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ReadingTest

65MINUTES,52QUESTIONS

TurntoSection1ofyouranswersheettoanswerthequestionsinthissection.

Eachpassageorpairofpassagesbelowisfollowedbyanumberofquestions.Afterreadingeachpassageorpair,choosethebestanswertoeachquestionbasedonwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassageorpassagesandinanyaccompanyinggraphics(suchasatableorgraph).

Questions1-10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

ThispassageisadaptedfromCristinaHenríquez,TheBookofUnknownAmericans.?2014byCristinaHenríquez.

OneafternoonImadechicharronesandcarried

andtuckedneatlybehindherears,smallgold

30earrings.Sounlikemostofmyfriendsathome,whousednothingbutsoapontheirfacesandaloeontheirhandsandwhokepttheirhairpulledintoponytails,likemine,orsimplycombedafterithadbeenwashedandlefttoair-dry.

themovertoCelia’sapartment.

Sheclappedherhandstogetherindelightwhen

Lineshesawmeandmotionedformetocomeinside.

35 Celiatoldmeabouttheprovisionswewouldneedforwinter—heavycoatsandastackofcomfortersandsomethingcalledlongunderwearthatmademe

5 “Theseareforyou,”Isaid,holdingoutafoil-

coveredplate.

Sheliftedacornerofthefoilandsniffed.“Sabroso,”shesaid.

Ilovedhowfullherhomefelt,embroidered

laughwhenshetriedtodescribeit—andaboutaplacecalledtheCommunityHousewherethey

40offeredimmigrantservicesifweneededthem.Shegossipedaboutpeopleinthebuilding.ShetoldmethatMichoAlvarez,whosheclaimedalwaysworehis

10pillowsonthecouches,acuriostackedwithmilk

glassbowlsandrecuerdosandfoldedtablecloths,redvotivesalongthewindowsills,spiderypottedplants,wovenrugs,unframedpostersofPanamábeachesonthewalls,aboxofrinsedbottlesonthefloor,asmall

15radioontopoftherefrigerator,aplasticbagfilledwithgarlichangingfromadoorknob,acollectionofspicesclusteredonaplatteronthecounter.Thegreataccumulationofthingsalmosthidthecracksinthewallsandthestainsonthefloorandthescratches

20thatcloudedthewindows.

“Micasaestucasa,”CeliajokedasIlooked

cameraaroundhisneck,hadasensitiveside,despitethefactthathemightlookbigandburly,andthat

45BennyQuinto,whowasclosefriendswithMicho,hadstudiedtobeapriestyearsago.ShesaidthatQuisqueyadyedherhair,whichwashardlynews—IhadassumedasmuchwhenImether.“It’s

themostunnaturalshadeofred,”Celiasaid.“Rafael

50saysitlookslikeshedumpedapotoftomatosauceonherhead.”Shechortled.“Quisqueyaisabusybody,butit’sonlybecauseshe’ssoinsecure.Shedoesn’tknowhowtoconnectwithpeople.Don’tletherputyouoff.”

around.“Isn’tthatwhattheAmericanssay?”

Shepouredcold,cracklingCoca-Colasforbothofus,andwesatonthecouch,sippingthemandtaking

25smallbitesofthechicharrones.ShelookedjustasshehadthefirsttimeImether:impeccablypulledtogether,withafacefullofmakeup,fuchsialips,chestnut-brownchin-lengthhaircurledattheends

55 CeliabegantellingmeaboutwhensheandRafaelandherboyshadcomeherefromPanamá,fifteenyearsago,aftertheinvasion.

“Soyourson,hewasbornthere?”Iasked.

“Ihavetwoboys,”shesaid.“Bothofthemwere

60bornthere.Enrique,myoldest,isawayatcollegeonasoccerscholarship.Andthere’sMayor,whoyoumet.He’snothingatalllikehisbrother.Rafathinkswemighthavetakenthewrongbabyhomefromthehospital.”Sheforcedasmile.“Justajoke,ofcourse.”

