句子成分和五種句子類型(全)課件

12什么是句子？3句子是由詞按照一定的語法結(jié)構(gòu)組成的，是能表達一個完整概念的語言單位．句子的第一個字母必須大寫，結(jié)尾要有．？！I

am

a

teacher.Are

you

astudent?How

beautiful

the

girl

is

!現(xiàn)代漢語里一般的句子成分有六種，即主語、謂語、賓語、定語狀語和補語。英語的基本成分有七種：主語（subject）、謂語（predicate）、表語（predicative）、賓語（object）、定語（attribute）、狀語(adverbial)和補語（complement）。按句子結(jié)構(gòu)，句子可以分為簡單句、并列句和復合句。只有一個主語（并列主語）和一個謂語（并列謂語），句子成分都是由單詞

和短語表示，這樣的句子稱為簡單句。簡單句最基本的類型有五種，其他各種句型都是由這五種句型變化而來的。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。4句子包括哪些成分？句子成分的構(gòu)成5句子的主要成分：主語、謂語、賓語、表語句子的次要成分：定語、狀語、補足語（同位語、插入語)1.主語(subject)1.主語是句子所要說明的動作或狀態(tài)的主體.2.一般在句首。3.一般由名詞，代詞或相當于名詞的詞或短語(不定式，動名詞或從句)充當。4.Surfing,

diving

and

swimming

are

all

water

sports.7.The

young

should

respect

the

old.8.It

made

me

excited

that

dad

bought

me

a

computer.代詞We

study

in

LianPing

Middle

School.Our

classroom

is

very

clean.

名詞To

teach

you

English

is

my

job.

不定式動名詞Four

plus

four

is

eight.數(shù)詞What

you

said

made

me

sad.

從句the+adj.it作形式主語62.謂語(verb)1.表示主語的行為動作或所處的狀態(tài)。2.必須由動詞充當。3.一般在主語后面，和主語在人稱和數(shù)方面必須一致。謂語有簡單謂語、復合謂語之分。(1)簡單謂語：是由動詞或動詞詞組組成的。She

always

studies

hard.He

often

listens

to

music.(2)復合謂語：是由“情態(tài)動詞或助動詞+動詞〞構(gòu)成.He

can

speak

English.We

have

finished

reading

the

book.I

did

see

heryesterday.73.表語(predicative)1.說明主語的身份或特征、屬性、狀態(tài)等。2.位于在系動詞后面。3.充當短語的可以使單詞、短語或從句。形容詞名詞副詞介詞短語過去分詞動名詞1.You

look

younger

than

before.2.I

am

ateacher.3.Jim

is

out.4.Now

they

are

at

home.5.I’m

not

quite

myself

today.反身代詞6.He

got

lost

in

the

forest.7.His

hobby

is

swimming.8.My

job

is

to

teach

youEnglish.

不定式9.The

book

is

what

I

need.從句84.賓語(object)1.一個動作的承受者，表示動作的對象或結(jié)果。2.用在及物動詞或介詞后面.

She

is

playing

the

piano.He

often

helps

me.He

likes

to

sleep

in

the

open

air.He

is

addicted

to

smoking.We

enjoyliving

in

China.3.賓語包括直接賓語和間接賓語。Please

pass

me

the

book.

=

Please

pass

the

book

to

me.He

boughther

some

flowers.

=He

boughtsome

flowers

for

her.9I

had

bread

and

milk

for

breakfast

this

morning.Where

didyoubuythat?(名詞〕I

needtwentyworks.〔數(shù)詞〕Healwaysdoesthe

unexpected.〔名詞化的形容詞Remember

to

tell

him

to

come

to

the

lecture.〔不定式I

enjoy

reading

foreign

stories,

especiallyAmerican

ones.〔V-ing形式〕We

all

believe

that

you

are

suitable

for

this

work.〔從句105.賓語補足語(object

complement)放在賓語后面,對賓語進展補充說明,與賓語一起構(gòu)成復合賓語。I

made

my

roombeautiful.I

can

see

her

dancing

there.He

made

himself

known

to

them.Please

keep

the

dog

out.We

call

her

Miss

Zhang.形容詞現(xiàn)在分詞過去分詞She

asked

me

to

lend

her

my

bike.不定式Please

make

yourself

at

home.

