淺析中西方飲食文化差異

PAGEPAGE14福州大學(xué)本科生畢業(yè)論文PAGE18ContentsChineseAbstract………………2EnglishAbstract………………31.Introduction………………42.DietaryConcept…………52.1

Delicacyandnutrition……………52.2Extravaganceandfrugality…………63.DietaryMode……………73.1

ChineseDietaryMode……………73.2

WesternDietaryMode……………84.DietaryObjects…………94.1

ChineseDietaryObjects…………94.2WesternDietaryObjects…………105.DifferentFormingReasons…………………105.1geographicenvironment…………105.2nationalcharacter………………115.3religiousbelief…………………115.4ValueConcept…………………116.Conclusion………………12References…………………14從電影《飲食男女》淺析中西方飲食文化差異摘要飲食是人類賴以生存的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ),在人類生存和發(fā)展的歷史進(jìn)程中占據(jù)第一需要的地位。同時，飲食也與每一個人的生活息息相關(guān)，是每個民族的經(jīng)典文化。隨著越來越多的國際文化交流，飲食文化也必不可少的成為國際文化交流的重要組成部分。由臺灣著名導(dǎo)演李安執(zhí)導(dǎo)的電影《飲食男女》，展現(xiàn)了一場飲食文化的盛宴，尤其是中餐。它講述了中國食物的形式和概念，從中我們可以看到中西方不同的飲食文化。本文從該影片入手，主要從飲食觀念、對象、方式及其形成差異的原因等四個方面闡釋中西飲食文化的差異，突顯兩種背景下的飲食文化的對比和沖撞。關(guān)鍵詞：飲食；中西；文化差異AnAnalysisoftheDifferenceabouttheFoodCultureBetweentheWestandChinaAbstractInthehistoricalprocessofhumansurvivalanddevelopment,dietisthematerialbasisofhumansurvival,anditoccupiesthefirstneededposition.Atthesametime,dietistheclassiccultureofeverynationandiscloselyboundupwitheveryone'slife.Withmoreandmoreinternationalculturalexchanges,dietcultureisalsoindispensabletobecomearequisitepartofinternationalculturalexchanges.ThefilmEating,DrinkingManandWomanwhichwasdirectedbythefamousTaiwanesedirector,AngLee,showedusafeastofdietculture,especiallytheChinesefood.ThefilmtellstheformandconceptofChinesefood,fromwhichwecanseedifferentdietculturebetweenChineseandtheWest.Startingfromthisfilm,thispapermainlyinterpretsthedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesterndietculturefromfouraspectsdietaryconcept,objects,modesanddifferentformingreasons,highlightingthecontrastandcollisionofdietcultureunderthetwobackgrounds. Keywords:dietary;ChinaandtheWest;culturaldifferences1.IntroductionTheformationofeverycultureshouldhaveacertainamountofhistoricalaccumulation,andmorefrequentlythannothistorycancreateadietculture.Chinaisacountrythathascreatedcountlesssplendidcivilizationsandhasalonghistoryofmorethan5000years.Inthisculturalbackground,theChinesedietismoreextensiveandprofound,withsuperbtechnology,multipledishesandexquisiteshapes,whichisreallybreathtaking.Nevertheless,duetotheprosperityofeconomyandculture,somewesterncountrieshaveattractedimmigrantsfromvariouscountries,sothattheirdietcultureisdeeplyinfluencedbythesecountries,whichmakesthewesterndietculturebecomeacomprehensivedietculture.Asacomplicatedculturalphenomenon,humandietlifehasaffluentculturalconnotation.Inthelonghistoricaldevelopmentprocess,becauseofthedifferencesoflivingenvironment,productionmode,socialcustoms,religiousbeliefs,economicdevelopmentlevelandmanyotheraspects,thedietofdifferentregionsandethnicgroupsshowstheirownuniquenessintheaspectsofdietstructure,eatinghabitsanddietarynutritionconcepts,thusformingtheirowndistinctivedietculture.Thedifferencesindietculturecanalsoreflectanation'scharacter,wayofthinking,etc.Becauseitiscloselyrelatedtoordinaryindividual'slifeandregardlessofnationalboundariesandraces,foodcultureisconsideredasaculturalphenomenonrelatedto"eating"and"drinking".Whatdifferentdietculturemanifestsisthedifferentcharacteristicoftheworldculture.TheChinesepursuethedualenjoymentofthevisualandgustatoryofdishes,and"perfectcombinationofcolor,fragranceandtaste"isthehighestevaluationofadishbytheChinese.Westernfoodcultureisgreatlyinfluencedbymodernscientificcivilization,attachingimportancetoscienceandpayingattentiontonutrition.Forthreemealsaday,theyshouldfirstconsiderwhetherthematchingofprotein,fatandvitamininrawmaterialsisappropriateandwhetheritisconvenientforpeopletoabsorbanddigest.Thepursuitofcolor,fragranceandtasteofdishesisnotashighasthatrequiredbyChina.ItcanbesaidthattheWestdietisarationaldiet.ThefilmEating,DrinkingManandWomanwhichwasdirectedbyTaiwanfamousdirectorAngLeereflectsquiteafewdifferencesbetweenChineseandWesterndietculture.ThefilmtellsthestoryofafamouschefinTaipei,Mr.Zhu,whoshoulderstheresponsibilityofraisinghisthreedaughtersalone,afterthedeathofhiswife,.Butthedaughtersarevariouscharacters,astheygrowolder,thecontradictionsinthefamilymaketheoldfathergraduallyfeelpowerless.Mr.Zhumaintainstheharmonyandwarmthofthefamilybythevirtueofhisskillfulcooking,andthedinnertimebecomesthemeretimeforthefamilytocommunicatewitheachother.ThefilmreflectstheimpactoftraditionandmodernityinChinesesocietyaswellasthedifferencesbetweenChineseandwesterncultures,what’smore,theuniqueandcolorfuldietcultureofChinareflectedinitalsoimpressedtheaudience(Wangshan,2016).2.DietaryConceptDelicacyandnutritionInChina,thestaplefoodinthetraditionaldietisentiregrains,supplementedbyvegetablesandalittlemeat,moreover,Chinesepeoplearealsousedtoeatingdelicatessenandhotfood.Inthefilm,wecanseethatMr.Zhuusesthehotmakingtreatmentinmakingeverydish.IntheChinesefoodculture,peoplewantfoodtobedeliciousandbeautiful,andtheydon'tattachmuchimportancetothenutritionalvalueoffood.Thepursuitoffoodtastefaroutweighsthefocusonnutrition.TheRecordsoftheGrandHistorianofChina·Lishenglujiacollectedbiographieswrotethat“Thekingregardsthepeopleasheaven,whilethepeopleregardfoodasheaven.”TheChinesepeoplestillhasacommonsaying:Foodisgodtothepeople,andthefoodtakestasteasfirst(Net1).Itcanbeseenthatfromancienttimes,dietisascrucialasheaveninChinesecognitiveconcept.Thereasonwhydietcultureoccupiessuchanimportantpositioninpeople'smindisthattheproductivityleveloftheChinesenationhasbeenrelativelylowforthousandsofyears,andpeoplearealwayshungry.Chinesedietdevotesattentiontothecollocationofvariousfoodsandthetasteoffood,andtakes"color,aroma,tasteandshape"seriously.Chinesepeopleoftenevaluateadishwiththewords"delicious"or"notdelicious",whichmeanswhetherthedishtastesgoodornot.StrivingfortasteisthemainfeatureofChinesediet.Thepursuitof“taste“isalsothehighestmeaningofChinesefood,andthe“taste“ofChinesefoodalsoshowsitsuniquecharm(楊茜,2009:38).ButtheChinesedietisnotblindlypursuitoftasteandcompletelydoesnotpayattentiontothematchingofnutrition.IntheTangDynasty,therewasmedicateddiet,andnowthereisalsothesayingthat"medicateddietisnotasgoodasdietotherapy",whichshowsthattheChinesedietpaysgreatattentiontonutritiontoacertaindegree.Althoughpeopledon'thaveaclearconceptofdataaboutthenutritionalvalueoffoodasinthewest,theyhaveacertainunderstandingofwhetheracertainfoodisnutritiousorbeneficialtothebody.ThebiggestdifferencebetweenChineseandWesternfoodconceptsistheconceptofdelicacyandnutrition.Infact,thebiggestweaknessofChinesefoodcultureisnutrition.Manyofourtraditionalfoodsarefriedandstewedforalongtime,whichdestroysthenutritionalcomponentsofthedishesandleadstothelossofnutrients.Chinesepeoplethinkhighlyofeating,andtheirdemandfordeliciousfoodhasreachedtheacme.Inordertopursuethisdelicacy,theChinesepeopledividethefoodintofivecategories:cooking,baking,steaming,sauteingandfrying,whichleadstotheeightmajorcomponentsofChinesecuisine,includingShangdongCuisine,SichuanCuisine,CantoneseCuisine,FujianCuisine,ChineseCabbage,ZhejiangCuisine,HunanCuisineandHuizhouCuisine(JingJianping,2016).Chinesepeopleenjoythetaste,whilewesternersenjoythenutrition.ComparedwiththeChinesedietwhichfocuseson"taste",theWesterndietconceptismorerational.Westernerslayhighlyemphasisonthenutritionalcompositionandcollocationoffood.Theyregarddietasascience,andlayemphasisonthenutritionalfunctionoffoodwitharealisticattitude.TheWesterndietmainlyfocusesonrawfood,coldfood,sweetfoodandmeat,whichisconvenientandfast.ThemostimportantthingisthatWesterndietattachesgreatimportancetonutrition.Therationalpursuitoffoodclearlyoverridesbeauty.Westernersusuallythinkthatdietisonlyameansofsurvival,andtheyseldomassociatetheprocessofdietwithspiritualenjoyment.Westerndietemphasizesscienceandnutrition.Mr.LinYutangoncesaidthatBritishpeopleseldomtalkabouteating,andprobablythinkthateatingisalmostanimalinstinct.Thehigheststandardoftheirdietisnutrition.Generally,theydon'tconsidertoomuchaboutthecolor,fragranceandtasteofthefood,evenifthetasteisfollowthesamepatternandmakespeopledon'thaveanyappetite,theywillalsoeatthem,becausethesefoodsarenutritious(李宗華,1998).Althoughtheconceptofdietisoverwhelminglymechanized,itisbeneficialtopeople'shealth.Tonameonlyafew,anAmericanbreakfastisusuallyacupofmilkandoatmeal,twopiecesofbacon,breadwithjam,andafriedegg.Intermsofscientificexamination,suchbreakfasthasmoderatecaloriesandcompletenutrition.However,theChinesebreakfastcannotleavethelong-standinganduniquedietculturebackground.ThemajorityofChinesebreakfastissteamedbreadandporridge,withsomepickledvegetables,comparedwithwesternbreakfast,thereisabignutritiongap.Westernersalsopayattentiontotherawmaterials,shapesandcolorsofdishesatbanquets,butnomatterhowhigh-end,theirsteakshaveonlyoneflavor."I'veneverheardforeignerseatWesternfoodwhileit'shot,"ZhangQijunsaidinthePrinciplesofCooking(張起鈞,1985:).ThisillustratesthatWesternersdonotknowhowtoappreciatethetasteoffood,theyattachimportancetoscientificnutritionmatching,whichcanbesaidtobearationaldiet.ExtravaganceandfrugalityWhentheChineseinvitesomeonetodinner,theyarepaygreatattentiontotheostentationandextravagance.Forthem,themoreostentatiousandextravagantthefoodis,themorerespectabletheyare.Sowhentheyarepreparingforamealtoentertainguests,thequalityandquantityarebothsplendid.Evenifthehomeonlytoaguest,thehostwillatleastputafourdishesandasoup.Iftherearetwoorthreeguests,theywillinevitablypreparemore.Themoredishesthereare,themorehospitablethehostis.However,wecanimaginehowmuchtheguestscaneat.Butifthefoodthatthehostpreparedonlyenoughtoeat,itwouldberegardedasstingyandtreattheguestssparingly.Intherestaurant,theChinesewayoforderingfoodisextraordinarilyextravagant,wastefulandspectacular,whichcanbesaidtobethemostextravagant.Thisalsoreflectsthefolkcustomsofourcountryfromtheside,especiallythebadhabitofChinesebeingconcernedaboutface-savingandgoinginforpomp.Inthisconnection,weneedtoworkhardtoimprove,buttransmittingthroughsuccessivegenerations,thisbadhabitwhichhasbeendeeplyrootedinourminds,anditisdifficulttocompletelychange.Mr.YiZhongtiansaidthatfacewasthetreasureofChinesepeople,anditalmostdominateseverythingofthem.Chinesepeoplerelyonfacetodealwithandmaintaininterpersonalrelationships(易中天,1996).Therefore,Chinesepeoplecanevenberegardedaseatingfaceandhavenosenseoffrugalitywhentheyinvitepeopletodinneronalargeroccasion.Bycontrast,Westernershaveastrongsenseoffrugality.Theyespeciallypayattentiontosimplicitywheneating.Theyusuallyprepareonlyfiveorsixdishesforagrandwesternbanquet,andtherearebasicallyonlytwomaindishes,andtherestaresidedishes.Atordinarytimes,thepreparationofmealsissimpler.Theythinkthattheyjustneedenoughtoeat.Manypeopleknow"potluck"intheUnitedStates.Thiskindofpartyissimpler.Peoplewhoattendthepartyarerequiredtobringadishordessertforeveryonetoshare,whilethehostonlyprovidessomedrinksandadish.Thereisalsoakindofgatheringcalled“party”.Thehostonlyprovidesdrinks,wineandsomesimplefood,suchascheese,Frenchfries,sandwiches,etc.,butnotmeals.Itcanbeseenthattheyregardeatingasanopportunitytogettogetherandcommunicate,achancetoreviewtheoldsocialrelationsandmakenewfriends,andaplacetogetinformation.Eatingisessential,butitisnotthemostimportantthing,letaloneshowoff.Undertheinfluenceofthisconcept,Westernbanquetsdonotfocusonfood,butontheliberalizationanddiversificationoftheformsofbanquets;thehostshoulddoeverythingpossibletocreatearelaxed,harmoniousandhappyatmosphere,sothattheguestscanenjoyafreeandhappytime.Itcanbeseenthattheirdietisveryfrugal,andtheydon'tgoinforostentationandextravagance(胡文仲,1999:133).ButinthemindsoftheChinesepeople,itmightbeincredible.3.DietaryMode3.1ChineseDietaryMode TheChinesepracticethecommonmealsystem.Wheneverpeoplegettogetherfordinner,nomatterwhatthereason,whetherit'sforafriend'sparty,afamilydinner,oraceremonyforfamilyandfriends,it'sallaboutsittingaroundthesametableandeatingtogether.Generalbanquetistousetheroundtable,soitwillembodyunityandharmony.Weputdowntheworriesofthemind,sittingtogethereating,chattinganddrinking,andtheatmosphereislivelyandcheerful(楊晶,2018:172).AtthebeginningofthemovieEating,DrinkingManandWomanshowsthereuniondinnersceneofMr.Zhu’sfamily,andintheprocessofwatching,wecanunderstandthat,everytime,theydiscussthemainfamilyeventsintheprocessoffamilydinner.DirectorAngLeealsousesthisfilmingtechniquetoshowthecentralstandpointofChinesecateringculture.InChinesedailyandmajorfestivals,itisusuallyafamilysittingaroundthetabletocommunicateandcultivatefeelingswitheachotherthroughthewayofdining.Atbanquets,theyusuallyputbigdishes,thatis,themostexpensiveandcomplicateddishes,atthecenteroftheroundtable.Inthisway,itcanbeenjoyedbyguestsaswellastastedbythem.Peopleatthesametablecommunicatewitheachotherwhileeatingdeliciousfood.Inaddition,theyalsotoasteachother,disheachother,andsometimesevenstanduptopourdrinkstosomeonewhoisseparatedbyseveralseats,allofwhichreflecttheChinesetraditionofmutualcourtesyandmutualrespect.Westernersarelikelytothinkthatit'snothygeianforeveryonetoeatadishtogether,butthisisChinesetraditionalhabit,whichisinlinewiththeexpectationandyearningforreunionoftheChinesepeople,andreflectstheChineseconceptof"harmony"(顧菲菲,2010:145).Atthesametime,it'salsoanimportantmediumforeveryonetogettogetherandexchangeemotionsafteralongabsence.3.2WesternDietaryModeThisfullyreflectsthedifferencesinthewayofeatingbetweenChinaandtheWest.Thebuffetistoopenupthefoodwell.Youdon'thavetositontheseatallthetimetoeat,youcanwalkaroundfreelyasyoulike,andyoucanpickupthefoodyoulikeatanytime.Eachperson'smenuisseparateandfullyrespectstheirpersonality.Everyoneiseatingtheirownfavoritedishes,andwillnotservefoodtoothers,atthesametime,theywillnoteatotherpeople'sdishes.Thiswayismoreconvenientforpeopletocommunicateprivately,avoidbeinginconvenienttotalkwitheachotherbecauseofgroupsitting,andismoreconducivetoenhancingthefeelingsofthecommunicators.Andit'smorehygienicandconvenient.Thebuffetstyleofeatingreflectsthewesterners'attentiontotheirownandothers'privacy.ButthiswayofeatingalsolacksthefunofChinesepeoplesittingtogether,chattingwitheachotherandtoastingwitheachother.Andinthewesternbanquet,althoughfoodandwineareveryimportant,theyareactuallyusedasafoil,andtherewillbenopersuadingindrinking.Thecoreofthebanquetistocontactthefeelingsofallpartiesandachievethepurposeoffriendshipbytalkingwiththeguestsnexttoyou.Comparingthesocialityofbanquetwithdance,itcansaythatChinesebanquetlikescollectivedance,whileWesternbanquetlikessocialdanceofmenandwomen.Itcanbeseenobviouslythat,whetherinChinaortheWest,thepurposeofbanquetistobuildfriendship.Merely,Chinesebanquetismorereflectedinthefriendshipofalltheguestsintherow,whilewesternbanquetismorereflectedinthefriendshipoftheneighboringguests.TheWesternwayofbanquetisconvenientfortheemotionalcommunicationbetweenindividuals,andalsoshowsthewesterners'respectforpersonalityandself.ButintheeyesofChinesepeople,thisformofnon-interferencelacksastrongsentimentofchattingandenjoyingtogether.DietaryObjectsChineseDietaryObjectsThelivingenvironmentandtraditionsarecloselyrelatedtothedietofacountry.Itslivingenvironmentnotonlydeterminesthetypesoffoodresourcesthatmaybeobtained,butalsohasaprofoundimpactonthewayofobtainingandconsumingthefood.Chinesedietcultureisbasedontraditionalagriculture,whichisdominatedbyfarmingandsupplementedbyanimalhusbandry.Therefore,Chinesediethasalwaysbeendominatedbygrainsorothervegetarians,supplementedbymeat.Nevertheless,withthedevelopmentofproductivityandthechangeofenvironment,therangeoffoodobjectsinChinaisexpandinginfinitely,andthetypesoffoodcanbesaidthateverythingiscontainedtherein,includingcookingmethods:Fried,steamed,stewed,roasted,baked,mixedandsoon.TheabundanceofingredientsandthediversityofcookingmethodsmakeChinesepeopleenjoyeating,andconstantlypursueinnovation,soastomaketheenjoymentofeatingculturetotheextreme.ThepervasivenessofChinesedietobjectsiscompatiblewiththedietconceptofsensibility,randomnessandenjoying.Inthefilm,alltheexquisitefoodcookedbyMr.Zhugoesthroughskillfulandcomplicatedknifeprocessing,coupledwithfiveflavorsandappropriatefire.ThedelicaciesmadebyMr.Zhugivepeoplethedoubletemptationofvisionandtaste.Thisisafarcryfromthewesterndiet,theybelievethatfoodisfillingthestomach,andtheyfocuson"harddishes"suchaschunksofmeatandwholepiecesofchicken.TheChinesecuisinepoursattentioninto"taste".Althoughtherawmaterialsandtheheatingprocessprovidethebasictasteforthefood,thefinaltasteneedstheparticipationofseasoning.InChinesefood,thereisalmostnofoodanddisheswithoutcondiment.Fromtheperspectiveofappreciation,Chinesecookingisanartoftaste.Fromtheperspectiveofcreation,Chinesecookingcanalsobesaidtobeanartofseasoning.Allaspectsofcookingareultimatelyservingandobeyingseasoning.Afterall,obtainingdeliciousfoodistheultimategoalofcooking.Chinesestaplefoodisusuallyriceandpasta,buttherearevariouskindsofdishesinChina.Asweallknow,Chinahasavastterritory,aplentynaturalcropsandwealthyvarieties,althoughitisacountrywithalargepopulation,cropscanalsomeettheconsumptionofthistremendouspopulation.Inancienttimes,thepublicwasmostlyvegetarian,andthemaindietwasmiscellaneousgrains.Meatwasonlyavailableduringsacrifices.Inmoderntimes,althoughpeople’sstandardoflivinghasgreatlyimproved,theystillregardvegetarianismastheirmaindietobject.ItisnottoomuchtosaythatChinesepeoplearevegetarians.WestDietaryObjectsThewesternmarinegeographicalenvironmentdeterminesthatitsdietismainlymeat,vegetableisonlytheirauxiliaryfood.Itisnottoomuchsaythatthewesternisacarnivore.Theyeatbeef,breadanddrinkmilkalmosteveryday.Thecontentoffoodismonotonous.Westernersgetnutritionbytakinginanimalproteinandfat,andthedishesaremostlyfrombeef,chicken,lamb,porkandfishes.Inadditiontoeating,westernclothingandusingalsocomefromanimals,forexample,westernmedicineisextractedfromanimals.ThismeateatingcharacterofwesternersisrelatedtothenomadicandmaritimecultureoftheWest.Inthetraditionalnomadiclife,thewesternersmainlygiveprioritytofishing,huntingandbreeding,supplementedbycollectingandplanting,whilemeatfoodnaturallyoccupiesthemainpositionofpeople'sdiet.Inadditiontomeat,coldfood,rawfoodisalsotherequisitepartofwesterndiet.Forinstance:assortedcolddishes,salad,colddrink,andthewesterndividedthesteakintothreecooked,fivecooked,fullycookedandsoon.DifferentFormingReasonsgeographicenvironmentRestrictedbythegeographicalenvironmentofChinaandthewest,ChineseandWesterndietsshowobviousdifferences.Becauseofitslandlockedlocation,Chinahasalonghistoryofagriculturalculture.Theconsciousnessofadvocatingnature,harmonyandgroupcooperationaredeeplyrootedinthemindsofChinese.Whilewesterncivilizationoriginatedintheocean,confrontingthemysteriesofnature,westernersformedtheconceptofrationalexplorationandcalmcharacter,whichisinaccordancewiththeobjectivelawsofnature.ChinaislocatedinthemonsoonclimatezoneofEasternEurasia,whererainingandheatinthecourseofthesameperiod,what’smore,itisveryappropriateforthegrowthofplant,thusformingtheplantcharacterofChinesepeople.ThemostprimitiveperiodofChinawasalsodominatedbymeat.Peoplehuntedforaliving.However,withthecontinuousincreaseofpopulation,simplehuntingcannolongermeetpeople'sneeds,sotheybegantoplantinlargeareas.Additionally,Chineselocationissuitableforplantingplants,whichmakestheformationofChineseplantcharacterinevitable.Mostofthewesterncountriesarelocatedinthetemperatemarineclimatezoneandaregreatareafornaturalpastures,whichisconducivetotheformationofWesternmeateatingcharacter.Theclimateofwesterncountriesaffectstheirmeateatingcharacter.Forwesterners,pasturemeansfood,andfoodmeanssurvival,thismindfurtherpromotestheformationoftheirexpansionaryandaggressivecharacter.Thevastranchprovidesthemwithcattle,sheepandotherlargeranimals,sotheirdietisdominatedbysteakandlambchops,andthereisasayingthat"fromBerlintoLosAngeles,steakisataste".NationalCharacterChinesetraditionalagriculturalcivilizationandmonsoonlocationcharacteristicsmakeChinesepeopleformaplant-shapednationalcharacter,whichisconsistentwiththeimplicitandharmoniousChinesetraditionalthought.TheChinesestressthat"harmonyisthemostprecious"and"theorythatmanisanintegralpartofnature".Theyliketoliveandworkinpeaceandstability.ThiskindofnationalcharactermakesChinesepeoplecordialandfacileinthefaceoffood.ItisalsoveryconsistentwithChinesepeople'schopsticksasthemaintableware.TheeleganceofchopsticksistheembodimentofthenationalcharacteroftheChinesepeople.TheWesterntraditionalhunting,navigationcivilizationandthecharacteristicsoftemperatemarineclimatemakethewesternersformacarnivorousnationcharacter,andthisjustreflectspersistentpursuitintheirmindandwillingnesstotakerisks.Undertheinfluenceofthisnationalcharacter,westernersareusedtousingknivesandforksonthediningtable,whichreflectsthestrongsenseofconquestofwesterners.ReligiousBeliefWesternersprincipallybelieveinChristianityandexceedinglyrespecttheVirginMary.Inaddition,thewesternsocietyisdemocratic,openandadvocatesrespectforwomen,whichgreatlyimprovesthesocialstatusofwomen.Therefore,intheWesternbanquet,thereisthehabitof"equalitybetweenmenandwomen,womenfirst(王佳,2011:33)".InthedoctrineadvocatedbyConfucianism,TaoismandBuddhisminChina,womenhavenosocialstatus.TraditionalChinesewomenhavebeenintheeducationof"threeobedienceandfourvirtues",beingdeprivedofalltheirrights.Influencedbythistraditionalthought,inChina,foralongtime,womenwerenotallowedtoattendthebanquet.ItwasnotuntilthefoundingofnewChinathatthestatusofwomenwasraised.Becauseofthis,moreandmorewomencanbeseeninthevariousbanquet.ValueConceptValueisakindofcognition,understanding,judgmentorchoicebasedonacertainsenseofthought,thatis,akindofthinkingororientationthatpeopleidentifythingsandjudgerightandwrong.Valuesplayaveryremarkableroleintheorientationofpeople'sownbehavior.Therefore,differentvalueswillaffectpeople'sviewsonthings.Westerndietcultureisinastateof"separation".Westernersprefertoeataloneastheyadvocateindividualism.ThisisdifferentfromChinesesharingway.Forexample,inwesterncountries,peoplealsositaroundthetable,buteveryonehashisorherownplate,fork,knife,andspoon.Theyputfoodontheirplatesaccordingtowhattheywantandtheneatit.Therearealsonumerousgoodtablemanners,suchaseatingwithlittlenoise,notlitteringonthetableandsoon(Edward,Hall,1990).Thisdemonstratesthatwesternersattachimportancetopersonalprivacy,whichislargelyinfluencedbyindividualisticvalues.Westernersadvocateindividualisticvalues,andtheirpersonalgoalsarehigherthanthoseofthegroup.Thatistosay,theyonlyneedtoberesponsibleforthemselves,doesnotrequiresubmittingtoanyothercollective.Obviouslytheyalsocanchooseanygroupaccordingtotheirownpreference.Westernerslaystressonthefreedevelopmentofpersonality,regardindividualasthecenterofdevelopment,andfocusonindividualfreedom,enthusiasmandinitiative.Inshort,theyareinterestedinpartieswhentheyj