英語音標(biāo)發(fā)音規(guī)則

英語國(guó)際音標(biāo)音標(biāo)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)一.音節(jié)⒈什么是音節(jié)?⑴音節(jié)普通由一種元音加上一種或幾個(gè)輔音構(gòu)成,也能夠由單獨(dú)一種元音構(gòu)成。另外,[l]、[m]、[n]在背面沒有元音的狀況下也可與它前面的輔音構(gòu)成一種音節(jié)?！び嘘P(guān)鏈接:Asyllableispartofawordthatcontainsonevowelsound;itmayalsocontainoneormoreconsonantsounds.Ingeneral,thenumberofvowelsintheworddeterminesthenumberofsyllables.:PronouncingAmericanEnglish一種音節(jié)普通是一種含有一種元音和一種或幾個(gè)輔音的單詞的一部分。普通來說,單詞中元音的個(gè)數(shù)決定這個(gè)單詞音節(jié)的個(gè)數(shù)?！睹绹?guó)英語發(fā)音詞典》⑵含有元音的音節(jié)和若干個(gè)輔音音素①只有一種元音音素(音節(jié)核peakeyeourhourah②含有一種元音音素和音節(jié)尾(音節(jié)核peak+音節(jié)尾codaamoughtease③含有一種元音音素、音節(jié)首和音節(jié)尾(音節(jié)首o(hù)nset+音節(jié)核peak+音節(jié)尾codarunmustfill④含有成音節(jié)輔音的音節(jié)輔音+成音節(jié)/l、m、n/bottlepeoplecottonbottom·有關(guān)鏈接:Inawordlike“bottle”,theweaksyllablecontainsnovowelatall,butconsistsentirelyoftheconsonants.Wecallthisasyllabicconsonant.在像“bottle”這樣的詞中,非重讀音節(jié)中根本沒有元音,而全是輔音。我們把這樣完全由輔音字母構(gòu)成的音節(jié)叫做構(gòu)成音節(jié)的輔音,簡(jiǎn)稱“成音節(jié)”。⒉音節(jié)的分類⑴音節(jié)按讀音可分為開音節(jié)和閉音節(jié)。開音節(jié)又能夠分為絕對(duì)開音節(jié)和相對(duì)開音節(jié)。在開音節(jié)中,這個(gè)元音字母發(fā)字母本身音。①絕對(duì)開音節(jié)是指元音字母背面沒有輔音字母而構(gòu)成的音節(jié),如:wenoseeseateabee②相對(duì)開音節(jié)是指一種元音字母背面有一種輔音字母(除r外,最后是一種不發(fā)音的e構(gòu)成的音節(jié),如:namecakegamefacetimelikenicefinefivenosehomeusecute③閉音節(jié)是指元音字母背面有輔音字母(除r外構(gòu)成的音節(jié),如:catondesknotleg⑵音節(jié)按與否重讀能夠分為重讀音節(jié)和非重讀音節(jié)。預(yù)備知識(shí)只含有一種音節(jié)的單詞叫做單音節(jié)詞;含有兩個(gè)音節(jié)的單詞叫做雙音節(jié)詞;含有三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上音節(jié)的單詞叫做多音節(jié)詞。①重讀音節(jié)(重音:在雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞中,有一種音節(jié)讀得特別重,叫做重讀音節(jié),簡(jiǎn)稱“重音”,用“'”來表達(dá),加在重讀音節(jié)的左上方。有些單詞音節(jié)較多,除了重音外,尚有次重音,用“?”來表達(dá)。不重讀的音節(jié)為非重讀音節(jié)。單音節(jié)詞作重讀解決,但不標(biāo)重音符號(hào)。標(biāo)注單詞重音普通規(guī)則以下:54321?______'_________university[?ju:n?'v?:s?t?]'_________difficult['d?f?k?lt]'______study['st?d?]___good[g?d]②重讀開音節(jié):以元音字母結(jié)尾的重讀音節(jié)叫重讀開音節(jié);重讀閉音節(jié):以輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀音節(jié)叫重讀閉音節(jié)。應(yīng)用:單詞變形。以輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)的動(dòng)詞,雙寫詞尾加ing變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)在分詞,雙寫詞尾加ed變?yōu)檫^去式和過去分詞。但infer,refer,prefer三個(gè)詞在變過去式、過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞時(shí)雙寫“r”,是重讀開音節(jié)雙寫詞尾。