1

ThedescriptionofCelia’sapartmentinlines9-20isprimarilyintendedto

evokeasenseofcozinessandcomfort.

reflectthehecticandunpredictablenatureoflife

65 Shestoodandliftedaframedpicturefromtheendtable.“ThisisfromlastsummerbeforeEnriquewentbacktoschool,”shesaid,handingittome.“Michotookitforus.”

Inthephotoweretwoboys:Mayor,whomI

inCelia’sbuilding.

extolthereadyavailabilityofgoodsintheUnitedStates.

establishthatCeliaisanavidcollector.

70recognizedfromthestore,smallforhisagewithdark,buzzedhairandsparklingeyes,andEnrique,whostoodnexttohisbrotherwithhisarmscrossed,thefaintshadowofamustacheabovehislip.

“Whataboutyou?”Celiaasked.“Doyouhave

75otherchildrenbesidesyourdaughter?”

“Onlyher,”Isaid,glancingatmyhandsaroundtheglass.Theperspirationfromtheicehadleftaringofwateronthethighofmypants.

“Andshe’sgoing...”Celiatrailedoff,asthough

80shedidn’twanttosayitoutloud.“ToEvers.”

Celianodded.Shelookedlikeshedidn’tknowwhattosaynext,andIfeltamixtureofembarrassmentandindignation.

2

Accordingtothepassage,whichfactaboutCelia’sneighborsdoesthenarratorknowbeforeshevisitsCelia’sapartment?

MichoAlvarezandBennyQuintoareclosefriends.

BennyQuintooncestudiedtobeapriest.

MichoAlvarezhasasensitiveside.

Quisqueyadyesherhair.

85 “It’stemporary,”Isaid.“Sheonlyhastogothereforayearortwo.”

“Youdon’thavetoexplainittome.”“She’sgoingtogetbetter.”

“I’veheardit’sagoodschool.”

90 “Ihopeso.It’swhywecame.”

Celiagazedatmeforalongtimebeforeshesaid,“WhenweleftPanamá,itwasfallingapart.RafaandIthoughtitwouldbebetterfortheboystogrowuphere.EventhoughPanamáwaswherewehadspent

3

WhenCeliatellsthenarratornottoletQuisqueya“putyouoff”(line54),shemostnearlymeansthatthenarratorshouldnot

beoffendedbyQuisqueya.

bedeceivedbyQuisqueya.

letQuisqueyaavoidher.

letQuisqueyaimposeonher.

95ourwholelives.It’samazing,isn’tit,whatparentswilldofortheirchildren?”

Sheputherhandonmine.Abenediction.Fromthen,wewerefriends.

4

8

Whichchoicebestdescribesthenarrator’srelationshipwithCelia’ssons?

A)ThenarratorknowsCelia’ssonsbecausetheyarefriendswiththenarrator’sdaughter.

Mayor.

ThenarratorhasseenMayorinperson,butshehasseenEnriqueonlyinCelia’sphoto.

ThenarratorhasseenEnriqueplaysoccer,butshehasneverseenMayor.

5

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

Line58(“So...asked”)

Lines59-62(“Ihave...brother”)

Lines65-68(“Shestood...us”)

Lines74-75(“What...daughter”)

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

Lines79-80(“And...loud”)

Lines82-84(“Celia...indignation”)

Lines92-94(“When...here”)

Lines95-96(“It’samazing...children”)

9

Basedonthepassage,itcanreasonablybeinferredthatCeliatellsthenarratoraboutleavingPanama(lines91-96)primarilyto

encouragethenarratortoshareherstoryofimmigration.

remindthenarratorofthereasonstheybothimmigratedtotheUnitedStates.

consolethenarratorbydescribinghowCelia’sfamilyhasprosperedsincetheyleft.

assurethenarratorthatsheunderstandsandempathizeswithher.

6

CeliarecountsRafa’sjoke(lines61-64)primarilyinorderto

endearRafatothenarrator.

impressthenarratorwithherquickwit.

stresshowdifferenthersonsare.

defuseatensesituation.