介詞短語副詞名詞116.主語補足語(subject

complement)對主語進展補充說明。把以下句子改為被動語態(tài):1.We

saw

Tom

dancing

in

his

room.Tom

was

seen

dancing

in

his

room.2.They

elected

Jim

monitor

of

their

class.Jim

was

elected

monitor

of

their

class.3.We

will

make

our

country

strong.Our

country

will

be

made

strong.12定語(attribute)5.Do

you

know

betty’s

sister?3.His

father

works

in

a

shoe

factory.物主代詞4.There

are

66

students

in

our

class.數(shù)詞名詞所有格用來修飾名詞或代詞,起類似于形容詞的修飾作用.1.You

are

a

clever

boy.

形容詞2.I

want

to

tell

you

something

important.

形容詞名詞6.There

is

a

sleeping

baby

in

bed.現(xiàn)在分詞7.The

girl

standing

under

the

tree

is

his

daughter.8.We

have

nothing

to

do.

不定式現(xiàn)在分詞短語9.His

spoken

English

is

good.過去分詞10.The

girl

in

red

is

his

sister.

介詞短語11.Do

you

know

the

man

who

stands

there?從句13狀語(adverbial)1.修飾動詞，形容詞或副詞,起類似于副詞的作用。2.一般表示行為發(fā)生的時間，地點，目的，方式，程度結(jié)果，條件，讓步和伴隨等意義。1.He

did

it

carefully.2.She

is

very

enthusiastic

aboutit.3.He

works

extremely

hard.4.He

comes

to

see

us

every

day.5.He

is

at

the

library

looking

up

some

information.6.I’ll

be

back

in

a

while.7.Without

his

help,

we

couldn’t

work

itout.8.He

was

late

because

of

the

heavy

rain.9.Please

call

me

up

if

it

is

necessary.10.She

was

beautiful

when

she

was

a

girl.14同位語apposition152.

I

myself

will

do

theexperiment.4.

The

news

that

he

is

ill

worries

us.對前面的名詞或代詞做進一步解釋,說明它們的性質(zhì)和情況。1.Tom,our

monitor,is

a

handsome

boy.名詞反身代詞3.She

is

the

oldest

among

them

six.

數(shù)詞從句插入語(parentheses)對一句話進展附加說明或解釋，通常由一個詞、一個短語或一個句子構(gòu)成，常置于句首、句中或句末，一般用逗號或破折號與句子隔開。1.Generally

speaking,

the

more

hard-workingyouare,

the

more

likely

you

will

succeed.2.Two

middle-aged

passengers

fell

into

the

sea.Unfortunately，neither

of

them

could

swim.3.Your

performance

in

the

driving

test

didn’treach

the

required

standard，in

other

words,

youfailed.4.It

is

so

nice

to

hear

from

her.

Believe

it

or

not

，we

last

met

more

than

thirty

years

ago.5.

Strange

to

say,

he

should

have

done

such

athing.16Choose

the

right

answer17He

made

another

wonderful

discovery，

A

ofgreatimportancetoscience.A.which

I

think

is

B.which

I

think

it

isC.which

I

think

it

D.I

think

which

is分析以下句子成分181.

Everyone

laughed.2.

The

books

pleased

the

girl.3.

I

am

astonished.4.

I

heard

himshouting.5.

He

bought

his

son

some

books.6.The

young

girl

with

long

black

hair

is

Kate.7.Stephen

apologized

at

once.8.I

have

no

idea

when

they

will

go.9.

I

saw

my friend

Tom

standing

at

the

station.standing

at

the

station.19I

saw

my↓

↓

↓friend↓Tom↓主謂定賓同語語語語位語↓狀語↓賓語補足語20種類 類型主語 謂語S

動詞v表語/賓語

賓語p/O(IO)

0(DO)賓補oc第1

S+V種Wework種第２

Ｓ＋Ｖ＋０Heplaysviolin.種第３

Ｓ＋ｖ＋ｐWe

are

students種第４

S+v+IO+DOa

pen種第５

S+V+O+OCHeshe

gave

memade

melaugh21基本句型一：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）22Ｓ│Ｖ（是系動詞）│Ｐ1.This

│is

│an

English-Chinese

dictionary.

這是本英漢辭典。The

dinner

│smells

│good.He

│fell

│inlove.Everything

│looks

│different.午餐的氣味很好。他墮入了情網(wǎng)。一切看來都不同了。He

│is

growing│tall

and

strong.

他長得又高又壯The

trouble│is│that

they

are

short

ofmoney.

