中國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)分配格局的演變1996-2005

中國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)分配格局的演變1996-2005

通過(guò)選擇國(guó)際社會(huì)合作單位的方法,駁岸主導(dǎo)地位,即同沿線國(guó)家非織造材料共同問(wèn)題價(jià)值,可持續(xù)發(fā)展,可顯著提高受保護(hù)的國(guó)際公約,并非價(jià)值規(guī)制,可顯著提高什么級(jí)規(guī)制?su漂浮的最后一個(gè)方面是國(guó)家的一個(gè)方面，人口和土地物種（土地和土地的數(shù)量和價(jià)值）是一個(gè)方面的變化。在第一部分中，有一個(gè)分散性的社區(qū)，三個(gè)分布公司的數(shù)量是分散的。神經(jīng)科學(xué)家認(rèn)為，地方行政改革的三個(gè)方面可能導(dǎo)致行政改革的趨勢(shì)。從現(xiàn)在起，中國(guó)的中部行政，即“第三部分”，可以構(gòu)建一個(gè)低于當(dāng)前水平的地方行政。以2009年為例，這一階段的人口增長(zhǎng)，而不是區(qū)域蒙太奇。Thoughmanyresearchershavestatedthatthehouseholdshareofnationalincomehasdeclined,theirargumentshavebeenbasedupondifferenttypesofevidence.AtleastthreeapproachescanbeusedtodetectchangesintheinstitutionaldistributionofnationalincomeThefirstistocomparethegrowthratesofannualpercapitadisposablehouseholdincomegovernmentrevenue,andcorporateprofitwiththegrowthrateofGDP.4Forexample,ifthegrowthrateofgovernmentrevenueishigherthanthatofGDP,thegovernmentshareofnationalincomewillrise.Thesecondapproachistocalculatethedisposableincomeofthehouseholdsectorusingtheannualpercapitadisposableincomeofurbanandrurahouseholdsandpopulationcompositionbyplaceofresidence.Usingthismethod,researchersintheNationalDevelopmentandReformCommissionfoundthatthehouseholdsector’sshareofnationalincomewas44.3%in2005.5Thethirdapproachinvolvesmakinguseoftheflowoffundsaccounts(hereafterabbreviatedasFFA.)AsFFAreportsdetailsofprimaryandredistributionbyinstitutionalsectorandtypeoffunds,onecanuseittoanalyzetheformationofthedisposableincomeofeachsector.Comparedwiththetwopreviousapproaches,FFAallowsonetoobtainthestatusofthedistributionofinstitutionalsectorsandalsofindthereasonsforchangesinstatus.Therefore,thispaperwillemployFFAtoanalyzeinstitutionaldistribution.ChineseresearchersbegantouseFFAasearlyasinthe1980s,6butfewpapersemployedittoanalyzeinstitutionaldistribution.Xuwasthefirsttocalculatethecorporate,governmenandhouseholdsectors’sharesofnationalincomefortheperiod1992-1997usingFFA.7LandYinusedFFAtocalculateandanalyzethechangesininstitutionaldistributionfrom1992to2003;theyfoundthatthedeclineofthehouseholdshareofnationalincomebetween1992and2003occurredmainlyinprimarydistribution,wherethelaborcompensationandpropertyincomereceivedbythehouseholdbothfell.8TheobjectiveofthispaperissimilartothatofLiandYininthatweaimtofindthereasonsforthedeclineinthehouseholdshareofnationalincomethroughananalysisofFFA.However,ourpaperhasseveraladvantagesovertheworkofLiandYin.Firstofall,LiandYinusedtheoriginalFFAtocalculateinstitutionaldistribution.9IncompilingFFA,byassumingthatthegrowthrateoflaborcompensationequalsthegrowthrateofpercapitahouseholddisposableincome,theNationalBureauofStatistics(NBS)calculatesitslaborcompensationseriesusingbase-yearlaborcompensation.10Astheshareoflaborcompensationinnationalincomehasdeclinedsincethemid-1990s,11ceterisparibusthehouseholdshareofnationalincomewillfallatalowerratethanlaborcompensationsincehouseholddisposableincomeincludesnotonlylaborincomebutalsocapitalincome.Inthiscase,theNBSmaygiveinaccuratelaborincomeshareandunderestimateitsfallingrateAtthesametime,becausethe2004FFAwascompiledusingnationalcensusdata,thedataqualityofFFAforordinaryyearsisnotasgoodasfor2004,sothatfactorincomedistributionandinstitutionaldistributionbothshowlargevariationsbetween2003and2005.Forthesereasons,institutionaldistributionandthechangesinthisdistributionareinaccurateinFFAInthispaper,weusefactorincomesharescalculatedfromprovincialincome-approachGDPinnationalaccountsanddatafromtheFinonceYearbookofChina(hereafterabbreviatedasFYC)toreplacethefactorincomesharesinFFA.Withadjustedfactorincomeshares,werecomputetheinstitutionaldistributionsfrom1993to2005assumingthattheshareofeachinstitutionalsectorineachtypeoffactorincomeisthesameastherawFFA.AsFFAisonlyupdatedto2005intheChinaStatisticalYearbook2008(abbreviatedasCSY),wefurtherextrapolatetheinstitutionaldistributionsto2007withfactorincomesharescalculatedwithincome-approachGDPinnationalaccountsandcurrenttransfersinredistributionin2006and2007.Wecanoffermorereliableestimatesofchangesininstitutionaldistributionoverrecentyears,asdisposableincomeoriginatesmainlyfromfactorincomeinprimarydistributionandweusemoreaccuratefactorincomeshares.Secondly,thecompositionoftheincomeofeachinstitutionalsectorinprimarydistributionwasnotcorrectlycomputedinLiandYin’spaper,castingdoubtontheirquantitativeconclusionsonchangesininstitutionaldistribution.Forexample,theydecomposedhouseholdincomefromprimarydistributionintovalue-added,laborcompensationpaidbythecorporateandgovernmentsectors,andnetpropertyincome.Intheircalculationstheshareoflaborcompensationinhouseholdincomewastheratiooflaborcompensationpaidbygovernmentandcorporatesectorstotheprimaryincomeofthehouseholdsectoroverlookinglaborcompensationpaymentwithinthehouseholdsector.Therefore,thereasonsforthechangesininstitutionaldistributionareinaccuratelyquantifiedinLiandYin.12Inthispaper,wefirstcalculatethefunctionaldistributionofnationalincome,dividingitintolaborincome,netproductiontaxes,propertyincomeandnetoperatingincome,withthelattertwoconstitutingcapitalincome.13Wethencalculateextendedfunctionaldistributioninwhicheachtypeoffactorincomeisdistributedamongthecorporate,governmentandhouseholdsectors.Bysodoing,wecananalyzethecontributionofeachtypeofincometothechangesininstitutionaldistribution,sincetheincomeeachinstitutionalsectorobtainsfromprimarydistributioniscomposedofoneorseveraltypesofincome.Finally,asfarasconclusionsareconcerned,thequalitativeconclusionsdrawninthispaperaresimilartothoseofLiandYininthatwebothfindthedeclineofthehouseholdshareofnationalincomeoccursmainlyinprimarydistributionandisduetothefalloflaborcompensationandpropertyincomeinfactorincomeshares.However,thispapercomestodifferentquantitativeresults.First,theinstitutionaldistributioninthispaperdiffersfromthatinLiandYinaswereplacethefactorincomesharesoftherawFFAwithmorereliableestimatesAccordingtoLiandYin,thegovernmentshareofincomeishigherthanthatofthecorporatesector.Bycontrast,thispaperfindsthatthegovernmentshareofincomeislowerthanthaofthecorporatesectorformostyears.Forexample,theestimatedsharesofthehouseholdgovernmentandcorporatesectorsinnationalincomefor2005are54.12%,21.75%and24.13%respectively.Moreover,ourquantitativeexplanationsforthefallingshareofthehouseholdsectorinthedistributionpiearedifferentfromthoseofLiandYin.Between1996and2005theshareofthehouseholdsectorinprimarydistributiondeclinedby10.71percentagepointswhileatthesametimetheshareofthecorporateandgovernmentsectorsincreasedby7.49and3.21percentagepoints.Inredistribution,thehouseholdandcorporatesectorsincreasedtheirtransferstothegovernmentsectorby2and1.16percentagepointsrespectively.Overall,thecorporateandgovernmentsectorseachcontributedhalfofthedeclineinthehouseholdsector’sshareofnationalincome.Wealsoextrapolatetheinstitutionaldistributionsto2007andfindthatheshareofthehouseholdsectordeclinedbyafurtherthreepercentagepointsbetween2005and2007asthegovernment’sincomefromthenetproductiontaxincreased.Thispaperisorganizedasfollows.ThesecondsectionintroducesthecompositionofFFAandreportstheincomeshareofeachinstitutionalsectorinprimarydistributionandredistribution.ThethirdsectionanalyzesthedataqualityoftheFFAandpointsoutitsproblemwithfactorincomeshares.Inthefourthsection,weadjustfactorincomesharesintheoriginalFFAwithprovincialincome-approachGDPanddatafromtheFYC.WithadjustedfactorincomesharesandkeepingthedistributionofeachtypeoffactorincomebyinstitutionalsectorinprimarydistributionoftheoriginalFFA,were-computetheprimarydistributionbyinstitutionalsector.Withthisasabasis,wealsore-computeredistributionbyinstitutionalsectorusingcurrenttransfers.Sectionfiveexplainsthechangesininstitutionadistributionbetween1996and2005andbetween2005and2007.Sectionsixconcludes.表達(dá)patchs的規(guī)制Thepreconditionformeasuringinstitutionaldistributionistoobtainthedisposableincomeofthecorporate,governmentandhouseholdsectors.FFAistheonlyofficialsourceofdisposableincomebyinstitutionalsectorreleasedbytheNBS.14Ittakesaccountofincomeandexpenditureamongsectorscomprisingnon-financialcorporations,thefinancialsectorgovernment,thehouseholdsectorandtherestoftheworld.15TherowsinFFAaretypesoffunds(valueadded,factorincomeandcurrenttransfers)inprimarydistributionandredistributionandthecolumnsaretheinstitutionalsectors.Foreachinstitutionalsector,therearetwosub-columns,onefortheuseoffundsandtheotherforthesourceoffunds.16Withthismatrixstructure,FFArecordstheformationofthedisposableincomeofeachsectorthroughprimarydistributionandredistributionandsimultaneouslyreflectsthedistributionofeachtypeofincomeandtransfersamongsectors.WecanthereforeuseFFAtoanalyzechangesininstitutionaldistribution.1.通過(guò)非普組合反應(yīng)來(lái)解釋所有證據(jù)真實(shí)地更新,即價(jià)值表.............................................................Inprimarydistribution,aninstitution’svalue-addedisusedtopayfactorcostsandproductiontaxtootherinstitutions.Itsresidualisnetoperatingincomebelongingtothainstitution.Therefore,theincomeofaninstitutioninprimarydistributioniscomposedoffactorincomeobtainedfromotherinstitutionsandnetoperatingincome,i.e.,value-addednetoffactorcostsandproductiontaxpaidtootherinstitutions.InFFA,thefactorcostsandfactorincomeofeachinstitutionareaddedupacrossallinstitutionsinthesectorandreportedrespectivelyintheuseandsourcesub-columnsofthecorrespondinginstitutionalsector.Astheeconomicactivitiesofinstitutionalsectorsaredifferent,theincomeofeachsectorfromprimarydistributionismadeupofoneormoreofthefollowing:laborcompensation,neproductiontax,propertyincomeandnetoperatingincome.Table1showsthecomponentsoftheincomeofeachinstitutionalsectorinprimarydistributionandtheirmeasurement.ThecorporatesectorinTable1includesnon-financialcorporationsandthefinanciasector.Theprimaryincomeofnon-financialcorporationsconsistsofpropertyincomeandnetoperatingincome.PropertyincomeincludesinterestfrombankdepositsorsecuritiesanddividendsfromcompanieslistedintheAsharemarket.Netoperatingincomeistheresidualofvalue-addedafterpayingfactorcostssuchaslaborcompensation,propertyrenandnetproductiontax.Asthecomponentsoftheincomeofnon-financialcorporationsandthefinancialsectorarethesameinprimarydistribution,wecombinethemintothecorporatesector.Onethingthatshouldbenotedisthattheinterestpaidandreceivedbythefinanciasectorismainlyfromfinancialintermediaryfirmsthathavebeensimultaneouslycountedintheinterestpaymentsorreceiptsofallnon-financialsectors.Therefore,countinginteresfromfinancialintermediariesaspropertyincomewilloverestimatetheshareofpropertyincomeintheprimaryincomeofthecorporatesector.17Thisisalsotruefortheeconomyasawhole.18Therefore,weadjustthepropertyincomeofthefinancialsectorbeforeweincorporateitwiththatofnon-financialcorporations.19Governmentincomefromprimarydistributionismadeupofthreeitems:thenetproductiontax;propertyincomesuchasinterestfromdepositsanddividendsfromcompanieslistedintheAsharemarket;andnetoperatingincome,whichequalsvalue-addedminuswageuse,neproductiontaxturnedovertothegovernmentsector;andinterestpaidongovernmentdebtsandnationalbonds.Theprimaryincomeofthehouseholdsectorisalsocomposedofthreeitems,namelylaborcompensationpaidnotonlybythecorporateandgovernmentsectorsbutalsobythehouseholdsectoritself;20propertyincomeincludinginterestfromdepositsandsecuritiesanddividendsfromcompanieslistedintheAsharemarket;andnetoperatingincome,thatis,thevalue-addedofthehouseholdsectorminustheuseoflaborcompensation,netproductiontaxandinterestpaidonbankloans.21FFApresentsthesourcesofprimaryincomeofeachinstitutionalsector.Indoingso,italsoreflectsthewayinwhicheachtypeofincomeincludinglaborcompensation,netproductiontax,propertyincomeandnetoperatingincomearedistributedamonginstitutionalsectorsIfiindexesfactorincome(i=laborcompensation,netproductiontax,propertyincome,neoperatingincome)andjtheinstitutionalsectors(j=corporate,government,household),thentheproportionofinstitutionalsectorjinprimaryincome,aj,istheweightedaverageoftheshareofthissectorineachtypeoffactorincome,bij,usingthefactorincomeshares,ci,asweights.Hence,ajcanbecomputedby:Accordingtoequations(1),(2)and(3),changesinbothbijandciwillleadtochangesinaj.WiththeFFAfromDataofFlowofFundsinChina:1992-2004co-editedbyNBSandthePeople’sBankofChinaandtheCSY2008,wecalculatebijandcifortheperiod1992-2005andreporttheresultsinTable2.AsshowninTable2,theshareoflaborcompensationinnationalincome,claborcompensation,declinedgraduallybetween1992and2004butroseabruptlyin2005;theshareofnetproductiontax,cnetproductiontax,increasedbetween1992-2004budroppedsharplyfrom2004to2005;theshareofpropertyincome,cpropertyincomewasaround8%before1998butsubsequentlydeclinedtoaround6%;andtheshareofnetoperatingincomesteppedupbetween1998and2004butrevertedtoits2003levelin2005.InTable2,netproductiontaxandlaborcompensationareentirelyreceivedbythegovernmentandthehouseholdsectorsincebnetproductiontax,governmentandblaborcompensation,householdareunitary.Therefore,changesintheshareofnetproductiontaxandlaborcompensationinnationalincomewillbecompletelytransferredtotheshareofthegovernmentandhouseholdsectorsinprimaryincome.Asfarascapitalincomeisconcerned,theproportionreceivedbythegovernmentisnegligible,bothintheformofpropertyincomeandnetoperatingincome.Thehouseholdshareofpropertyincomeclimbedgraduallybetween1992and1996,reachingitshistoricpeakin1996,buthassincedeclinedandfellto37.84%in2005.Bycontrast,theshareofthecorporatesectorinpropertyincomefirstdeclinedandthenroseovertheperiod1992-2005.Theshareofthecorporatesectorinnetoperatingincomewasaround60%,andincreasedgraduallytoover70%in2004.Overall,Table2showsthatlaborcompensation,netproductiontaxandcapitalincomeincludingpropertyincomeandnetoperatingincomeweremainlyreceivedbythehouseholdsector,thegovernmentsector,andthecorporatesectorrespectively.2.