7

Basedonthepassage,itismostreasonabletoinferthatCeliaknowstheanswertowhichquestionaboutthenarrator’sfamilybeforethenarratorvisitsherapartment?

Howmanychildrendoesthenarratorhave?

Wheredoesthenarrator’sdaughtergotoschool?

Whatisthenarrator’sprofession?

HowlonghavethenarratorandherfamilylivedintheUnitedStates?

10

Inline97,theword“benediction”primarilyservesto

stresstheimportanceofreligiontoCeliaandthenarrator.

implythatthenarratorviewsCeliaasanauthorityfigure.

emphasizehowmeaningfulCelia’sgesturewasforthenarrator.

demonstratehoweloquentlyCeliaspokeduringherconversationwiththenarrator.

Questions11-21arebasedonthefollowingpassageandsupplementarymaterial.

ThispassageisadaptedfromWrayHerbert,“ExtremistPolitics:DebatingtheNutsandBolts.”?2012byTheHuffingtonP,Inc.

Votersneedtounderstandtheprosaicdetailsofcomplexpolicies.Mosthavestakedoutpositionsontheseissues,buttheyarenotoftenreasoned

Linepositions,whichtakehardintellectualwork.Most

5citizensoptinsteadforsimplisticexplanations,assumingwronglythattheycomprehendthenuancesofissues.

Psychologicalscientistshaveanameforthiseasy,automatic,simplisticthinking:theillusionof

10explanatorydepth.Westronglybelievethatweunderstandcomplexmatters,wheninfactweareclueless,andthesefalseandextremebeliefsshapeourpreferences,judgments,andactions—includingourvotes.

aboutcapandtrade,andconfrontedwiththeirownignorance,theywoulddampentheirownenthusiasm.Theywouldbehumbledandasaresulttakelessextremepositions.Andthat’sjustwhat

50happened.Trying—andfailing—toexplaincomplexpoliciesunderminedtheextremists’illusionsaboutbeingwell-informed.Theybecamemoremoderateintheirviewsasaresult.

Beingforcedtoarticulatethenutsandboltsofa

55policyisnotthesameastryingtosellthatpolicy.

Infact,talkingaboutone’sviewscanoftenstrengthenthem.Fernbachbelievesit’stheslow,cognitivework—thedeliberateanalysis—thatchangespeople’sjudgments,buthewantedtocheck

60thisinanotherexperiment.Thisonewasverysimilartothefirst,butsomevolunteers,insteadofexplainingapolicy,merelylistedreasonsforlikingit.

Theresultswereclear.Thosewhosimplylistedreasonsfortheirpositions—articulatingtheir

65values—werelessshakenintheirviews.They

15 Isitpossibletoshakesuchdeep-rootedconvictions?That’sthequestionthatPhilipFernbach,apsychologicalscientistattheUniversityofColorado’sLeedsSchoolofBusiness,wantedtoexplore.Fernbachandhiscolleagueswonderedif

continuedtothinktheyunderstoodthepoliciesintheircomplexity,and,notably,theyremainedextremeintheirpassionfortheirpositions.

Polarizationtendstoreinforceitself.Peopleare

70unawareoftheirownignorance,andtheyseekout

20forcingpeopletoexplaincomplexpoliciesindetail—notcheerleadingforapositionbutreallyconsideringthemechanicsofimplementation—mightforcethemtoconfronttheirignoranceandthusweakentheirextremiststandsonissues.They

25ranaseriesoflabexperimentstotestthisidea.

