正常人體解剖學(xué)：Chapter 10-4 cerebrum

第三節(jié)

腦和腦神經(jīng)目錄第三節(jié)腦和腦神經(jīng)一、腦(brain)：(一)腦干(brainstem)：1、腦干的位置：2、腦干的外形：延髓、腦橋、中腦3、腦干的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)：神經(jīng)核、纖維束4、腦干的功能：(二)小腦(cerebellum)：(三)間腦(diencephalon)：(四)端腦(telencephalon)：二、腦神經(jīng)：(一) 數(shù)目：(二)順序和名稱：(三)纖維成分：(四)分布：1、嗅神經(jīng)(Ⅰ)：2、視神經(jīng)(Ⅱ)：3、動眼神經(jīng)(Ⅲ)：4、滑車神經(jīng)(Ⅳ)：5、三叉神經(jīng)(Ⅴ)：6、展神經(jīng)(Ⅵ)：7、面神經(jīng)(Ⅶ)：8、前庭蝸神經(jīng)(Ⅷ)：9、舌咽神經(jīng)(Ⅸ)：10、迷走神經(jīng)(Ⅹ)：11、副神經(jīng)(Ⅺ)：12、舌下神經(jīng)(Ⅻ)：Newwords-senseorganbrain腦medullaoblongata延髓pons腦橋midbrain中腦cerebellum小腦diencephalon間腦cerebrum大腦telencephalon端腦brainstem腦干fourthventricle第四腦室pyramid錐體decussationofthepyramids錐體交叉rhomboidfossa菱形窩cerebralpeduncle大腦腳pyramidaltract錐體束corticonucleartract皮質(zhì)核束mediallemniscus內(nèi)側(cè)丘系spinallemniscus脊髓丘系trigeminallemniscus三叉丘系reticularformation網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)dorsalthalamus背側(cè)丘腦metathalamus后丘腦medialgeniculatebody內(nèi)側(cè)膝狀體lateralgeniculatebody外側(cè)膝狀體hypothalamus下丘腦opticchiasm視交叉optictract視束Newwords-senseorgancerebralhemisphere大腦半球corpuscallosum胼胝體precentralgyrus中央前回postcentralgyrus中央后回transversetemporalgyri顳橫回calcarinesulcus距狀溝cerebralcortex大腦皮質(zhì)cerebralmedulla大腦髓質(zhì)basilarnucleus基底核corpusstriatus紋狀體caudatenucleus尾狀核lenticularnucleus豆?fàn)詈薸nternalcapsule內(nèi)囊位置：顱腔內(nèi)。分部：延髓腦橋中腦間腦大腦小腦腦干腦一、腦矢底RegionsoftheBrain7-122CerebralhemispheresCerebrumCerebellumMidbrainPonsMedullaoblongataThalamusHypothalamusDIENCEPHALONBRAINSTEM7-36CranialAnatomyTheMeningesoftheBrainTheMedullaOblongataThemedullahasseveralexternallyvisiblelandmarkswhichformlongitudinalridgesontheventralsurfacecalledthepyramidsTheseareformedbythelargepyramidaltractsdescendingfromthemotorcortexPyramidsTheMedullaOblongataJustabovethemedulla-spinalcordjunctionmostofthefiberscrossovertotheoppositesidebeforecontinuingtheirdescentintothespinalcordThecrossoverpointiscalledthedecussationofthepyramidsDecussationOfpyramidsThePonsTheponsisthebulgingbrainstemregionwedgedbetweenthemidbrainandthemedullaoblongataPons(一)腦干(brainstem)：1、腦干的位置：腦干位于顱底內(nèi)面的斜坡上，上接間腦，下續(xù)脊髓。延髓和腦橋的背面與小腦相連，三者之間的腔隙，稱為第四腦室。TheBrainStemEachregionisroughlyaninchlongTheorganizationofthebrainstemissimilar(butnotidentical)tothespinalcord;wheredeepgraymatterissurroundedbywhitematterfibertractsBrainstemcentersproducetherigidlyprogrammed,automaticbehaviorsnecessaryforoursurvivalTheBrainStemPositionedbetweenthecerebrumandthespinalcord,thebrainstemalsoprovidesapathwayforfibertractsrunningbetweenhigherandlowerneuralcentersAdditionally,brainstemnucleiareassociatedwith10ofthe12pairsofcranialnervesinvolvedwithinnervationofthehead(一)腦干1、位置：顱底的斜坡上。第四腦室2、外形：3、內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)：

