雅思57個(gè)學(xué)術(shù)詞匯

-.z.有英文解釋的學(xué)術(shù)類詞匯表AWL

THEACADEMICWORDLIST(E-O)abandon

v.

goawayfrom(apersonorthingorplace)notintendingto

return;forsake;desert

abstract

adj.

e*istinginthoughtorasanideabutnothavinga

physicalorpracticale*istence

academy

n.

schoolforspecialtraining

access

n.

~meansofapproachingorentering(aplace);wayin

acmodate

v.

providelodgingorroomfor

acpany

v.

walkortravelwith(sb)asapanionorhelper;escort

accumulate

v.

graduallygetorgathertogetheranincreasingnumberor

quantityofget(sth)inthisway

accurate

adj.

freefromerror

achieve

v.

gainorreach(sth),usubyeffort,skill,courage,etc

acknowledge

v.

acceptthetruthofadmit(sth)

acquire

v.

gain(sth)byone'sownability,effortsorbehaviour

adapt

v.

~sth(forsth)makesthsuitableforanewuse,

situation,etc;modifysth

adequate

adj.~satisfactoryinquantityorquality;sufficient

adjacent

havingamonendpointorborder

alsoimmediatelypreceding

orfollowing

adjust

v.

put(sth)intothecorrectorderorposition;arrange

administrate

v.toadminister

adult

adj.

growntofullsizeorstrength

advocate

v.speakpubliclyinfavourof(sth);remend;support

affect

v.

haveaninfluenceon(sb/sth);produceaneffecton

aggregate

v.

~sb(fml)beformedorbringsbintoanassembledgroup

oramount

aid

n.

help

albeit

conjalthough

allocate

v.~sthallotorassignsth(tosb/sth)foraspecialpurpose

alter

v.

beedifferent;changeincharacter,position,size,

shape,etc

alternative

adj.

availableinplaceofsthelse;other

ambiguous

adj.

havingmorethanonepossiblemeaning

amend

v.

correctanerrorin(sth);makeminorimprovementsin;

changeslightly

analogy

n.

~partialsimilaritybetweentwothingsthatarepared

analyse

v.

separateintoitspartsinordertostudyitsnatureor

structure

annual

adj.

happeningeveryyear

anticipate

v.

e*pect

apparent

adj.

clearlyseenorunderstood;obvious

append

v.~sth(fml)attachoraddsth(espinwriting)

appreciate

v.

understandandenjoy(sth);valuehighly

approach

v.

enearornearertoinspaceortime

appropriate

adj.~suitable;rightandproper

appro*imate

adj.almostcorrectore*actbutnotpletelyso

arbitrary

adj.

basedonpersonalopinionorimpulse,notonreason

area

n.

e*tentormeasurementofasurface

aspect

n.

particularpartorfeatureofsthbeingconsidered

assemble

v.

etogether;collect

assess

v.

~sthdecideorfi*theamountofsth

assign

v.

~sthtosbgivesthtosbasashareofworktobedone

orofthingstobeused

assist

v.

~in/withsth;~(sb)indoingsth(fml)help

assume

v.

acceptastruebeforethereisproof

assure

v.

tell(sb)positivelyorconfidently

attach

v.

~sthfastenorjoinsth(tosth)

attain

v.

succeedingetting(sth);achieve

attitude

n.

~wayofthinkingorbehaving

attribute

v.~sthtosb/sthregardsthasbelongingto,causedbyor

producedbysb/sth

author

n.

writerofabook,play,etc

authority

n.

powertogiveordersandmakeothersobey

automate

v.causetooperatebyautomation

available

adj.

thatcanbeusedorobtained

aware

adj.

~ofsb/sth;~that...havingknowledgeorrealization

ofsb/sth

behalf

n.onbehalfofsb/onsb'sbehalf;USinbehalfofsb/insb's

behalfastherepresentativeoforspokesmanforsb;intheinterestofsb

benefit

n.

profit;gain;futuregood(usedespwiththevsandpreps

shown)

bias

n.

opinionorfeelingthatstronglyfavoursonesideinan

argumentoroneiteminagrouporseries;predisposition;prejudice

bond

n.

writtenagreementorpromisethathaslegalforce;

covenant

brief

adj.

lastingonlyashorttime;short

bulk

n.

size,quantityorvolume,espwhengreat

capable

adj.

havingability;able;petent

capacity

n.

abilitytoholdorcontainsth

category

n.classorgroupofthingsinapletesystemofgrouping

cease

v.

eorbring(sth)toanend;stop

challenge

n.