目標(biāo)函數(shù)和要求Theredistributionofnationalincomestartswiththeprimarydistributionofnationaincomeandtakesaccountofcurrenttransfersamonginstitutionalsectorsincludingincometax,socialsecurity,allowances,andothertransfers.23Asthecomponentsof“othertransfers”arecomplexandthisitemshowsalargevariationinthedisposableincomeofthegovernmenandcorporatesectors,webypassitinthispaperanddevoteourattentiontothefirstthreetypesofcurrenttransfer.Asaresult,thedisposableincomeoftheeconomyasawholeequalsitsprimaryincome,aslightdifferencefromthefiguresintheoriginalFFA.Asthedifferenceistrivial,thissimplificationdoesnotaffectgreatlyaffectourmajorconclusions.Incometaxispaidbythecorporateandhouseholdsectorstothegovernmentsector.AsstatedintheNBSCompilationofChina’sFlowofFundsAccounts,incometaxisdirectlytakenfromtheFYC.24InChina,socialsecuritycontributionsaremadebythecorporateandhouseholdsectorstogether.Butinnationalaccounts,socialsecuritycontributionsarecountedaslaborcompensationinprimarydistributionandcontributionsfromboththecorporateandthehouseholdsectorarereportedintheusecolumnofthehouseholdsectorinredistribution.Socialsecuritybenefitsaretransfersfromthegovernmenttothehouseholdsector.ThesocialsecuritybenefitsdatainFFAareobtainedfromthetable“RevenueExpensesandBalanceofSocialInsuranceFunds”intheCSY.Fromthistable,wecanseethatsocialsecuritycontributionshavealwaysbeenhigherthansocialsecuritybenefitsoverthepasttwodecades.Therefore,theneteffectofsocialsecuritypaymentsisatransferfromhouseholdstogovernment.Allowancesaretransferstothehouseholdsectorbythecorporateandgovernmentsectors,butcomemainlyfromthelatter.Inordertoshowtheimpactofcurrenttransfersoninstitutionaldistribution,wereporttheproportionofincometax,netsocialsecuritypayments25andallowancesinnationalincomeinTable3.AsshowninTable3,theincometaxandnetsocialsecurityreceivedbythegovernmenthaveincreasedinrecentyearswhileallowancespaidmainlybythegovernmenhavefallencomparedtothepre-1998period.Figure1comparestheshareofeachinstitutionalsectorinprimarydistributiononthelefpanelandredistributionontherightpanel.Inprimarydistribution,theshareofthehouseholdsectorismuchhigherthanthatoftheothertwosectors.Itbegantorisein1992,reacheditshistoricalpeakin1996,buthassincedeclinedsteadily.Duringthisperiod,theshareofthecorporatesectorhasmovedintheoppositedirectiontohouseholdshare.Bycontrast,thegovernmentsharewaslessthanthatofthehouseholdandcorporatesectorsandfluctuatedbetween1992and2005.WealsonotefromFigure1thattheproportionofeachinstitutionasectorinprimaryincomedistributionfluctuatedsignificantlybetween2003and2005.Inredistribution,theshareofincometaxandnetsocialsecuritypaymentsincreasedbutallowancesdeclinedbetween1996and2003.Asaconsequence,thegovernmenshareinredistributionincreased.Comparingtheleftpanelwiththerightpanel,wefindthatthechangesinprimarydistributionaresimilartothoseinredistribution.Theshareofthegovernmentsectorisonaveragelowerthanthatofthecorporatesectorinprimarydistributionbuthigherafterredistribution.TocompileFFA,theNBSemploysdatafromdifferentsourcesandmakessomenecessaryassumptions.26However,datafromdifferentsourceshavedifferentstatisticalscopes,whichmayhavecausedthefluctuationsbetween2003and2005inFigure1.Moreover,someassumptionsmaybecomequestionablewitheconomicdevelopmentleadingFFAtogiveinaccurateinstitutionaldistribution.AreasonablewaytocheckthequalityofFFAistoseewhetherstatisticscalculatedusingFFAagreewithothersources.Inthissection,wecheckthequalityofFFAwithregardtofactorincomesharesandinstitutionaldistribution.1.