(1)神經(jīng)核

(2)纖維束

(3)網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)

4、功能CranialNerveRoots1.順序和名稱Ⅰ

嗅神經(jīng)Ⅱ

視神經(jīng)Ⅲ

動眼神經(jīng)Ⅳ

滑車神經(jīng)Ⅴ

三叉神經(jīng)Ⅵ

展神經(jīng)Ⅶ

面神經(jīng)Ⅷ

前庭蝸神經(jīng)Ⅸ

舌咽神經(jīng)Ⅹ

迷走神經(jīng)Ⅺ

副神經(jīng)Ⅻ

舌下神經(jīng)二、腦神經(jīng)2.纖維成分共4種

軀體運(yùn)動纖維

軀體感覺纖維

內(nèi)臟運(yùn)動纖維（副交感纖維）

內(nèi)臟感覺纖維每對腦神經(jīng)纖維數(shù)目、種類不同

一嗅二視三動眼，四滑五叉六外展，七面八前九舌咽，十迷一副舌下全。腦干前面彩圖腦干后面實(shí)物圖2、腦干的外形：

(1)延髓(medullaoblongata):與脊髓外形相似，脊髓所有縱溝都延伸到延髓。腹面錐體——前正中裂兩側(cè)縱行的隆起，由錐體束構(gòu)成。在錐體下端，錐體束纖維左右交叉，越過前正中裂，稱為錐體交叉。前外側(cè)溝內(nèi)有舌下神經(jīng)根（Ⅻ）走出。橄欖——錐體和前外側(cè)溝外側(cè)的卵圓形隆起。橄欖的背側(cè)自上而下排列有：舌咽神經(jīng)根絲（Ⅸ）迷走神經(jīng)根絲（Ⅹ）副神經(jīng)根絲（Ⅺ）背面上部構(gòu)成第四腦室底的下部。下部后正中溝兩旁有膨隆的薄束結(jié)節(jié)和楔束結(jié)節(jié)，楔束結(jié)節(jié)外上方有稍隆起的小腦下腳。TheMedullaOblongataThemedullaoblongataisthemostinferiorpartofthebrainstemMedullaoblongataTheMedullaOblongataThemedullablendsintothespinalcordattheleveloftheforamenmagnumThecentralcanalofthespinalcordcontinuesupwardintothemedullawhereitbroadentoformthefourthventricleTheMedullaOblongataThemedullahasseveralexternallyvisiblelandmarkswhichformlongitudinalridgesontheventralsurfacecalledthepyramidsTheseareformedbythelargepyramidaltractsdescendingfromthemotorcortexPyramidsTheMedullaOblongataJustabovethemedulla-spinalcordjunctionmostofthefiberscrossovertotheoppositesidebeforecontinuingtheirdescentintothespinalcordThecrossoverpointiscalledthedecussationofthepyramidsDecussationOfpyramidsTheMedullaOblongataTheconsequenceofthiscrossoveristhateachhemispherechieflycontrolsthevoluntarymovementsofmusclesontheoppositeorcontralateralsideofthebodyDecussationOfpyramidsTheMedullaOblongataTheinferiorcerebellarpedunclesarefibertractsthatconnectthemedullatothecerebellumdorsallyTheolivesareovalswellingsproducedbytheunderlyinginferiorolivarynucleiTheMedullaOblongataTheolivarynucleirelaysensoryinformationonthestateofstretchofourmusclesandjointstothecerebellumTheMedullaOblongataTherootletsofthehypoglossalnervesemergefromthegroovebetweenthepyramidandoliveoneachsideofthebrainstemTheMedullaOblongataOthercranialnervesassociatedwiththemedullaaretheGlossopharyngeal,Vagus,andportionsoftheAccessarynervesTheMedullaOblongataThefibersofthevestibulocochlearsynapsewiththecochlearnucleiwhichreceiveinformationonauditoryinputsTheMedullaOblongataAlsohousedwithinthemedullaareseveralnucleiassociatedwithascendingsensorytractsThemostdominantofthesearethedorsallylocatednucleusgracilisandnucleuscuneatusassociatedwiththemediallemniscaltractMedulla