~(todosth)invitationorcall(tosb)totakepartina

game,contest,fightetctoprovewhoisbetter,stronger,moreable,etc

channel

n.

sunkenbedofariver,streamorcanal

chapter

n.

(usunumbered)divisionofabook

chart

n.

detailedmapusedtohelpnavigationatsea,showing

coasts,rocks,thedepthofthesea,etc

chemical

adj.

oforrelatingtochemistry

circumstance

n.

conditionorfactconnectedwithaneventoraction

cite

quote;mend

civil

adj.

oforrelatingtothecitizensofacountry

clarify

v.

(causesthto)beeclearoreasiertounderstand

classic

adj.

havingahighqualitythatisrecognizedand

unquestioned;oflastingvalueandimportance

clause

n.

groupofwordsthatincludesasubject1(4a)andaverb,

formingasentenceorpartofasentence

code

n.

(systemof)words,letters,symbols,etcthatrepresent

others,usedforsecretmessagesorforpresentingorrecordinginformation

briefly

coherent

adj.connectedlogicallyorconsistent;easytounderstand;

clear

coincide

v.~

(ofevents)occuratthesametimeoroccupythesame

periodoftimeassthelse

collapse

v.

falldownorinsuddenly

colleague

n.personwithwhomoneworks,espinaprofessionorbusiness

mence

v.begin(sth);start

ment

n.

~writtenorspokenremarkgivinganopinionon,

e*plainingorcriticizing(anevent,aperson,asituation,etc)

mission

n.

~action,taskorpieceofworkgiventosbtodo

mit

v.

do(sthillegal,wrongorfoolish)

modity

n.

thingboughtinashopandputtouse,espinthehome

municate

v.

~sthmakesthknown;conveysth

munity

n.

themunitythepeoplelivinginoneplace,districtor

country,consideredasawhole

patible

adj.~(ofpeople,ideas,arguments,principles,etc)suited;

thatcane*isttogether

pensate

v.~forsthgive(sb)sthgoodtobalanceorlessenthebad

effectofdamage,loss,injury,etc;

pile

v.

~sth(for/fromsth)collect(information)andarrangeit

inabook,list,report,etc

plement

n.

~thingthatgoeswellorsuitablywithsthelse,ormakes

itplete

ple*

adj.madeupof(ususeveral)closelyconnectedparts

ponent

n.anyofthepartsofwhichsthismade

pound

n.thingmadeupoftwoormoreseparatethingsbined

together

prehensive

adj.thatincludeseverything

prise

v.haveaspartsormembers;bemadeupof

pute

v.~sthcalculatesthwithaputer

conceive

v.

beepregnant

concentrate

v.

~(sth)(onsth/doingsth)focus(one'sattention,effort,

etc)e*clusivelyandintenselyonsth,notthinkingaboutotherlessimportant

things

concept

n.~ideaunderlyingsth;generalnotion

conclude

v.

~(withsth)(usufml)eorbring(sth)toanend

concurrent

adj.~e*isting,happeningordoneatthesametime

conduct

n.

person'sbehaviour

confer

v.

~(withsb)(on/aboutsth)havediscussions(espinorder

toe*changeopinionsorgetadvice)

confine

v.

~sb/sthkeep(apersonorananimal)inarestricted

space

confirm

v.

provideevidenceforthetruthorcorrectnessof(a

report,anopinion,etc);establishthetruthof

conflict

n.

struggle;fight

conform

v.

~keeptoorplywith(generallyacceptedrules,

standards,etc)

consent

v.~giveagreementorpermission

consequent

adj.~(fml)followingsthasaresultoraneffect

considerable

adj.greatinamountorsize

consist

v.(phrv)consistofsthbeposedormadeupofsth

constant

adj.

goingonallthetime;happeningagainandagain

constitute

v.

(fml)makeuporform(awhole);betheponentsof

constrain

v.make(sb)dosthbystrong(moral)persuasionorbyforce

construct

v.

build(sth);putorfittogether;form

consult

v.

~sb/sthgoto(aperson,book,etc)forinformation,

advice,etc

consume

v.

use(sth)up

contact

n.