Theystartedbyrecruitingagroupofvolunteersintheir30s—Democrats,Republicans,andIndependents—andaskingthemtostatetheirpositionsonavarietyofissues,fromanationalflat

30taxtoacap-and-tradesystemforcarbonemissions.Thevolunteersindicatedhowstronglytheyfeltabouteachissueandalsoratedtheirownunderstandingoftheissues.Thenthevolunteerswereinstructedtowriteelaborateexplanationsoftwoissues.Iftheissue

35wascapandtrade,forexample,theywouldfirstexplainpreciselywhatcapandtrademeans,howitisimplemented,whomitbenefitsandwhomitcouldhurt,thesourcesofcarbonemissions,andsoforth.Theywerenotaskedforvaluejudgmentsaboutthe

40policyorabouttheenvironmentorbusiness,but

informationthatbolsterstheirviews,oftenwithoutknowingit.Theyalsoprocessnewinformationinbiasedways,andtheyhangoutwithpeoplelikethemselves.Allofthesepsychologicalforcesincrease

75politicalextremism,andnosimplemeasurewillchangethat.Butforcingthecandidatestoprovideconcreteandelaborateplansmightbeastart;itgivescitizensastartingplace.

Figure1

Meanself-rating(scaleof1to7;7=greatestunderstanding)

Volunteers’MeanSelf-RatingsforUnderstandingaPolicy

beforetaskaftertask

7.0

6.0

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

onlyforahighlydetaileddescriptionofthemechanicsofthepolicyinaction.

Let’sbehonest:Mostofusneverdothis.

Fernbach’sideawasthatsuchanexercisewould

45forcemanytorealizejusthowlittletheyreallyknow

analyzeandexplainpolicy

listreasonsfororagainstpolicy

Task

Meanself-rating(scaleof0to3;3=strongestposition)

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0

Figure2

beforetaskaftertask

Volunteers’MeanSelf-RatingsforPositiononPolicy

12

Overthecourseofthepassage,themainfocusshiftsfrom

adiscussionofalong-standingproblem,toareportthatdiscreditspreviousattemptstoaddressthatproblem,andthentoaproposalforfutureaction.

anintroductionofaphenomenon,toadescriptionofexperimentsconcerningthatphenomenon,andthentoarecommendationbasedontheresultsoftheexperiments.

analyzeandexplainpolicy

listreasonsfororagainstpolicy

Task

anexplanationoftwocompetingtheoriesforacertainbehavior,toarecapofastudydesignedtodeterminewhichtheoryiscorrect,andthentoageneralaccountofafield’sfuture.

FiguresadaptedfromPhilipFernbachetal.,“PoliticalExtremismIs

SupportedbyanIllusionofUnderstanding.”?2013byPhilipFernbachetal.

anobservationofatrend,toananalysisofitscauses,andthentoaproposalforaresearchstudytovalidatetheanalysis.

11

13

Acentralideadiscussedinthepassageisthat

articulatingthereasonsforholdinganopinioncancausepeopletodecidethattheyarewrong.

theprocessofdescribinganissueindetailcanmakepeoplemoremoderateintheirviewsabouttheissue.

mostpeoplearenottrulyinterestedinunderstandingcomplexideas.

peoplearelikelytounderstatetheirmostpassionatelyheldpositionstoavoidoffendingothers.

Asusedinline9,“illusion”mostnearlymeans

misconception.

dream.

charade.

phantom.

14

Asusedinline13,“shape”mostnearlymeans

plan.

model.

influence.

modify.

15

18

Themainpurposeofthefourthparagraph(lines26-42)isto

providesupportforatheory.

defendtheneedforaresearchstudy.

outlinethespecificsofanexperiment.

discussthecomplexityofaparticularissue.

16

Thepassageimpliesthatwhenconductinghislaboratorywork,Fernbachwouldhavebeenmostsurprisedbywhichfinding?

Nolinkwasfoundbetweenthecomplexityofanissueandthestrengthofthevolunteers’positions.

Aftervolunteerswereaskedtoanalyzeacomplicatedpoliticalissue,theirunderstandingofitdidnotincrease.

Whenvolunteerswereaskedtolisttheirreasonsforendorsingaparticularpolicy,theirviewsweregenerallyunaffectedbytheexercise.

Whenvolunteerswereaskedquestionsaboutcomplexissues,thosewiththemostextremeviewswerefoundtohavethebestoverallunderstandingofthem.

Basedonthepassage,whichactionwouldmostlikelyreducepoliticalextremismamongthecitizenry?