OblongataTheseserveasrelaynucleiinapathwaybywhichgeneralsomaticsensoryinformationascendsfromthespinalcordtothesomatosensorycortex(2)腦橋(pons)：

腹面膨隆寬闊，稱為基底部。中線上有淺的基底溝。基底部向兩側(cè)逐漸變窄，移行為小腦中腳。基底部與小腦中腳交界處有三叉神經(jīng)根（Ⅴ）。基底部與延髓以一橫溝為界，溝內(nèi)從中線向外側(cè)附著有：展神經(jīng)根（Ⅵ）面神經(jīng)根（Ⅶ）前庭蝸神經(jīng)根（Ⅷ）背面構(gòu)成第四腦室底的上部，此處的外側(cè)緣為左、右小腦上腳。菱形窩——即第四腦室底呈菱形的凹陷。窩的上外側(cè)界是小腦上腳，下外側(cè)界為薄束結(jié)節(jié)、楔束結(jié)節(jié)和小腦下腳。ThePonsTheponsisthebulgingbrainstemregionwedgedbetweenthemidbrainandthemedullaoblongataPonsThePonsItformspartoftheanteriorwallofthefourthventricleItischieflycomposedofconductiontractsThedeepprojectionfibersrunlongitudinallyandcompletethepathwaybetweenhigherbraincentersandspinalcordPonsThePonsThedeepprojectionfibersrunlongitudinallyandcompletethesuperior-inferiorpathwaybetweenthehigherbraincentersandthespinalcordPonsThePonsThemoresuperficialnucleiarerelaysforconversationsbetweenthemotorcortexandthecerebellumThesefibersareorientateddorsallyandtransverselyandconnecttheponsbilaterallywiththecerebellumMiddleCerebellarpedunclesThePonsSeveralcranialnervesissuefromponsnucleiTrigeminalnerveAbducensnerveFacialnervesThePonsOtherimportantponsnucleiarepartofthereticularformationThepneumotaxiccenterisarespiratorycenterFunctioningwithmedullaryrespiratorycentersithelpstomaintainthenormalrhythmofbreathing(3)中腦(midbrain)：

腹面:大腦腳——為一對縱行粗大的隆起，有錐體束等纖維通過。腳間窩——兩側(cè)大腦腳之間的凹窩。有動眼神經(jīng)根（Ⅲ）出腦。背面:有兩對圓形隆起，稱為四疊體（或頂蓋）。上方的一對叫上丘，為視覺皮質(zhì)下反射中樞；下方的一對叫下丘，是聽覺皮質(zhì)下反射中樞。下丘的下方有滑車神經(jīng)根（Ⅳ）出腦，繞大腦腳走向腹側(cè)。TheMidbrainThemidbrainislocatedbetweenthediencephalonsuperiorlyandtheponsinferiorlyThecerebralpedunclescontainthelargepyramidal(corticospinal)motortractsdescendingtowardthespinalcordMidbrainTheMidbrainThesuperiorcerebellerpeduncles,alsofibertracts,connectthemidbraintothecerebellumdorsallyTheMidbrainRunningthroughthemidbrainisthehollowcerebralaqueductwhichconnectsthethirdandfourthventriclesanddelineatesthecerebralpedunclesfromthemidbrain’sdorsalaspectcalledthetectumTheMidbrainSurroundingthecerebralaqueductistheperi-aqueductalgraymatterthatisinvolvedinpainsuppressionServesasalinkbetweentheAmygdalaandANSpathwaysfor“fightorflight”responseTheMidbrainAlsonearthecerebralaqueductarenucleiassociatedwithtwocranialnervesoculomotor(III)trochlear(IV)TheMidbrainNucleiarealsoscatteredinthesurroundingwhitematterThelargestofthesenucleiarethecorporaquadrigemiawhichraisefourdomelikeprotrusionsonthedorsalmidbrainsurfaceCorporaquadrigemiaTheMidbrainThesuperiorpairofnuclei,thesuperiorcolliculusarevisualreflexcentersthatcoordinateheadandeyemovementswhenfollowingamovingobjectMakeusturnourheadinvoluntarilywhenwedetectmovementinourperipherialvisionSuperiorcolliculusTheMidbrainTheinferiorcolliculusarepartoftheauditoryrelayfromthehearingreceptorsoftheeartothesensorycortexActinreflexiveresponsetosoundasinthestartlereflexTurnyourheadtowardunexpectedsourceofsoundInferiorColliculus腦神經(jīng)核腦神經(jīng)核：與第3~12對腦神經(jīng)相連的核團(tuán)。