~stateoftouching(usedespwiththevsshown)

contemporary

adj.

~ofthetimeorperiodbeingreferredto;belongingto

thesametime

conte*t

writingsprecedingandfollowingpassagequoted

contract

n.~(forsth/todosth)legallybindingagreement,usuin

writing

contradict

v.

saysththatconflictswithby(sb),suggestingthatthe

personismistakenornottellingthetruth

contrary

adj.oppositeinnature,tendencyordirection

contrast

v.~Aand/withBparesothatdifferencesaremadeclear

contribute

v.

~(to/towardssth)giveone'sshareof(money,help,

advice,etc)tohelpajointcause

controversy

n.~publicdiscussionorargument,oftenratherangry,about

sthwhichmanypeopledisagreewith

convene

v.

summontoetogether;arrange(ameeting,etc)

converse

v.~(aboutsth);~(together)(fml)talk

convert

v.

~(sth)(fromsth)(into/tosth)change(sth)fromone

formorusetoanother

convince

v.

~sbmakesbfeelcertain;causesbtorealize

cooperate

toworkoracttogether

coordinate

vt.toorganizeorintegrate(diverseelements)ina

harmoniousoperation

core

n.

centreofsuchfruitsastheappleandpear,containing

theseeds

corporate

adj.

oforsharedbyallthemembersofagroup;collective

correspond

v.

~beinagreement;notcontradictsthoreachother

couple

n.

twopeopleorthingsthatareseentogetherorassociated,

espamanandwomantogether

create

v.

causetoe*ist;make(sthnewororiginal)

credit

n.

permissiontodelaypaymentforgoodsandservicesuntil

aftertheyhavebeenreceived;systemofpayinginthisway

criteria

n.(plofcriterion)standardbywhichsthisjudged

crucial

adj.~veryimportant;decisive

culture

n.

refinedunderstandingandappreciationofart,literature,

etc

currency

n.

moneysysteminuseinacountry

cycle

n.

seriesofeventsthatareregularlyrepeatedinthesame

order

data

n.factsorinformationusedindecidingordiscussingsth

debate

n.formalargumentordiscussionofaquestion,egatapublic

meetingorinParliament,withtwoormoreopposingspeakers,andoftenending

inavote

decade

n.periodoftenyears

decline

v.

say`no'to(sth);refuse(sthoffered),usupolitely

deduce

v.~stharriveat(facts,atheory,etc)byreasoning;infer

sth

define

v.

~sthstatepreciselythemeaningof(egwords)

definite

adj.clear;notdoubtful

demonstrate

v.

~sth(tosb)showsthclearlybygivingprooforevidence

denote

v.bethename,signorsymbolof(sth);referto

deny

v.

saythat(sth)isnottrue

depress

v.

makesadandwithoutenthusiasm

derive

v.

~sthfromsthobtainsthfromsth;getsthfromsth

design

n.

~(forsth)drawingoroutlinefromwhichsthmaybemade

despite

prepwithoutbeingaffectedby

detect

v.discoverorrecognizethat(sth)ispresent

deviate

v.~fromsthstopfollowing

device

n.

thingmadeoradaptedforaspecialpurpose

devote

v.~oneself/sthtosb/sthgivetosb/sth;dedicate

;

differentiate

v.

~betweenAandB;~A(fromB)seeorshow(twothings)

tobedifferent;showsthtobedifferent(fromsthelse)

dimension

n.

measurementofanysort

diminish

v.

beesmallerorless;decrease

discrete

adj.separate;distinct

discriminate

v.

~~AfromBseeormakeadifference(betweentwothings)

displace

v.

movefromtheusualorcorrectplace

display

v.~sth

putsthonshow

dispose

v.place(sb/sth)inasuitableway;arrange

distinct

adj.

easilyheard,seen,feltorunderstood;definite

distort

v.

pullortwistoutofitsusualshape

distribute

v.

~sthseparatesthintopartsandgiveasharetoeach

personorthing

diverse

adj.ofdifferentkinds;varied

document

n.paper,form,book,etcgivinginformationaboutsth,

evidenceorproofofsth

domain

n.

landsownedorruledbyanobleman,government,etc

domestic

adj.

ofthehome,householdorfamily

dominate

v.

havecontroloforaverystronginfluenceon(people,

events,etc)

draft

n.

roughpreliminarywrittenversionofsth

drama

n.

playforthetheatre,radioorTV

duration

n.

timeduringwhichsthlastsorcontinues

dynamic

adj.

ofpowerorforcesthatproducemovement

economy

n.

avoidanceofwaste(ofmoney,strength,time,resources,

etc)

edit

v.

prepareforpublication,eginabook,newspaper,or

magazine

element

n.