⒊音節(jié)的劃分劃分音節(jié)的辦法:元音是構(gòu)成音節(jié)的主體,輔音是音節(jié)的分界限。⑴兩輔音之間不管有多少個(gè)元音,普通都是一種音節(jié)。如:beatbeauty⑵兩個(gè)音節(jié)相鄰處只有一種輔音字母時(shí)(除r和字母組合外,如前面是開音節(jié),該輔音字母屬于背面;如前面是閉音節(jié),該輔音字母屬于前面。如:stu-dentstud-y⑶兩個(gè)音節(jié)相鄰處有兩個(gè)輔音字母時(shí)(除r和字母組合外,一種輔音字母歸前一音節(jié),一aaa個(gè)歸后后一音節(jié)。如:run-nerwin-ter⑷兩個(gè)音節(jié)相鄰處有字母r時(shí):①相鄰處是rr時(shí),前者屬于前面,后者屬于背面,且前者按重讀閉音節(jié)規(guī)律發(fā)音。如:mar-ry②相鄰處是“元音字母+r+其它輔音字母”時(shí),r屬于前面并按-r音節(jié)規(guī)律發(fā)音。如:far-ther③相鄰處是“元音字母+r+元音字母”時(shí),r屬于前面。r前的元音字母按-re音節(jié)規(guī)律發(fā)音。如:dur-ing['dj??r??]⑸不能拆分的字母組合按字母組合劃分音節(jié)。如:daugh-terfa-thertea-cher移行時(shí):⑴要按音節(jié)移,連字符“-”位于行末(如picture⑵單個(gè)字母的音節(jié)不能單獨(dú)留在行末(如unit或單獨(dú)移至下行首(如city⑶有連字符的在連字符處斷開(如picture-book上行:...pic-...u-...cit-...picture-下行:ture...nit...y...book(對(duì)的(錯(cuò)誤(錯(cuò)誤(對(duì)的⒋元音氣流不受妨礙,聲帶振動(dòng);輔音氣流受妨礙,清輔音聲帶不振動(dòng),濁輔音聲帶振動(dòng)。⒌拼讀辦法輔音在前,元音在后,兩者要相拼。先發(fā)出輔音,然后持續(xù)過渡到元音的口形,發(fā)出元音的聲音,中間不要有停止。元音在前,輔音在后,持續(xù)發(fā)出各自的音。⒍元音音素和輔音音素:分類一:單元音(12個(gè):長(zhǎng)元音:[i:][ɑ:][?:][u:][?:]短元音:[?][e][?][?][?][?][?]雙元音(8個(gè):[a?][e?][??][??][??][a?][e?][??]清輔音(11個(gè):[p][t][k][f][s][θ][?][ts][t?][tr][h]濁輔音(15個(gè):[b][d][g][v][z][e][?][dz][d?][dr][l][r][m][n][?]半元音(2個(gè):[w][j]分類二:元音:前元音:[i:][?][e][?]中元音:[?][?][?:]后元音:[ɑ:][?][?:][?][u:]雙元音:[e?][a?][??][a?][??][??][e?][??]輔音:爆破音:[p][b][k][g][t][d][tr][dr]摩擦音:[f][v][s][z][?][?][θ][e][ts][dz][r]鼻音:[m][n][?](舌邊音:[l]破擦音:[h][t?][d?]半元音:[w][j]國(guó)際音標(biāo)和英語字母在書寫方面的聯(lián)系—從音標(biāo)到字母和字母組合單元音:[i:]:⑴e:heshemewe⑵ea:teaeatmeat⑶ee:seetreesee⑷ei:receive⑸ey:key⑹i:policepolicemanpolicewomanmachine⑺eo:people⑻ie:piecefieldbelievethief[?]:⑴a:orangecabbage⑵ay:Sundayholiday⑶e:beginEnglishprettycinema⑷ey:monkey⑸i:itisinbig⑹y:cityverysorry⑺u:busy⑻ui:buildbuilding⑼ai:captain[e]:⑴a:anymanyanyone⑵ai:said⑶ay:says⑷e:penbedyeseggdesk⑸ea:breadheadbreakfast⑹u:bury[?]:a:bagamandatsad[?]:⑴a:alongaboutbananaCananaChina⑵e:studentopenchildrendifferent⑶i:holidayApril⑷o:todaywelcomepolice⑸u:minusautumn⑹er:fathermotherbrothersister⑺or:doctorforgetmirror⑻ar:sugar⑼re:metretiredfire⑽ou:deliciousprevious⑾ur:surpriseSaturday⑿our:colour⒀ure:picturepleasure⒁oar:cupboard⒂yr:martyrsatyr[?:]:⑴ear:learnearthearlyheard⑵er:herterm⑶ir:firstgirlbirdskirtsirthird⑷or:workwordworld⑸ur:nurseturnhurtThursday⑹yr:myrtle⑺our