(1)軀體運(yùn)動核：動眼N核，三叉N運(yùn)動核面N核，疑核等

(2)內(nèi)臟運(yùn)動副交感核：如迷走N背核

(3)軀體感覺核：如三叉N腦橋核

(4)內(nèi)臟感覺核：孤束核非腦N核：不與腦神經(jīng)相連的核團(tuán)。

如薄束核，楔束核，紅核，黑質(zhì)等。神

經(jīng)

核picture纖

維

束上行纖維束下行纖維束內(nèi)側(cè)丘系：傳導(dǎo)軀干和四肢深感覺脊髓丘腦束：傳導(dǎo)軀體和四肢淺感覺三叉丘腦束：傳導(dǎo)頭面部淺感覺錐體束：包括兩部分皮質(zhì)脊髓束：支配軀體四肢骨骼肌皮質(zhì)腦干束：支配頭面部骨骼肌網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)

腦干內(nèi)除了境界明確的神經(jīng)核和纖維束以外，還能看到分布相當(dāng)寬廣、纖維縱橫交錯排列成網(wǎng)、胞體散在的區(qū)域，稱為網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)。III.BrainStembetweendiencephalonandspinalcordconsistsofmidbrain,ponsandmedullaoblongata(metencephalon,mesencephalon,myelencephalon)functionsinclude:reflexestocontrolheartrate,breathing,bloodpressurefunctionalconnectionofcerebrum,cerebellumandspinalcordcontainsnucleiformostcranialnervesA.MidbrainCorporaquadrigeminasuperiorcolliculi--visualreflexes(turningheadandeyestofollowmovingobject;turningtolookatsomethingseenincornerofeye)inferiorcolliculi--relaysoundinfotocortex;reflexiveresponsestosound(startlereflex)A.MidbrainSuperiorcerebellarpeduncles

connectmidbraintocerebellumCerebralaqueductconnectsthirdandfourthventriclesCerebralpeduncleslargepyramidalmotortractwithfibersfromcerebralcortextospinalcord(corticospinal)A.MidbrainCerebralaqueductThirdventricleFourthventricleNucleiofcranialnervesIIIOcculomotorIVTrochlearFig.12.16,p.447Fig.12.15,p.446Fig.12.12,p.443B.ThePonssuperiortomedullaoblongata;inferiortomidbrainWhitetractsconnecthigherbraincenters(diencephalon,cerebrum,midbrain)tospinalcordothersfibersrunbetweenmotorcortexofcerebrumandcerebellumPonsFig.12.12,p.443B.ThePonsPneumotaxiccenter

thoughttohelpmedullaoblongatacontrolrhythmicbreathingNucleiofcranialnervesTrigeminal(V)Abducens(VI)Facial(VII)Fig.12.16,p.447Fig.12.15,p.446MedullaoblongataC.MedullaOblongataconnectsbraintospinalcordalsoconnectsspinalcordtocerebellummotorandsensorytractsto/fromspinalcordPyramidslargecorticospinal(motor)tractsdecussationofthepyramidsresultsincontralateralmotoroutputFig.12.12,p.443C.Medulla:CranialNervesVestibulocochlear(VIII)Glossopharyngeal(IX)Vagus(X)Accessory(XI)Hypoglossal(XII–anterior)Fig.12.15,p.446C.Medulla:Centers

Containsimportantcenters:respiratorycentercardiaccentervasomotorcenterOthercentersinclude:vomitingswallowinghiccupingcoughingsneezing1.位置：顱后窩內(nèi)，腦橋和延髓后方，大腦枕葉的下方。2.

外形：小腦半球小腦蚓小腦扁桃體(二)小腦3.