~necessaryorcharacteristicpartofsth

eliminate

v.

~sb/sthremove(espsb/sththatisnotwantedorneeded)

emerge

v.~

eoutorup(fromwater,etc)

emphasis

n.forceorstressgiventoawordorwordswhenspoken,to

makethemeaningclearortoshowimportance

empirical

adj.basedonobservationore*periment,notontheory

enable

v.

makeabletodosthbygivinghimthenecessaryauthority

ormeans

encounter

v.

meetorfindoneselffacedby(sth/sbunpleasant,

dangerous,difficult,etc)

energy

n.

abilitytoactorworkwithstrengthandeagerness

enforce

v.

~sthforcepeopletoobey(alaw,etc);makesth

effective

enhance

v.increasemake(sb/sth)lookbetter

enormous

adj.verylarge;immense

ensure

v.

makesure;guarantee

entity

n.

thingwithdistinctandreale*istence

environment

n.

conditions,circumstances,etcaffectingpeople'slives

equate

v.~sthconsidersthasequalorequivalent(tosthelse)

equip

v.~sb/sth(withsth)supplysb/sth(withwhatisneeded,for

aparticularpurpose)

equivalent

adj.~equalinvalue,amount,meaning,importance,etc

erode

v.destroyorwear(sth)awaygradually

error

n.

thingdonewrongly;mistake

establish

v.

setuponafirmorpermanentbasis

estate

n.

areaofland,espinthecountry,withoneowner

estimate

n.

judgementorcalculationoftheappro*imatesize,cost,

value,etcofsth

ethic

n.

systemofmoralprinciples;rulesofconduct

ethnic

adj.

ofanational,racialortribalgroupthathasamon

culturaltradition

evaluate

v.findoutorformanideaoftheamountorvalueof

(sb/sth);assess

eventual

adj.happeningatlastasaresult;ultimate

evident

adj.~(that...)obvious(totheeyeormind);clear

evolve

v.

(causeto)developnaturallyand(usu)gradually

e*ceed

v.begreaterormorenumerousthan(espaquantity)

e*clude

v.

~sb/sthpreventsbfromenteringsomewhere,takingpart

insth,etc;keepsbout

e*hibit

n.

objectorcollectionofobjectsdisplayedforthepublic,

eginamuseum

e*pand

v.

~(intosth)(causesthto)beegreaterinsize,number

orimportance

e*pert

n.~personwithspecialknowledge,skillortrainingina

particularfield

e*plicit

adj.

(ofastatement,etc)clearlyandfullye*pressed

e*ploit

n.braveoradventurousdeedoraction

e*port

n.

e*porting

e*pose

v.

uncoverormake(sth)visible;display

e*ternal

adj.

outside;situatedontheoutsideofsth(espthebody)

e*tract

v.~sth

takeorgetsthout,usuwitheffortorbyforce

facilitate

v.(ofanobject,aprocess,etcbutnotofaperson)make

(sth)easyorlessdifficult

factor

n.

fact,circumstance,etcthathelpstoproducearesult

feature

n.

oneofthenamedpartsoftheface(egnose,mouth,eyes)

whichtogetherformitsappearance

federal

oforrelatingtoaformofgovernmentoracountryinwhich

powerisdividedbetweenonecentralandseveralregionalgovernment

fee

n.

(usupl)amountpaidforprofessionaladviceorservice,

egtoprivateteachers,doctors,etc

file

n.metaltoolwitharoughsurfaceforcutting,smoothingor

shapinghardsubstances

final

adj.

oftheend;inglast

finance

n.

managementofmoney

finite

adj.

havingbounds;limited;notinfinite

fle*ible

adj.

thatcanbendeasilywithoutbreaking

fluctuate

v.~

(ofaprice,number,rate,etc)riseandfall;change

irregularly

focus

n.=>Usageatdatadata.

pointatwhichrays(oflight,

sound,etc)meetorfromwhichtheyappeartoe

format

n.

shape,size,binding,etcofabook

formula

n.(chemistry)setofsymbolsshowingtheelementsthata

substanceismadeof

forthing

adj.

abouttohappenorappearinthenearfuture

foundation

n.

actoffounding

founded

[find:]tomeetwithordiscoverbychance

framework

n.

structuregivingshapeandsupport

function

n.

specialactivityorpurposeofapersonorthing

fund

n.

sumofmoneysavedormadeavailableforaparticular

purpose

fundamental

adj.

oforformingthebasisorfoundationofsth;essential

furthermore

adv.inaddition;moreover;

gender

n.