Formingorganizedgroupsofpeoplewhosharetheirmostdeeplyheldconvictions

Requiringthatpoliticiansexplaintheirproposedpoliciesindetailbeforeanelectionisheld

Promotingawarenessofcharitiesthatprovideopportunitiestodonatemoneytoworthybutunderfundedcauses

Hostingeventsthatencouragepeoplewhoholdopposingpointsofviewtointeractwithoneanother

19

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

Lines65-68(“Theycontinued...positions”)

Lines69-72(“People...knowingit”)

Lines72-74(“They...themselves”)

Lines76-78(“Butforcing...place”)

17

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

Lines26-30(“Theystarted...emissions”)

Lines34-38(“Ifthe...forth”)

Lines39-42(“They...action”)

Lines44-49(“Fernbach’s...positions”)

20

Accordingtofigure1,whichstatementbestdescribesthechangeinthemeanself-ratingsofthevolunteersaftertheywereaskedtoanalyzeandexplainapolicy?

Theybecamemoreextremeintheirpositiononthepolicy.

Theybecamemorereluctanttojustifyaparticularviewpoint.

Theybecamelessconfidentintheirunderstandingofthepolicy.

Theybecamelessinterestedinthepolicy.

Questions22-32arebasedonthefollowingpassageandsupplementarymaterial.

Thispassageisadaptedfrom“RareWoodlandPlantUses‘CrypticColoration’toHidefromPredators.”?2009byAmericanJournalofBotany,Inc.

Itiswellknownthatsomeanimalspeciesusecamouflagetohidefrompredators.Individualsthatareabletoblendintotheirsurroundingsandavoid

Linebeingeatenareabletosurvivelonger,reproduce,and

5thusincreasetheirfitness(passalongtheirgenestothenextgeneration)comparedtothosewhostandoutmore.Thismayseemlikeagoodstrategy,andfairlycommonintheanimalkingdom,butwhoeverheardofaplantdoingthesamething?

21

Accordingtoboththepassageandfigure2,makingalistofreasonsfororagainstapolicyhaslittleimpactonanindividual’s

positiononanissue.

interestinanissue.

opinionaboutpeopleholdingdifferingviews.

likelihoodtovoteinanelection.

10 Inplants,theuseofcolorationorpigmentationasavitalcomponentofacquiringfood(e.g.,photosynthesis)orasameansofattractingpollinators(e.g.,flowers)hasbeenwellstudied.However,variationinpigmentationasameansof

15escapingpredationhasreceivedlittleattention.MatthewKloosterfromHarvardUniversityandcolleaguesempiricallyinvestigatedwhetherthedriedbracts(specializedleaves)onararewoodlandplant,Monotropsisodorata,mightserveasimilarpurpose

20asthestripesonatigerorthegreycolorationofthewingsofthepepperedmoth:namely,tohide.

“Monotropsisodorataisafascinatingplantspecies,asitreliesexclusivelyuponmycorrhizalfungus,thatassociateswithitsroots,forallofthe

25resourcesitneedstolive,”notesKlooster.“Becausethisplantnolongerrequiresphotosyntheticpigmentation(i.e.,greencoloration)toproduceitsownenergy,itisfreetoadoptabroaderrangeofpossibilitiesincoloration,muchlikefungior

30animals.”

UsingalargepopulationofMonotropsisodorata,Kloosterandcolleaguesexperimentallyremovedthedriedbractsthatcoverthe3-to5-cmtallstemsandflowerbudsofthesewoodlandplants.Thebractsare

35abrowncolorthatresemblestheleaflitterfromwhichthereproductivestemsemergeandcoverthepinkish-purplecoloredbudsanddeeppurplestems.WhenKloosterandcolleaguesmeasuredthereflectancepattern(thepercentageoflightreflected

40atvariouswavelengths)ofthedifferentplantparts,theyindeedfoundthatthebractsfunctionedascamouflage,makingtheplantblendinwithitssurroundings;thebractreflectancepatterncloselyresembledthatoftheleaflitter,andbothdiffered

45fromthatofthereproductivestemandflowers

hiddenunderneaththebracts.Furthermore,theyexperimentallydemonstratedthatthiscamouflageactuallyworkedtohidetheplantfromitspredatorsandincreaseditsfitness.Individualswithintact

50bractssufferedonlyaquarteroftheherbivoredamageandproducedahigherpercentageofmaturefruitscomparedtothosewhosebractswereremoved.