內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)：小腦皮質(zhì)小腦髓質(zhì)中央核IV.Cerebellumliterally,the“smallbrain”coordinatessubconsciousmovementofskeletalmuscleforpostureandbalanceconsistsoftwohemispheresconnectedmediallybyvermisFig.12.17,p.450IV.Cerebellumfolia–graymatterarborvitae–whitemattercerebellarpeducles-connectcerebellumtootherpartsofbrainispilateralFig.12.12,p.4431.位置:中腦前上方。2.分部背側(cè)丘腦:后丘腦:下丘腦:

全身深淺感覺的中繼站

外側(cè)膝狀體--視覺傳導(dǎo)中繼站

內(nèi)側(cè)膝狀體--聽覺傳導(dǎo)中繼站皮質(zhì)下內(nèi)臟活動中樞

皮質(zhì)下內(nèi)分泌中樞*第三腦室——間腦中間的矢狀裂隙。(三)間腦垂體門脈

系統(tǒng)下丘腦核團(tuán)丘腦核團(tuán)II.Diencephalonconsistsofepithalamus,thalamus,hypothalamusFig.12.12,p.443;seealsoFig.12.13A.Thalamuslargestpartofdiencephalonconsistsofmanynucleifunctions:visualandauditoryrelaycentersintegratessensoryinputs(emotions,visceral,awareness,memory,knowledge,motoractivities)sorts/editsinformationFig.12.12,p.443B.Hypothalamusimportantinregulatinghomeostasisinfundibulumconnectspituitarytohypothalmus(posteriorpituitaryconsistsofneursecretorycellswithcellbodiesinhypothalamus)functionsofhypothalamicnuclei:productionof:antidiuretichormone(ADH),regulateswaterbalanceoxytocin(OT),involvedinlabor

controlofanteriorpituitaryglandfunctionB.Hypothalamus:Functionscontrolofautonomicnervoussystem(e.g.,influencesbloodpressure,heartrate,forceofheartcontraction,GImotility,respiratoryrate,respiratorydepth)worksthroughreticularformationcontrolofemotionsandinnatebehaviorsleep/wakecyclescontrolsurgetoeat(satietycenter)anddrink(thirstcenter)controlsthermoregulationC.EpithalamusPinealGland

secretesmelatonin(importanttosleepcycleandmood)Choroidplexusformscerebrospinalfluidthatflowsthroughventriclesofbrainandcentralcanalofspinalcord(nourishesneuronsandneuroglia)Fig.12.15,p.446大腦縱裂

胼胝體大腦半球(四)大腦1.大腦半球的外形:三個面上外側(cè)面

內(nèi)側(cè)面

下面

主要包括左、右大腦半球。每個半球覆蓋表層的灰質(zhì)稱大腦皮質(zhì)，皮質(zhì)深方是髓質(zhì)。在半球的白質(zhì)中，包藏著端腦的室腔——側(cè)腦室；灰質(zhì)團(tuán)塊——基底核。

端腦（telencephalon）R

左、右半球間有大腦縱裂，半球和小腦之間有大腦橫裂。在腦的正中矢狀面上，可見大腦縱裂的底上有連接左、右大腦半球的胼胝體。胼胝體向下連接終板。它們之間有被橫切的圓束纖維，稱前連合。張于胼胝體和穹窿之間的薄板為透明隔。大腦裂

大腦半球表面布滿深淺不同的溝，溝與溝之間有隆起的回。每個半球可分上外側(cè)面、內(nèi)側(cè)面和下面（底面）。每側(cè)半球常借3個溝分為5個葉。外側(cè)溝（lateralsulcus）中央溝（centralsulcus）頂枕溝（parietooccipitalsulcus）額葉（frontallobe）頂葉（parietallobe）顳葉(temborallobe)枕葉（occipitallobe）島葉（insula)端腦的外形

自頂枕溝至枕前切跡（自枕葉后端向前約4cm處）的連線作為枕葉的前界。自此線的中點(diǎn)到外側(cè)溝后端的連線是頂、顳2葉的分界。端腦的外形額葉中央前溝、額上溝、額下溝中央前回（precentralgyrus）額上回、額中回、額下回頂葉中央后溝中央后回（postcentralgyrus）顳葉顳上溝、顳下溝顳橫回（transversetemporalgyri）顳上回、顳中回、顳下回