麻煩的是他們?nèi)鄙馘X。Our

well

│has

gone

│dry.His

face

│turned

│red.我們井干枯了。他的臉紅了。基本句型二：ＳＶ（主＋謂）23主語：可以作主語的成分有名詞（如boy），主格代詞（如you），動詞不定式，動名詞等。主語一般在句首。注意名詞單數(shù)形式常和冠詞不分家！謂語：謂語由動詞構(gòu)成，是英語時態(tài)、語態(tài)變化的主角，一般在主語之后。不及物動詞（vi.）沒有賓語，形成主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，如：We

come.此句型的句子有一個共同特點，即句子的謂語動詞都能表達完整的意思。這類動詞叫做不及物動詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。Ｓ│Ｖ（不及物動詞）The

sun

│was

shining.The

universe

│remains.太陽在照耀著。宇宙長存。We

all

│breathe,eat,and

drink.

我們大家都呼吸、吃和喝。Who

│cares?

管它呢？What

he

said

│does

notmatter.

他所講的沒有什么關(guān)系。The

pen

│writes

smoothly

這支筆書寫流利。鞏固練習：這個重五公斤。This

box

weighs

five

kilos.五年前我住在北京。7.I

lived

in

Beijing

five

yearsago.秋天有些鳥飛到南方去。In

autumn,

some

birds

fly

to

the

south.我的爺爺早晨起得很早。My

grandfather

gets

up

early

in

themorning.每天下午有許多學生到圖書館來借書。10.Every

afternoon

a

lot

of

students

come

tothe

library

to

borrow

books.24鞏固練習：昨晚我寫了一封信。I

wrote

a

letter

last

night.今天下午我想同你談?wù)?。I

want

to

talk

with

you

thisafternoon.這本書他讀過多次了。He

has

read

this

book

many

times.他們成功地完成了計劃。They

have

carried

out

the

plan

successfully.那位先生能流利地說三種語言。That

gentleman

can

speak

three

languagesfluently.25鞏固練習：我收到了筆友從澳大利亞寄來的信。I

received

a

letter

from

my

penfriend

in

Australia.Jim

還不會自己穿衣服。Jim

cannot

dress

himself.我們大家都相信Jack

是一個誠實男孩。All

of

us

believe

that

Jack

is

an

honest

boy.他不知道說什麼好。He

did

not

know

what

to

say.我開窗戶你在意嗎？Do

you

mind

my

opening

the

window?26根本句型四：ＳＶｏＯ〔主＋謂＋間賓＋直賓〕Ｓ│Ｖ〔及物〕│ｏ〔多指人〕│Ｏ〔多指物〕She

│ordered

│herself

│a

new

dress.她給自己定了一套新衣裳。She

│cooked

│her

husband

│a

delicious

meal.她給丈夫煮了一頓美餐。He

│brought

│you

│a

dictionary.他給你帶來了一本字典。He

│denies

│her

│nothing.他對她什么都不拒絕I│told

│him│that

the

bus

was

late.我告訴他汽車晚點了。6.He

│showed

│me

│how

to

run

the

machine.

他27但若要先說出直接賓語（事物），后說間接賓語（人），則要借助于介詞to或for。如：He

brings

cookies

to

me

every

day.She

made

a

beautiful

dress

for

me.28用to側(cè)重指動作的方向，表示朝著，向著，對著某人。用for

側(cè)重指動作的受益者，表示為了某人，替某人。常跟雙賓語的動詞有：（需借助to的）bring,give,lend,hand,offer,

pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,

ask等；（需借助for

的）

buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,spare等。29鞏固練習：Johnson

先生去年教我們德語。Mr

Johnson

taught

us

German

last

year.奶奶昨晚給我們講了一個有趣的故事。

Grandma

told

me

an

interesting

story

last

night.3．請把那本字典遞給我好嗎？Would

you

please

pass

me

the

dictionary?4．他把車票給列車員看。He

showed

the

ticket

to

the

conductor.30鞏固練習：我替你叫輛出租汽車好嗎？

Shall

I

call

you

a

taxi?新式機器將會為你節(jié)省許多勞動。The

new

machine

will

save

you

a

lot

of

labour.他用他的第一個月工資給他媽媽買了一件毛衣。7.He

bought

a

new

coat

for

his

motherwith

his

first

month’s

salary.31說明:此結(jié)構(gòu)由“主語+及物的謂語動詞+賓語+賓語補足語”構(gòu)成。賓語與賓語補足語之間有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系或主表關(guān)系，若無賓語補足語，則句意不夠完整。The

sun

keeps

us

warm.I

heard

him

singing.You

must

get

your

hair

cut.32基本句型五：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋謂＋賓＋賓補）Ｓ│Ｖ〔及物〕│Ｏ〔賓語〕│Ｃ〔賓補〕名詞/代詞賓格+名詞The

war|

made|

him

|a

soldier./戰(zhàn)爭使他成為一名戰(zhàn)士.名詞/代詞賓格+形容詞New

methods

|make

|the

job|

easy./新方法使這項工作變得輕松.名詞/代詞賓格+介詞短語I

|often

find|

him

|at

work./我經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)他在工作.名詞/代詞賓格+動詞不定式The