“Ithaslongbeenshownthatanimalsusecrypticcoloration(camouflage)asadefensemechanismto

55visuallymatchacomponentoftheirnaturalenvironment,whichfacilitatespredatoravoidance,”Kloostersaid.“Wehavenowexperimentallydemonstratedthatplantshaveevolvedasimilar

strategytoavoidtheirherbivores.”

Figure1

ReflectancePatternsofLeafLitterandMonotropsisodorataStructures

leaflitterbractflowerpetal

reproductivestem

45

40

Percentreflectance

35

30

25

20

60 Dryingitsbractsearlytohideitsreproductive 15

partsisagoodstrategywhenthestemsareexposed 10

topredatorsforlongperiodsoftime:alltheother

speciesinthesubfamilyMonotropoideaehave 5

colorfulfleshybractsandarereproductivelyactive 0

65foronlyaquarterofthelengthoftime.Somewhatparadoxically,however,Monotropsisodorataactuallyreliesonanimalsforpollinationandseeddispersal.Howdoesitaccomplishthiswhenitisdisguisedasdeadleafmaterialandisabletohidesowell?The

70authorshypothesizethattheflowersemithighlyfragrantodorsthatservetoattractpollinatorsandseeddispersalagents;indeedtheyobservedbumblebeesfindingandpollinatingmanyreproductivestemsthatwereentirelyhiddenbytheleaflitteritself.

300 400 500 600 700

Wavelength(nanometers)

Figure2

FloralHerbivoreDamagetoMonotropsisodorataPlants,2006–2007

Meanproportionoffloralstemswithherbivoredamageperplant

0.40

0.35

0.30

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0

2006 2007

plantswithbractsintactplantswithbractsremoved

FiguresadaptedfromMatthewR.Kloosteretal.,“CrypticBractsFacilitateHerbivoreAvoidanceintheMycoheterotrophicPlantMonotropsisodorata.”?2009byAmericanJournalofBotany,Inc.

22

25

Themainpurposeofthepassageisto

contrasttheactivitiesofplantspeciesthatrelyonphotosynthesiswiththeactivitiesofthosethatdonot.

exploretheattemptsofscientiststounderstandthemeansbywhichplantsattractpollinators.

describeastudyilluminatingadefensivestrategyofaparticularspeciesofplant.

explaintheresultsofexperimentscomparingthefunctionofcolorinplantsandinanimals.

23

Whichchoicebestsupportstheideathattheabilityofaspeciestousecamouflageeffectivelycanprovideanevolutionaryadvantage?

Lines1-2(“Itis...predators”)

Lines2-7(“Individuals...more”)

Lines7-9(“This...thing”)

Lines10-13(“Inplants...studied”)

24

Thepassageindicatesthatcomparedwithotherfunctionsofcolorationinplants,camouflageinplantshas

providedscientistswithadeeperunderstandingofpotentialfoodsources.

madeuseofawidervarietyofdistinctiveshadesofcolors.

provedtobealesseffectivedefenseagainstpredators.

beenthesubjectofasmallernumberofscientificinvestigations.

Inlines20-21,thereferencestothetigerandthemothservemainlyto

provideexamplesofanimalspecieswithcharacteristicsanalogoustothoseoftheplantinvestigatedinthepassage.

offeracontrastbetweenthedefensivestrategiesofanimalsandthestrategiesoftheplantexaminedinthepassage.

suggestanewpossibilityforapplyingtheplantresearchdiscussedinthepassagetotheanimalworld.

defendtheworkdescribedinthepassageagainstthosewhohadcriticizedtheinclusionofcertainanimalsintheinterpretationofthefindings.

