoftheEnglishkeywordsoronecharacterofaChinesewordorphrasewrittendowninahurry,areoneofthemostcommonkindsofconsecutiveinterpretingnotesthatfrequentlyshowupinthenotesofinterpretersfromdifferentgroupswithvariesprofessionality.However,inmanycases,theyareveryhardtoberecognizedinthelaterinterpretingprocess.Herearesomenotefragmentsselectedfromsubjects’notesscriptsinthestudy.Table4SEQ表\*ARABIC\s11Example1PictureInterpretation使全球經(jīng)濟發(fā)展，運營更加透明化Ascircledinred,theabbreviation“comp”istoovaguetohelptheinterpretertorecallwhat’stheexactmeaningofthenotewhentheyinterpretundersuchcontext.Inthespeech,“comp”canbea“company”,“competition”,“compare”,“competitive”andsoon.Theinterpreterwasconfusedbythisabbreviation,whichleadstothree-secondpausesandmanymeaninglesstransitionalwordsandlanguagefillers.Table42Example2PictureInterpretation中國在貿(mào)易中扮演了很重要的角色Inthisexample,duetojoined-upwriting,theinterpretingnoteisevenhardertotell.Withthefirstglance,itlookslike“pari”anditmayrepresent“Paris”.However,thecontextandthetopicofthespeechseemtohavenothingtodowith“Paris”.Then,theinterpreterrealizedthenoteis“part”.Still,“part”canrepresent“partof”,“party”,“participants”.etc.Table43Example3PictureInterpretation--Asforsomanyabbreviationscanbeanindependentword,inthisexample,thenote,“top”,canbenaturallyconnectedwiththemeaning--“thefirst”or“theextremist”.However,itrepresentstheabbreviationoftheword“topic”.Inthiscase,thenoteistotallymisleading.Table44Example4PictureInterpretation經(jīng)濟變得更有效率，更具競爭力，這個結(jié)果是顯而易見的ThephenomenanotonlyexistedinEnglish“Abbreviation”notesbutalsoinChineseones.Insidetheredcircle,there’saChinesecharacter“明”.Thisnotecanbeexplainedas“明天”，whichmeanstomorrow,or“明顯的”,whichmeans“apparently”,or“透明的”,whichmeanstransparent.TheoriginalspeechistheEnglishversion,andtheinterpretercorrectlyunderstoodtheword--“transparent”whenheheardit.ThenhewrotedownthemeaningofthewordinChinese.Itcosthimtoolongtime.However,whenhedecodedhisnote,therightinformationwasnotdeliveredandheinterpretedthenoteinto“apparently”inChinese.Apartfromthat,byobservingthenote-takingvideothroughELAN5.4.0,Ialsofindthattheinterpretertookthisinformationdowninsacrificingthreemeaningunitsfollowed.Furthermore,heonlygraspedseveralpiecesofinformationfragmentsbutlostthedominantlogicthat“WTOaccession”broughtallthesechanges.

Table45Example5PictureInterpretation在推進雙邊合作方面做出了很大貢獻Throughthispieceofnote,wecanseethreeEnglish“Abbreviation”notes.Exceptforthe“effe”,whichcanberecognizedas“effective”or“effectiveness”,“regu”and“tran”madetheinterpreterconfusedalot.Withaquickthought,sheviewedthe“regutran”as“regulartransportation”.Buthersensetoldherthe“regulartransportation”wasnotsupposedtoappearinsuchamacrotopic.Then,shedecidedtoskipthewholepieceofinformation.Table46Example6PictureInterpretation合作增進雙方友誼Thefirst“Abbreviation”noteis“val”.Inallofmysubjects’activevocabularylist,therearenotmanywordsstartedwith“val”,however,thetiebetween“val”and“valuable”isnotstrongenough,whichcan’thelpinterpreterretrievetheinformation.Asfor“par”,theinterpreterdomakeefforttodefinethenoteasapersonbyaddingalittlecircleontherighttopofthenote.Unfortunately,therestilltoomanyhuman-relatedwordsarestartedby“par”suchas“parents”,“partner”,“parties”,and“parker”.etc.Withthepreviousclue,thespeakermadeupthecontentascooperateanddevelopafriendshipwitheachother.Table47Example7PictureInterpretation使得雙方都獲利There’san“Abbreviation”note--“com”intheredcircle,whichcanremindtheinterpreterofalotofwordssuchas“communicate”,“community”,“company”,“competition”,and“commitment”.etc.“Commitment”hereisapieceofkeyinformationinthespeechwhichcontributesalottothecommandofthelogicofthespeechandarrangementofotherfragmentinformation.Theinterpreterwasunabletorecognizehernote.Asaresult,shemadeupthemeaning“profit”heretobridgethepreviousandlatercontent.Table48Example8PictureInterpretation--This“Abbreviation”noteseemstobetheword--“hope”.However,therealworditrepresentedis“hospitality”.Fortheinterpreter,shethoughtthemeaningofhope,prospectandexpectationshadbeenreiteratedsomanytimebefore.That’sthereasonshechoosestooskipthenoteandinterpretedon.Table