上外側(cè)面在上述的上外側(cè)面的額、頂、顳、枕4個葉，都延展至半球的內(nèi)側(cè)面和下面。內(nèi)側(cè)面和下面的重要腦溝有：胼胝體溝海馬溝扣帶溝、扣帶回距狀溝（calcarinesu1cus）側(cè)副溝、嗅腦溝枕顳溝內(nèi)側(cè)面和下面在扣帶溝以上的部分，分屬額、頂2葉，它們以中央溝的延線為界。中央前、后回延入內(nèi)側(cè)面的部分稱中央旁小葉。枕葉：楔葉、舌回顳葉：枕顳內(nèi)側(cè)回。枕顳外側(cè)回（顳下回）海馬旁回、鉤海馬、齒狀回嗅球、嗅束、嗅三角、前穿質(zhì)

內(nèi)側(cè)面和下面三溝中央溝外側(cè)溝頂枕溝額葉頂葉枕葉顳葉島葉中央前溝中央前回額上、下溝額上、中、下回中央后溝中央后回

中央旁小葉距狀溝顳上、下溝顳上、中、下回顳橫回五葉外內(nèi)TheCerebralHemispheresThecerebralhemispheresformthesuperiorpartofthebrainThesetwostructuresaccountforabout83%ofthemassofthebrainThetwohemispherescoverandobscurethediencephalonandthetopofthebrainstemTheCerebralHemispheresNearlytheentiresurfaceofthecerebralhemispheresismarkedbyelevatedridgesoftissuescalledgyriseparatedbyshallowgroovescalledsulciDeepergroovescalledfissuresseparatelargeregionsofthebrainTheCerebralHemispheresProminentgyriandsulciaresimilarinallpeopleThemedianlongitudinalfissureseparatesthehemispheresThetransversefissureseparatesthecerebralhemispheresfromthecerebellumbelowTheCerebralHemispheresNearlytheentiresurfaceofthecerebralhemispheresismarkedbyelevatedridgesoftissuescalledgyriseparatedbyshallowgroovescalledsulciDeepergroovescalledfissuresseparatelargeregionsofthebrainLobesofCerebralHemispheresDeepersulcidivideeachhemisphereintofivelobesFrontallobeTemporallobeParietallobeOccipitallobeInsula(locatedwithinthelateralsulcus)InsulaLobesofCerebralHemispheresLocationoftheinsuladeepwithintheLateralsulcusofthehemisphereInsulaFissuresofCerebralHemispheresSulcidividelobesofthehemispheresCentralsulcusParieto-occipitalsulcusLateralsulcusTransversefissureMedialSurfaceofRightHemisphereMedialsurfaceoftherighthemisphereshowingtheParieto-occipitalsulcusPositionofCerebralHemispheresThefrontallobesoccupytheanteriorcranialfossaTheanteriorpartsofthetemporallobesfillthemiddlecranialfossaThecerebellumandbrainstemoccupiestheposteriorcranialfossaandtheoccipitallobesrestsuponitCerebralCortexThecerebralcortexisthe“executivesuite”ofthenervoussystemItenablesustoperceive,communicate,remember,understand,appreciate,andinitiatevoluntarymovementsLiterallyallqualitiesassociatedwithconsciousbehaviororconsciousnessoriginatewithinthecerebralcortexofthevariouslobesofthebrainCerebralCortexThecerebralcortexisgraymattercomposedofneuroncellsbodies,dendrites,andunmyelinatedaxons(plussupportcellsandbloodvessels)Itisonly2-4mmthickThemanyconvolutionsofthebraineffectivelytripleitssurfaceareaItaccountsforroughly40%oftotalbrainmassCerebralHemispheresCoronalsectionofthebrainwhichrevealsthecerebralcortex,whitematter,andbasalnucleiwithinthecerebralhemispheresCerebralCortexResearchonthestructureandfunctionofthebrainrevealsthattherearebothspecializedanddiffuseareasoffunctionMotorandsensoryareasarelocalizedindiscretecorticalareascalleddomainsManyhighermentalfunctionssuchasmemoryandlanguageappeartohaveoverlappingdomainsandaremorediffuselylocatedBroadmannareasareareasoflocalizedfunctionCerebralCortex-GeneralizationsThecerebralcortexhasthreetypesoffunctionalareasMotorareas/controlvoluntarymotorfunctionSensoryareas/provideconsciousawarenessof sensationAssociationareas/actmainlytointegratediverseinformationforpurposefulactionEachhemisphereischieflyconcernedwiththesensoryandmotorfunctionsoftheopposite(contralateral)sideofthebodyCerebralCortex-GeneralizationsAlthoughtheyarelargelysymmetricalinstructurethetwohemispheresarenotentirelyequalinfunction,insteadthereislateralizationofcorticalfunctionRememberthattheinformationpresentedisagrossoversimplificationtoconveyandclarifyconceptsMotorAreasCorticalareascontrollingmotorfunctionslieintheposteriorpartofthefrontallobesMotorareasincludetheprimarymotorcortex,thepremotorcortex,Broca’sarea,andthefronteyefield2.