:journalistjournal[?]:⑴o:comenoneloveother⑵oo:bloodflood⑶ou:touchcountryenoughyoung⑷u:bussunbutcutupus[ɑ:]:⑴a:classbananafatherafter⑵al:halfpalm⑶ar:carfarparkarmstar⑷au:auntlaugh⑸ear:heart[?]:⑴([w]a:wantwashwatchwhat⑵o:hotonnotsorry⑶ou:cough⑷au:Australia[?:]:⑴(wa:water⑵al:allballcallfallhallmallsmalltalktallwall⑶([w]ar:warmquarter⑷au:Augustautumndaughter⑸aw:drawsawlaw⑹oor:doorfloor⑺ore:morebefore⑻or:orforshortsport⑼ou:boughtbroughtthought⑽our:fouryour⑾awe:aweawedaweless⑿oar:boardblackboardcardboard⒀o:story[?]:⑴o:womanwolf⑵oo:booklookgoodfoot⑶oul:couldwouldshould⑷u:putsugarfullpush[u:]:⑴ew:flewgrewreviewJew⑵o:dotowho⑶oo:toozoofoodpoolbootschool⑷ou:soupgroupthrough⑸u:blueglueJune⑹ui:fruitjuice⑺oe:shoe雙元音:[a?]:⑴i:timelikenicefinefive⑵y:mybywhy⑶i(g:signhighlightright⑷ie:dielietie[e?]:⑴a:namecakegameface⑵ai:raintrainwait⑶ay:daymayokayplaytoday⑷ei:veilvein⑸ei(gh:eighteighteeneighty⑹ey:they⑺ea:greatbreak[??]:⑴oi:oiltoiletboilsoil⑵oy:boytoyemployee[a?]:⑴ou:outabouthouseblouse⑵ow:hownowcow[??]:⑴o:gononosehome⑵ow:showknowyellowwindow⑶oa:goatboat⑷ou:shoulderthough⑸oe:woe[??]:⑴e:zerocerealserious⑵ea:realreallyideacereal⑶ere:here⑷ear:eardearhearnearclear⑸eer:beerdeerpioneer[e?]:⑴air:airhairchair⑵are:carehareparent⑶ear:pearwearbear⑷ere:therewhere⑸eir:theirtheirs⑹a:Mary[??]:⑴ure:sure⑵oor:poor⑶our:tour輔音:清輔成對(duì)輔音:[p]-[b][t]-[d][k]-[g][f]-[v][s]-[z][θ]-[e][?]-[?][ts]-[dz][t?]-[d?][tr]-[dr]清音濁化:清輔音[p][t][k][tr]等在[s]后重讀時(shí)由送氣音變?yōu)椴煌耆蜌庖?即發(fā)其濁輔音[b][d][g][dr],但音標(biāo)仍寫成清輔音。如:sport[sp?:t],student['stju:d?nt],sky[ska?],street[stri:t]。但弱讀時(shí)[s]后的清輔音仍讀請(qǐng)輔音,不讀相對(duì)的濁輔音。如:hostess['h??st?s]。[p]:⑴p:penmaphelpcheappencilpaper⑵pp:applehappyappear[b]:⑴b:bagbybedboybusblue⑵bb:rabbitcabbage[t]:⑴t:tentimenotgettable⑵tt:bottlebottomlittlepretty⑶ed:watchedwashedcookedhelpeddanced[d]:⑴d:deskdoordaydog⑵dd:adddaddymiddle⑶ed:playedcleanedclimbedansweredarrivedairedboiledemptiedenjoyedcried[k]:⑴c:catcomecutclockcrypicturebloc⑵cc:occasionaccordingoccupyacclaim⑶ch:schoolChristmaschemistrytechniquetechnologystomach⑷k:bookbikecakekiteKatelook⑸ck:blackduckclockjacketcock⑹q:Iraqcoq⑺que:uniquetechnique[g]:⑴g:gogirlbigget⑵gg:eggbiggerbiggest⑶gu:guess⑷gue:dialogue⑸gh:ghyllghost[f]:⑴f:fivefishfinefamilyfifteen⑵ph:photophoneelephantphotograph⑶gh:laughenough⑷ff:offcoffee[v]:⑴v:veryfivehave⑵f:of[s]:⑴c:nicecitycycle⑵s:sitsixsomebususeusdeskbooks⑶ss:missclassglassgrass⑷sc:sciencescene⑸ps:psalmpsywar[z]:⑴s:ishispleasemusiclosehusbandapples⑵es:leavesthieveskniveswives⑶z:zoozero⑷zz:buzz[θ]:th:threethankmonththin[e]:⑴th:thisthewiththan⑵the:breathesoythe[?]:⑴sh:sheshoeshortshopwash⑵s:sureAsia⑶c:specialsufficientdelicious⑷t:stationnationalpatient⑸ss:Russiaprofession⑹ch:machine[?]:⑴s:usuallytelevisionpleasure⑵z:seizure⑶ge:garage[ts]:⑴ts:shirtshurtscoatscostsgoats⑵t’s:Let’s⑶tes:kitesgatesdates⑷zz:pizza[dz]:⑴ds:bedsbirdshandsfriends⑵des:decides[t?]:⑴ch:chairmuchlunchChina⑵tch:watch⑶t:picturequestion[d?]:⑴g(e:agepagehugeorange⑵g:gentlegentlemangeneral⑶dge:bridgeporridgejudge⑷j:jumpjacketjustJuneJim⑸ch:sandwich[tr]:tr:treetriptrytruetruth[dr]:dr:dressdrivehundredchildren單個(gè)輔音:[h]:⑴h:heherhavehandheadhair⑵(wh:whowhomwhose[l]:⑴l:letlookpleaselakepeople⑵ll:tellfulltillbell⑶(tl(e:whistle[r]:⑴r:redrightthree⑵rr:sorryworryhurrycarrycarrot⑶(wr:writewrong[m]:⑴m:manmeatmeettime⑵mm:commoncommunicate⑶m(b:climblamb⑷m(n:autumn[n]:⑴n:nameniceninenearunder⑵(kn:knowknife⑶nn:Ann⑷(mn:mnemonics[?]:⑴ng:singlongyoungmorning⑵n(k:thankthinkinkpink⑶n(g:English[w]:⑴w:wewindowworkwalk⑵w(h:whatwhywherewhite[j]:⑴y:yesyouyearyellow⑵j:Jensenjahallelujahjaap⑶i:onionreviewmillionbillionbrilliantbehaviour⑷e:Europe國(guó)際音標(biāo)和英語字母在讀音方面的聯(lián)系—從字母和字母組合到音標(biāo)Ⅰ.元音字母a及a+其它字母的讀音a在重讀開音節(jié)中讀[e?]:namecakegamefacea在重讀閉音節(jié)中讀[?]:bagamandatsada在輔音字母s,th,f,n,ph前讀[ɑ:]:classfastgraspaskfatherafterdancegrapha在[w]后讀[?]或[?:]:wantwhatwater[w?:t?]a在ny前讀[e]:anymanya弱讀時(shí)讀[?]:alongaboutbananaCananaChinaa在非重讀音節(jié)中讀[?]:orangecabbagea讀[e?]:Maryai讀[e?]:raintrainwaitai讀[?]:captainai讀[e]:saiday讀[e?]:daymayokayplaytodayay弱讀讀[?]:Sundayholidayay讀[e]:saysair讀[e?]:airhairchairal在多數(shù)輔音字母前讀[?:](f,m除外:allballcallfallhallmallsmalltalktallwallal還讀[?:l](特別當(dāng)背面不是k,f,m時(shí):alsosaltal在輔音字母f,m前讀[ɑ:]:halfpalmar在重讀音節(jié)中讀[ɑ:]::carfarparkarmstarar在[w]后讀[?:]:warmquarterar弱讀讀[?]:sugarare讀[e?]:carehareparentass在重讀音節(jié)中讀[ɑ:s]:classglassgrasspassau在重讀音節(jié)中讀[?:]:Augustautumndaughterau讀[?]:Australiaau還讀作[ɑ:]:auntlaughaw在重讀音節(jié)中讀[?:]:drawsawlawawe讀[?:]:aweawedawelessⅡ.