(incertainlanguages)classificationofanounorpronoun

asmasculineorfeminine

generate

v.causetoe*istoroccur;produce

generation

n.

production

globe

n.

smallsphericalmodeloftheearthshowingthecontinents

andusualsocountries,rivers,cities,etc

goal

n.

(infootball,hockey,etc)pairofpostswithacrossbar,

betweenwhichtheballhastobekicked,hit,etcinordertoscore

grade

n.

step,stageordegreeofrank,quality,etc;levelof

classification

grant

v.

agreetogiveorallow(whatisaskedfor)

guarantee

n.

~(againststh)promise(usuinwriting)thatcertain

conditionsagreedtoinatransactionwillbefulfilled

guideline

aprincipleputforwardtosetstandardsordetermineacourse

ofactio

hence

adv.

fromthistime

hierarchy

n.systemwithgradesofauthorityorstatusfromthelowest

tothehighest

highlight

n.

best,mostinterestingormoste*citingpartofsomething

hypothesis

n.ideaorsuggestionthatisbasedonknownfactsandisused

asabasisforreasoningorfurtherinvestigation

identical

adj.

the~thesame

identify

v.

~sb/sthassb/sthshow,prove,etcwhoorwhatsb/sthis;

recognizesb/sth(asbeingthespecifiedpersonorthing)

ideology

n.ideasthatformthebasisofaneconomicorpolitical

theoryorthatareheldbyaparticulargrouporperson

ignorant

adj.

~(ofsth)knowinglittleornothing;lackingeducation

orinformation;unaware

illustrate

v.

supplywithpictures,diagrams,etc

image

n.

copyoftheshapeofapersonorthing,esponemadein

stoneorwood;statue

immigrate

v.~enteraforeigncountryinordertolivethere

permanently

impact

n.

hittingofoneobjectagainstanother

implement

n.toolorinstrument

implicate

v.~sbshowthatsbisinvolvedinsth,espacrime

implicit

adj.

~implied,butnote*presseddirectly;note*plicit

imply

v.

suggest(sth)indirectlyratherthanstateitdirectly;

hint

impose

v.

~sthplace(apenalty,ta*,etc)officiallyonsb/sth

incentive

n.~thingthatencouragessbtodosth;stimulus

incidence

n.

~ofsthe*tenttowhichsthhappensorhasaneffect

incline

v.

~towardssthleanorslopeinthedirectionofsth

ine

n.moneyreceivedoveracertainperiod,espaspaymentfor

workorasinterestoninvestments

incorporate

v.

~sth(in/intosth)makesthpartofawhole;include

inde*

n.listofnamesortopicsreferredtoinabook,etc,usu

arrangedattheendinalphabeticalorder

indicate

v.

~sth(tosb)showsth,espbypointing

individual

adj.

single;separate

induce

v.

persuadeorinfluence(sb)todosth

inevitable

adj.

thatcannotbeavoided;thatissuretohappen

infer

v.~sth(fromsth)reach(anopinion)fromfactsor

reasoning;concludesth

infrastructure

n.subordinateparts,installations,etcthatformthebasis

ofasystem,anorganizationoranenterprise(egofanarmy)

,

inherent

adj.~e*istingasanaturalorpermanentfeatureorquality

ofsb/sth

inhibit

v.

~sbpreventsbfromdoingsththatshouldbenaturalor

easytodo

initial

adj.oforatthebeginning;first

initiate

v.

put(ascheme,etc)intooperation;cause(sth)tobegin

injure

v.hurt(sb);harm

innovate

v.makechanges;introducenewthings

input

n.~

actionofputtingsthin

insert

v.~sthput,fit,placesthintosthorbetweentwothings

insight

n.~

(approv)abilitytoseeintothetruenature(ofsth);

deepunderstanding

inspect

v.

e*amine(sth)closely

instance

n.