大腦半球的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)(1)灰質(zhì)——大腦皮質(zhì)

基底核

(2)白質(zhì)——大腦髓質(zhì)聯(lián)絡(luò)纖維：同側(cè)半球內(nèi)各部分皮質(zhì)之間的纖維。連合纖維：左、右半球之間纖維，如胼胝體。投射纖維：上、下行纖維內(nèi)囊

(3)側(cè)腦室大腦皮質(zhì)的功能定位Brodmann52區(qū)分區(qū)法大腦皮質(zhì)AlbertusMagnus(1206-1280)PhrenologyofGall(1758-1828)andSpurzheim(1776-1832)

端腦表面所覆蓋的灰質(zhì)稱為大腦皮質(zhì)。依據(jù)進(jìn)化觀點(diǎn)，大腦皮質(zhì)可分為形成海馬和齒狀回的古皮質(zhì)（archicortex）、組成嗅腦的舊皮質(zhì)（paleocortex）和占據(jù)端腦皮質(zhì)其余部分的新皮質(zhì)（neocortex）。在哺乳動物中，進(jìn)化等級越高者，新皮質(zhì)愈發(fā)達(dá)，大腦皮質(zhì)的細(xì)胞和纖維排列為層狀結(jié)構(gòu)，古、舊皮質(zhì)是3層結(jié)構(gòu)；新皮質(zhì)基本可分6層。人類的新皮質(zhì)高度發(fā)達(dá)，約占全部皮質(zhì)的96％。因此，6層型皮質(zhì)可視為大腦皮質(zhì)的基本型，其分層構(gòu)筑情況見組織學(xué)。

大腦皮質(zhì)

大腦皮質(zhì)不同區(qū)域的厚度不同，中央前回處為4.5mm，枕葉的視區(qū)僅為1.5mm。另外不同區(qū)域皮質(zhì)各層神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的大小、形態(tài)和密度各有不同，纖維的疏密排布也不一樣。依據(jù)皮質(zhì)各部的細(xì)胞和纖維構(gòu)筑將皮質(zhì)分為若干區(qū)?，F(xiàn)在廣為人們所采用的是Brodmann分區(qū)。大腦皮質(zhì)的分區(qū)細(xì)胞構(gòu)筑分區(qū)細(xì)胞構(gòu)筑分區(qū)）

第1軀體運(yùn)動區(qū)

位置：中央前回和中央旁小葉

的前部，包括Brodmann

第4區(qū)和第6區(qū)

特點(diǎn)：上下顛倒，但頭部正立左右交叉投射區(qū)大小取決于各不肢體功能的重要性和復(fù)雜程度大腦皮質(zhì)的機(jī)能定位示軀體運(yùn)動區(qū)示中央旁小葉前部第1軀體感覺區(qū)位置：于中央后回和中央旁

小葉的后部，包括第

3、1、2區(qū)。特點(diǎn)：上下顛倒，但頭部正立左右交叉投射區(qū)大小取決于肢體感覺敏感程度大腦皮質(zhì)機(jī)能定位示軀體感覺區(qū)示中央旁小葉后部視區(qū)在枕葉內(nèi)側(cè)面上，距狀溝上、下的皮質(zhì)。相當(dāng)于Brodamann第17區(qū)。在視覺通路上，經(jīng)過外側(cè)膝狀體的中繼，一側(cè)視區(qū)皮質(zhì)接受同側(cè)視網(wǎng)膜的顳側(cè)半和對側(cè)視網(wǎng)膜鼻側(cè)半傳來的信息。因此兩視野的左半代表區(qū)在右側(cè)半球的視區(qū)上。反之亦然。