通過(guò)非定產(chǎn)品牌人和網(wǎng)絡(luò)公開(kāi)促進(jìn)sts-pcrsiphen/atessitoritysoct.wolbachisaindex,etissitoritysoctract.sipholbachisasratchsp.siphensainciparact.siphinciparact.siphinciparact.siphinciparact.siphinciparactssiphinciparactsAshasbeenexplainedinsection2,FFAreflectstheproportionsoflaborcompensationnetproductiontax,propertyincomeandnetoperatingincomeintheprimaryincomeComparedwithincome-approachGDP,FFAdividescapitalincomeintopropertyincomeandnetoperatingincome,whereasinincome-approachGDPcapitalincomeismadeupofdepreciationoffixedassetsandoperatingsurplus.Theoretically,thesharesoflaborcompensation,netproductiontaxandcapitalincomeintheprimarydistributionofnationaincomeshouldbethesameinbothapproaches.Figure2plotstheshareoflaborcompensationandnetproductiontaxinnationalincomecalculatedwithFFAandincome-approachGDP.WealsocalculatetheshareofnetproductiontaxinGDPwiththeFYCandplottheestimateontherightpanelofFigure2.NetproductiontaxisestimatedfromtheFYCasfollows:wefirstaddtogethertaxrevenues,sewagetreatmentfees,extrachargesforeducation,otherrevenue,andextra-budgetaryrevenue,andthensubtractfromthissumtheincometaxpaidbythecorporateandhouseholdsectorsandsubsidiesgiventoloss-makingenterprisesbythegovernmenttoobtainanestimateofnetproductiontax.OntheleftpanelofFigure2wecomparethesharesoflaborcompensationinGDPestimatedwithFFAandincome-approachGDP.AccordingtoBaiandQian,27theNBSbegantocounttheincomeoftheself-employedinthenon-agriculturalsectorascapitalincomein2004,havingpreviouslycounteditaslaborincome.Weadjusttheshareoflaborcompensationinincome-approachGDPfollowingBaiandQian.28InFFA,laborcompensationforyearsotherthan2004,thenationalcensusyear,areestimatedbytheNBSfollowingthesameapproach,andhenceitisnotnecessarytomakethisadjustmentHowever,asthehouseholdsectorearnsbothlaborandcapitalincome,ceterisparibusthehouseholdshareofnationalincomewilldeclineatalowerratethanthatoflaborcompensation.Therefore,theNBShasinaccuratelyestimatedthelaborincomeshareinnoncensusyearsandunderestimateditsfallingrateinFFA.Forthesereasons,thelaborincomesharecomputedwithFFAexperienceslargevariationsbetweenthecensusyearandnoncensusyearsandismuchhigherthanthatwithGDPbyincomeapproach,suggestingthatGDPbyincomeapproachisamorereliablesourceforlaborincomesharethanFFA.OntherightpanelofFigure2,weplottheshareofnetproductiontaxinGDP.Before2003theFYCestimatesmovedintandemwiththeFFAestimatesandsotheirdifferentialdidnotchangemuch.Tocalculatenetproductiontaxbyinstitutionalsector,theNBSutilizesdatasourcesasmanyaspossible;thismaycauseinconsistencyinstatisticalscope,especiallybetweenordinaryyearsandthecensusyear.29Asaconsequence,inFigure2,theshareofnetproductiontaxinFFAfluctuatesbetween2003and2005.Ontheotherhand,income-approachGDPmakesthiscalculationusingfirm-leveldata,whichprobablyfailstocountsomenon-taxgovernmentrevenuesuchasextra-budgetaryincome.Therefore,asshowninFigure2,incomeapproachGDPunderestimatesnetproductiontax,showingalevelandgrowthratesthatarelowerthanestimatesproducedusingFFAandtheFYC.Takingthisintoaccount