元音字母e及e+其它字母的讀音e在重讀開音節(jié)中讀[i:]:heshemewee在重讀閉音節(jié)中讀[e]:penbedyeseggdeske在非重讀音節(jié)中讀[?]:beginEnglishprettycinemae弱讀讀[?]:studentopenchildrendifferente讀[??]:zerocerealseriouse讀[j]:Europeea在重讀音節(jié)中讀[i:]:teaeatmeatea讀[e]:breadheadbreakfastea讀[e?]:greatbreakea讀[??]:realreallyideacerealear讀[?:]:learnearthearlyheardear讀[e?]:pearwearbearear讀[??]:eardearhearnearclearear讀[ɑ:]:hearted在大部分清輔音后讀[t]([t]除外:watchedwashedcookedhelpeddanceded在元音和濁輔音后讀[d]([d]除外:playedcleanedclimbedansweredarrivedairedboiledemptiedenjoyedcrieded在[t][d]后讀[?d]:wantedneededee在重讀音節(jié)中讀[i:]:seetreeseeeer讀[??]:beerdeerpioneerei讀[i:]:receiveei讀[e?]:veilveinei在gh前讀[e?]:eighteighteeneightyeir讀[e?]:theirtheirseo讀[i:]:peopleer在重讀閉音節(jié)中讀[?:]:hertermer在非重讀音節(jié)中讀[?]:fathermotherbrothersisterere讀[??]:hereere讀[e?]:therewherees在濁輔音([?][?][d?]除外及元音后,es發(fā)[z]:leavesthieveskniveswivespotatoestomatoesheroesNegroesgoesdoesfamiliesstorieses在[s][z][?][?][t?][d?]后讀[?z]:busesblousesdishesgarageswatchesorangesew讀[ju:]:newnewspaperreviewew在l,r,j后讀[u:]:flewgrewJewex讀[eks]:exerciseexitex讀[?ks]:excleexpensiveextinctex讀[?gz]:examexaminationexactlyey讀[i:]:keyey讀[?]:monkeyvalleyey讀[e?]:theyⅢ.元音字母i及i+其它字母的讀音i在重讀開音節(jié)中讀[a?]:timelikericei在重讀閉音節(jié)中讀[?]:bigsixsiti讀[i:]:policepolicemanpolicewomanmachinei弱讀讀[?]:holidayAprili在非重讀音節(jié)中讀[?]:taxii讀[j]:onionreviewmillionbillionbrilliantbehaviouri在元音字母a,e,o前讀[a?]:dialoguequietpioneeri在g前讀[a?]:signhighlightrighti在nd前讀[a?]:findbehindi在ld前讀[a?]:childi在re前讀[a?]:firetiredretireie在重讀音節(jié)中輔音字母前讀[i:]:piecefieldbelievethiefie在重讀音節(jié)詞詞尾讀[a?]:liedieir在重讀音節(jié)中讀[?:]:birdgirlfirstⅣ.元音字母o及o+其它字母的讀音o在重讀開音節(jié)中讀[??]:gononosehomeo在輔音字母st,ld前讀[??]:postoldo在重讀閉音節(jié)中讀[?]:hotonnotsorryo讀[?:]:storyo在輔音字母m,n,v和th前讀[?]:comenoneloveothero讀[u:]:dotowhoo在w后讀[?]:womanwolfo在非重讀音節(jié)中讀[?]:todaypolicemanoa在重讀音節(jié)中讀[??]:boatcoatoar讀[?:]:boardblackboardcardboardoar讀[?]:cupboardoe讀[??]:woeoe讀[u:]:shoeoi讀[??]:oiltoiletboilsoiloo普通讀[u:]:toozoofoodpoolbootschooloo在d,k和少數(shù)t前讀[?]:booklookgoodfootoo讀[?]:bloodfloodoor讀[?:]:doorflooroor讀[??]:pooror在重讀音節(jié)中讀[?:]:orforshortsportor在[w]后讀[?:]:workwordworldor讀[?]:doctorforgetmirrorore讀[?:]:morebeforeou在多數(shù)狀況下讀[a?]:outabouthouseblouseou在ght前讀[?:]:boughtbroughtthoughtou讀[?]:touchcountryenoughyoungou讀[u:]:soupgroupthroughou讀[??]:shoulderthoughou讀[?]:coughou讀[?]:deliciouspreviousoul讀[?]:couldwouldshouldour讀[?:]:fouryourour讀[?:]:journalistjournalour讀[?]:colourour讀[??]:tourour讀[a??]:ourhourow讀[a?]:hownowcowow讀[??]:showknowyellowwindowowe或ower讀[a??]:towelfloweroy讀[??]:boytoyemployeeⅤ.