teacher|

ask

|the

students

|to

close

the

windows./教師讓學生們關(guān)上窗戶.名詞/代詞賓格+分詞I

|saw

|a

cat

|running

across

the

road./我看見一只貓跑過了馬路.33用it

做形式賓語，而將真正的賓語放到賓語補足語的后面，以使句子結(jié)構(gòu)平衡，是英語常用的句型結(jié)構(gòu)方式。即：主語+謂語+it+賓補+真正賓語。如：I

found

it

very

pleasant

to

be

withyourfamily.34鞏固練習：．我們叫她Alice.2．我們大家都認為他是誠實的。他們把小偷釋放了。4．我要你把真相告訴我。5.衛(wèi)兵命令我們立即離開。6.每天早晨我們都聽到他大聲朗讀英語。他每個月理一次發(fā)我們不會讓她在晚上外出的。1

We

call

herAlice.All

of

us

considered

him

honest.3．They

have

set

the

thief

free.I

want

you

to

tell

me

thetruth.The

guards

ordered

us

to

leave

at

once.Every

morning

we

hear

him

read

English

aloud.7．He

has

his

hair

cut

every

month.8．

We

won’t

let

her

go

out

atnight.359．那可怕的聲音把孩子們嚇壞了0．她正在聽人家講故事。11．我從來沒看見這個字這樣用過。2．他感到很難跟你交談。13．我認為有可能用另一種方法解題。4．學校定了一條規(guī)則，開始上課時學生要起立。The

terrible

sound

made

the

children

frightened.1Sheislisteningtosomeonetelling

stories.I

have

never

seen

the

word

used

that

way

before.1He

felt

itvery

difficult

totalk

with

you.I

consider

it

possible

to

work

out

the

problemin

anotherway.1The

schoolmade

itarule

thatthe

studentsshould

stand

up

when

class

begins.36英語基本句型6

There

be

句型37說明：此句型是由“there+be+主語+狀語”構(gòu)成，用以表達存在關(guān)系可以稱“……有……”。它其實是倒裝的一種情況，主語位于謂語動詞be之后，

there

僅為引導詞，并無實際語意。此句型有時不用be動詞，而用live,stand,come,go,

lie,remain,exist,arrive等。如：There

stands

a

hill

in

the

middle

of

thepark.Once

upon

a

time

there

lived

an

old

king

in

thetown.Be

與其后的主語在人稱和數(shù)量上一致，有時態(tài)和情態(tài)變化。如：38be

…there

is/are

…there

was/were…there

will

be…；there

is

/are

going現(xiàn)在有過去有將來有tobe...現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)有

there

has/have

been…可能有

there

might

be...肯定有

there

must

be

…/there

must

havebeen...過去曾經(jīng)有

there

used

to

be

…似乎有

there

seems/seem/seemed

to

be

…碰巧有

there

happen/happens/happened

to鞏固練習：這個村子過去只有一口井。There

was

only

a

well

in

the

village.客人當中有兩名美國人和兩名法國人。Among

the

guests

there

were

two

Americans

andtwoFrenchmen.天氣預報說下午有大風。The

weatherman

says

there’ll

be

a

strongwind

in

theafternoon.燈亮著，辦公室里肯定有人。The

light

is

on.

There

must

be

someone

intheoffice.戰(zhàn)前這兒一直有家電影院的.There

used

to

be

a

cinema

here

before

the

war.39鞏固練習：恰好那時房里沒人。There

happened

to

be

nobody

in

the

room.從前，在海邊的一個村子里住著一位老漁夫。

Once,there

lived

an

old

fisherman

in

a

village by

the

sea.公共汽車來了。There

comes

thebus.就只剩下二十八美元了。There

remained

only

twenty

–eight

dollars.鈴響了。There

goes

the

bell.40簡單句的五種句型411）SV

主語＋謂語eg.

His

father

might

havedied.2)SVP

主語＋謂語＋表語eg.

The

plan

sounds

perfect.3)SVO

主語＋謂語＋賓語eg.

My

sister

enjoyed

the

play.4）SVOiOd

主語＋謂語+間接賓語＋直接賓語eg.

My

father

bought

me

a

bicycle.5)

SVOC

主語＋謂語＋賓語＋補語eg.

They

called

him

afool.Translate

the

following

sentences.421.在過去的十年里,我的家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。2.你們必須在兩周內(nèi)看完這些書。3.冬季白天短，夜晚長。4.李教師去年教我們德語。5.我要你把真相告