聽區(qū)在顳葉外側(cè)溝下壁的顳橫回上，包括41和42區(qū)。自內(nèi)側(cè)膝狀體發(fā)出的聽輻射是此區(qū)的主要傳入纖維。聽區(qū)接受雙側(cè)來源的信息，但對側(cè)的似是主要的。

視聽區(qū)顯示視聽區(qū)．邊緣系統(tǒng)在半球的內(nèi)側(cè)面，扣帶回和海馬旁回圍繞胼胝體等幾成一環(huán)，加上被擠到側(cè)腦室下角的海馬和齒狀回，共同組成邊緣葉（limbiclobe）。邊緣葉再加上與它聯(lián)系密切的皮質(zhì)下結(jié)構(gòu)，如杏仁體、隔區(qū)和隔核、下丘腦、背側(cè)丘腦的前核群等，共同組成邊緣系統(tǒng)（limbicsystem）。由于這一部分腦與內(nèi)臟活動、情緒和記憶有關(guān)，故也稱為內(nèi)臟腦。實(shí)驗(yàn)研究指出，邊緣系統(tǒng)在進(jìn)化上是腦的古老部分，它司內(nèi)臟調(diào)節(jié)、情緒反應(yīng)、記憶和性活動等，這在維持個體生存和延續(xù)后代是重要的。

邊緣系統(tǒng)示邊緣葉大腦皮質(zhì)的機(jī)能定位軀體運(yùn)動中樞

中央前回和中央旁小葉前部軀體感覺中樞

中央后回和中央旁小葉后部視覺中樞

距狀溝上下聽覺中樞

顳橫回語言中樞軀體運(yùn)動中樞的特點(diǎn)(1)交叉性(2)倒立性

但頭面部正立(3)區(qū)域大小與所支配部位運(yùn)動的精細(xì)程度有關(guān)。軀體感覺中樞的特點(diǎn)(1)交叉性(2)倒立性

但頭面部正立(3)區(qū)域大小與所管理部位感覺的靈敏程度有關(guān)。MotorAreasCorticalareascontrollingmotorfunctionslieintheposteriorpartofthefrontallobesMotorareasincludetheprimarymotorcortex,thepremotorcortex,Broca’sarea,andthefronteyefieldPrimaryMotorCortexTheprimarymotorcortexislocatedintheprecentralgyrusofthefrontallobeofeachhemisphereLargeneurons(pyramidalcells)inthesegyriallowustoconsciouslycontrolthepreciseorskillvoluntarymovementsofourskeletalmusclesPyramidalcellsTheselongaxons,whichprojecttothespinalcord,formthemassivevoluntarymotortractscalledthepyramidal,orcorticospinaltractsAllotherdescendingmotortractsissuefrombrainstemnucleiandconsistsofchainsoftwo,three,ormoreneuronsDendritesTable11.1PyramidalTractsThelateralcorticospinaltractconsistsofthelongaxonsofthepyramidalcellslocatedwithintheprimarymotorcortexMotorHomunculusMotorSomatotopyBodyisrepresentedspatiallyintheprimarymotorcortexofeachhemisphereMostoftheneuronsinthesegyricontrolmusclesinbodyareashavingthemostprecisemotorcontrolTheareaswiththemostcontrol(face,tongue,andhands)MotorSomatotopyMotorinnervationiscontralateral;leftprimarymotorcontrolsrightsideofbodyTheimageisusefultoconceptualizeareasofsynergisticfunctionHowever,agivenmusclemaybecontrolledbyseveralcorticalneuronsrecruitedforseveralspecificactionsMotorSomatotopyDamagetothelocalizedareasoftheprimarymotorcortexparalyzesthemusclescontrolledbythisareaIfthelesionisintherighthemisphere,theleftsidewillbeparalyzedOnlyvoluntarycontrolislostasthemusclescanstillcontractreflexivelyPremotorCortexThepremotorcortexcontrolsmotorskillsofrepetitiveorpatternednature(typingorpiano)ThepremotorcortexcoordinatesthemovementofseveralmusclegroupstoactsimultaneouslyorsequentiallyMotorandSensorySomatotopyPrimarySomato-sensoryCortexTheseneuronsidentifytheregionofthebodybeingstimulated(spatialdiscrimination)Theentirebodyisrepresentedspatiallyinthe