元音字母u及u+其它字母的讀音u在重讀開音節(jié)中讀[ju:]：studentTuesdayu在重讀閉音節(jié)中讀[?]：bussunbutcutupusu處在開音節(jié)位置，又在輔音字母j,l,r,s后讀[u:]：JunefluencyFebruarySueu在重讀閉音節(jié)中還讀[?]：putsugarfullpushu在非重讀音節(jié)中讀[?]：minusautumnu讀[?]：busyminuteu讀[e]：buryui讀[ju:]或[j??,ju:?]：suitsuicidel,r,j+ui時(shí)，ui讀作[u:]或[??,u:?]：sluisefruitjuicefluidruinui讀[?]：buildbuildingur在重讀音節(jié)中讀[?:]：nurseturnhurtThursdayur讀[?]：surpriseSaturdayure讀[??]：sureure在非重讀音節(jié)中讀[?]：picturepleasureure在重讀音節(jié)中讀[j??]：cureⅥ.21個(gè)輔音字母及輔音字母組合的讀音b讀[b]：bagbybedboybusbluebt,mb在詞尾時(shí)，b不發(fā)音：debtclimbcombbb讀[b]：rabbitcabbagec在字母e,i,y前讀[s]：nicecitycycle應(yīng)用：字母c后有e或i時(shí)，c發(fā)[s]，為保持發(fā)音不變，而加k，后加ing變現(xiàn)在分詞，加ed變過去式和過去分詞。高中階段常見的幾個(gè)詞：picnic（野餐）、mimic（模仿）、traffic（交易、買賣）、panic（使恐慌；使驚恐失措）c在字母a,o,u,l,r,t前或在音節(jié)末尾讀[k]：comecutclockcrypicturebloccatc+ia,ie,io時(shí)，c讀[?]：specialsufficientdeliciouscc+a,o,u或l時(shí)，cc讀[k]：occasionaccordingoccupyacclaimcc+e,i時(shí)，cc讀[ks]：acceptaccidentch讀[t?]：chairmuchlunchChinach讀[k]：schoolChristmaschemistrytechniquetechnologystomachch讀[?]：machinech讀[d?]：sandwichck讀[k]：blackduckclockjacketcockd讀[d]：deskdoordaydogdd讀[d]：adddaddymiddledge讀[d?]：bridgeporridgejudgedr讀[dr]：dressdrivehundredchildrends讀[dz]：bedsbirdshandsfriendsdes讀[dz]：decidesf讀[f]：fivefishfinefamilyfifteenf讀[v]：offf讀[f]：offcoffeeften讀[f?n]：ofteng讀[g]：gogirlbiggetg在e前讀[d?]：agepagehugeorangeg讀[d?]：gentlegentlemangeneralgg讀[g]：eggbiggerbiggestge讀[?]：garagegh在i,ei,ai,ou,au后不發(fā)音：righteightstraightboughtdaughtergh讀[f]：laughenoughgh在詞首時(shí)，讀[g]：ghyllghostgn,gm在詞尾時(shí)，g常無聲：signphlegmgu在詞首讀[g]：guessgu在詞中讀[gw]：languagegue在詞尾讀[g]：dialogueh讀[h]：heherhavehandheadhairh不發(fā)音：hourwh讀[w]：whatwhywherewhitewh在o前讀[h]：whowhomwhosegh在詞首時(shí)，h不發(fā)音：ghyllghostj讀[d?]：jumpjacketjustJuneJimj讀[j]：Jensenjahallelujahjaapk讀[k]：bookbikecakekiteKatelookkn在詞首時(shí)，k不發(fā)音：knowknifel讀[l]：letlookpleaselakepeoplell讀[l]：tellfulltillbellm讀[m]：manmeatmeettimemb在詞尾時(shí)，讀[m]，b常無聲：climbcombmm讀[m]：commonmn在詞首讀[n]：mnemonicsmn在詞中時(shí)，讀[mn]：columnistmn在詞尾時(shí)，n常無聲：autumncolumnn讀[n]：nameniceninenearundern在[k][g]前讀[?]：pinkEnglishn在k后讀[n]：knowknifen在m后讀[n]：mnemonicsnn讀[n]：Annng在詞尾讀[?]：singlongyoungmorningng在詞中讀[?g]：Englishfingernk讀[?k]：thankthinkinkpinkp讀[p]：penmaphelpcheappencilpaperpp讀[p]：applehappyappearph讀[f]：photophoneele