~particularoccurrenceofsththathappensgenerallyor

severaltimes;e*ample;case

institute

n.societyororganizationforaspecial(ususocial,

professionaloreducational)purpose

instruct

todirecttodosomething;order

integral

adj.

~necessaryforpleteness

integrate

v.~sth(intosth);~AandB/~AwithBbinesthinsuch

awaythatitbeesfullyapartofsthelse

integrity

n.

qualityofbeinghonestandmorallyupright

intelligence

n.

poweroflearning,understandingandreasoning;mental

ability

intense

adj.

(ofsensations)verygreatorsevere;e*treme

interact

v.

~actorhaveaneffectoneachother

intermediate

adj.~situatedoringbetweentwopeople,things,etcin

time,space,degree,etc

internal

adj.

oforontheinside

interpret

v.

e*plain(sthwhichisnoteasilyunderstandable)

interval

n.

~timebetweentwoevents

intervene

v.

(oftime)eorbebetween

intrinsic

adj.belongingnaturally;e*istingwithin,notingfrom

outside

invest

v.

~(insth/withsb)use(money)tobuyshares,property,

etc,inordertoearninterestorbringprofit

investigate

v.

findoutande*amineinordertoobtainthetruth

invoke

v.

use(sth)asareasonforone'saction

involve

v.

makenecessaryasaconditionorresult;entail

isolate

v.

~sb/sthputorkeepsb/sthentirelyapartfromother

peopleorthings;separatesb/sth;

issue

n.

outgoing;outflow

item

n.

singlearticleorunitinalist,etc

job

n.thepatienceofjob

journal

n.

newspaperorperiodical,esponethatisseriousanddeals

withaspecializedsubject

justify

v.

showthat(sb/sth)isright,reasonableorjust

label

n.

pieceofpaper,cloth,metal,etconorbesideanobject

anddescribingitsnature,name,owner,destination,etc

labour

n.

physicalormentalwork

layer

n.

thicknessofmateriallaidoverasurfaceorforminga

horizontaldivision

lecture

n.

~(onsth)talkgivinginformationaboutasubjecttoan

audienceoraclass,oftenaspartofateachingprogramme

legal

adj.

oforbasedonthelaw

legislate

v.~makelaws

levy

v.

~sth(onsb)collect(apayment,etc)byauthorityor

force;imposesth

liberal

adj.

tolerantandopen-minded;freefromprejudice

licence

n.

officialdocumentshowingthatpermissionhasbeengiven

toown,useordosth

likewise

adv.

similarly

link

n.

oneringorloopofachain

locate

v.

discoverthee*actpositionorplaceof

logic

n.

scienceofreasoning

maintain

v.

~sthcausesthtocontinue;keepsthine*istenceatthe

samelevel,standard,etc

major

adj.

important;great(er)

manipulate

v.

controlorhandlewithskill

manual

adj.of,donewithorcontrolledbythehands

margin

n.

blankspaceroundthewrittenorprintedmatteronapage

mature

adj.

fullygrownordevelopedmentallyorphysically;having

achievedone'sfullpotential

ma*imise

[ma*imize:]vt.tomakeashighorgreataspossible;

increasetoama*imum

mechanism

n.

workingpartsofamachine,etc

media

n.themediameansofmassmunication,egTV,radio,

newspapers

mediate

v.

~actasapeacemakerorgo-betweenfortwoormore

people,groups,etcwhodisagree

medical

adj.

oftheartofmedicine;ofcuringdisease

medium

n.(plusumedia)meansbywhichsthise*pressedor

municated

mental

adj.

of,inortothemind

method

n.

way

migrate

v.~(to...)

movefromoneplacetogotoliveorworkin

another

military

adj.oforforsoldiersoranarmy;oforforarmedforces

minimal

adj.smallestinamountordegree

minimise

[minimize:]toreducetoorestimateattheleastpossible

degreeoramount

minimum

n.

leastorsmallestamount,degree,etcpossible

ministry

n.

(buildingscontaininga)governmentdepartment

minor

adj.

smaller,lessserious,lessimportant,etc

mode

n.

~(fml)wayormannerinwhichsthisdone

modify

v.

change(sth)slightly,esptomakeitlesse*tremeorto

improveit

monitor

n.

deviceusedt