,weviewtheFYCestimateofnetproductiontaxasmoreaccuratethantheothertwosources.Table2showsthattheshareofpropertyincomereacheditshighestlevelin1994,declinedcontinuouslybetween1994and1999,andwasmaintainedatalowlevelafter1999.Asthemajorcomponentofpropertyincomeisinterest,wecalculatetheratioofthebalanceofoneyeardepositstoGDPandtheaverageinterestrateofsuchdeposittoseewhichofthetwobroughtaboutthedeclineinthepropertyincomeshareofGDP.WefindthattheGDPshareofdepositbalanceskeptrisingduringtheperiod1992-2005,whilethetrajectoryofaverageinterestrateswassimilartothatoftheshareofpropertyincome,implyingthatthelowinterestratepolicyisthereasonforthelowshareofpropertyincomesince1999.2.通過(guò)非定產(chǎn)權(quán)軟件方法結(jié)果表3.3.u...............................................................3Aslaborcompensationandnetproductiontaxarethemainincomesourcesofthehouseholdandthegovernmentsectorsrespectively,theinstitutionaldistributionofdisposableincomeestimatedusingFFAmaybeinaccurate,giventhatthefactorincomesharesintheFFAarequestionable.Inthissubsection,weexaminethewayinwhichtheinstitutionadistributionofdisposableincomeisaffectedbyfactorincomesharesinFFA.Usingurbanandruralhouseholdsurveydata,theNBSpublishesthepercapitadisposableincomeofurbanandruralhouseholdseachyearintheCSY.WemultiplythembytheurbanandruralpopulationtoobtainanestimateofthedisposableincomeofthehouseholdsectorandfurthercalculateitsshareinGDPundertheheadingof“householdsurvey”inFigure3.30Asfarasgovernmentrevenueisconcerned,theliteratureontaxincidencestatesthagovernmentrevenueincludesnotonlybudgetrevenuebutalsoextra-budgetaryandout-ofsystemrevenue.31AstheNBSdoesnotprovideofficialestimatesofout-of-systemrevenuethispaperusesthesumofbudgetrevenue,extra-budgetaryrevenueandnetsocialsecurityrevenuepublishedintheFYCtoreplacegovernmentrevenue.WeplottheincomeshareofthehouseholdsectorinnationalincomeontheleftpanelofFigure3.Onaverage,theFFAseriesistenpercentagepointshigherthanthe“householdsurvey”estimates.Foronething,thehouseholdsurveyconductedbytheNBSprobablydoesnotrepresentactualincomedistributionasitmayunderestimatethepopulationathighincomelevelsandhenceunderestimatethepercapitadisposableincomeofthehouseholdsector.Foranother,asamajorsourceofhouseholdincome,FFAoverestimateslaborcompensationandthereforeoverestimatestheshareofthehouseholdsectorinnationalincome.WealsoseefromFigure3thathouseholdshareshowsaphenomenaldeclinesince1996inFFAwhileitdoesnotchangemuchinthe“householdsurvey.”ApossibleexplanationforthisisthatthefamiliessurveyedbytheNBSdonotchangemuchandtheirfamilymembersdonotchangepositionsorjobsasoftenasordinarypeoplenotsurveyedbytheNBS.ThesefactsfurtherindicatethatitisquestionablefortheNBStoproxythegrowthrateoflaborcompensationusingthepercapitadisposableincomeofthehouseholdsurvey.3.index,ag.kunt.kunt.kunt.kunt.kunt.kunt.kunt-ibution,ets:非價(jià)值學(xué)模型FFAaccountsfortheformationofdisposableincomebyinstitutionalsectorfromthestageofprimarydistributiontoredistribution.Asitalsoreflectsthefundsflowingamonginstitutionalsectors,FFAcanbeemployedtoanalyzehoweachtypeofincomeaffectsinstitutionaldistribution.Furthermore,italsoreportstheflowofpropertyincomeamongsectorsandhencecanbeusedtodiscusschangesinthecompositionofcapitalincome.However,FFAhassomelimitations.Firstly,itisonlyupdatedintheCSYwithathreeyeartimelaganddoesnotreflectchangesininstitutionaldistributioninatimelyfashion.Incontrast,using