26

Itcanmostreasonablybeinferredfromthepassagethatthenutrientrequirementsofmanyplantshavetheconsequenceof

exaggeratingtheplants’colorationpatterns.

limitingtheplants’defensiveoptions.

increasingtheplants’energyconsumption.

narrowingtheplants’potentialhabitats.

27

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

Lines16-21(“Matthew...hide”)

Lines22-25(“Monotropsis...Klooster”)

Lines25-30(“Because...animals”)

Lines31-34(“Using...plants”)

28

31

Asusedinline28,“broader”mostnearlymeansmore

extensive.

obvious.

tolerant.

spacious.

29

Asusedinline48,“worked”mostnearlymeans

changed.

influenced.

functioned.

manipulated.

30

Accordingtofigure1,thepercentreflectanceoftheflowerpetaloftheMonotropsisodorataplantsforlightatawavelengthof600nanometerswasapproximately

5percent.

10percent.

20percent.

30percent.

WhichstatementaboutreflectancepatternsinMonotropsisodorataisbestsupportedbythedatapresentedinfigure1?

Theflowerpetalreflectancepatterntrackscloselywiththebractreflectancepattern.

Theleaflitterreflectancepatternshowsdecreasesinrelationtoincreasesintheflowerpetalreflectancepattern.

Thereproductivestemreflectancepatternismostsimilartotheleaflitterreflectancepattern.

Thebractreflectancepatterndifferssubstantiallyfromthereproductivestemreflectancepattern.

32

Accordingtofigure2,themeanproportionoffloralstemswithherbivoredamageperplantforMonotropsisodorataplantswithintactbractsin2007wasabout

A)0.09.

B)0.17.

C)0.36.

D)0.40.

Questions33-42arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

ThispassageisadaptedfromEdmundBurke,ReflectionsontheRevolutioninFrance.Originallypublishedin1790.

EdmundBurkewasaBritishpoliticianandscholar.In1789,theFrenchformedanewgovernmentalbodyknownastheNationalAssembly,usheringinthetumultuousperiodofpoliticalandsocialchangeknownastheFrenchRevolution.

Tomakeagovernmentrequiresnogreatprudence.Settletheseatofpower,teachobedience,andtheworkisdone.Togivefreedomisstillmore

Lineeasy.Itisnotnecessarytoguide;itonlyrequiresto

5letgotherein.Buttoformafreegovernment,thatis,totempertogethertheseoppositeelementsoflibertyandrestraintinoneconsistentwork,requiresmuchthought,deepreflection,asagacious,powerful,andcombiningmind.ThisIdonotfindinthosewho

10taketheleadintheNationalAssembly.Perhapstheyarenotsomiserablydeficientastheyappear.Iratherbelieveit.Itwouldputthembelowthecommonlevelofhumanunderstanding.Butwhentheleaderschoosetomakethemselvesbiddersatanauctionof

15popularity,theirtalents,intheconstructionofthestate,willbeofnoservice.Theywillbecomeflatterersinsteadoflegislators,theinstruments,nottheguides,ofthepeople.Ifanyofthemshouldhappentoproposeaschemeofliberty,soberly

20limitedanddefinedwithproperqualifications,hewillbeimmediatelyoutbidbyhiscompetitorswhowillproducesomethingmoresplendidlypopular.Suspicionswillberaisedofhisfidelitytohiscause.Moderationwillbestigmatizedasthevirtueof

25cowards,andcompromiseastheprudenceoftraitors,until,inhopesofpreservingthecreditwhichmayenablehimtotemperandmoderate,onsomeoccasions,thepopularleaderisobligedtobecomeactiveinpropagatingdoctrinesandestablishing

30powersthatwillafterwardsdefeatanysoberpurposeatwhichheultimatelymighthaveaimed.

ButamIsounreasonableastoseenothingatallthatdeservescommendationintheindefatigablelaborsofthisAssembly?Idonotdenythat,among

35aninfinitenumberofactsofviolenceandfolly,somegoodmayhavebeendone.Theywhodestroyeverythingcertainlywillremove