植物園園林管理如何支撐科研與物種保存

植物園園林管理如何支撐科研與物種保存?How

does

BG

horticulture

supportresearch

&

conservation?Why?

Definition

of

BGs:

Botanic

gardens

are

institutions

holding

documented

collections

of

living

plants

for

the

purposes

of

scientific

research,conservation,

display

and

education.

BGs

vs.

Public

Parks

The

value

of

collection

and

horticulture

need

to

be

indicated

by

research

and

conservationMaunder

et

al.

(2000)Conservation

Biology

14:1341-50Toromiro

tree

(Sophora

toromitro)

?

Corporacion

Nacional

Forestal,

Chile;?

Parque

Nacional

Rapa

Nui,

Chile;?

Jardin

Botanico

Nacional,

Vi?a

del

Mar,

Chile;?

Las

Brujas

de

Talagante,

Talagante,

Chile;?

G?teborg

Botanic

Garden,

Sweden;?

Royal

Botanic

Gardens,

Kew,

United

Kingdom;?

Department

for

Plant

Sciences,

Reading

University

,

United

Kingdom;?

University

Botanic

Garden,

Bonn

,

Germany;?

Forschungsinstitut

Senkenberg,

Frankfurt,

Germany;?

Museum

National

D'Histoire

Naturelle,

France;?

Jardin

Botanique

Exotique,

Menton,Garavan,

France;?

Royal

Botanic

Gardens,

Melbourne?RAPD顯示版納植物園遷地保存了88.3%的遺傳多樣性Interspecifichybridization

eventswere

detected

inseven

out

of

eightmaternal

trees

of

S.xylocarpa,

and

anaverage

of

32.7%seeds

collected

frommaternal

trees

of

S.xylocarpa

werehybrids版納植物園龍腦香植物專類園收

集40種龍腦香植物，

大多長(zhǎng)成30米的高大喬木。這為開展

同質(zhì)園方法

（commongardenapproach)

相關(guān)研

究提供條件。版納植物園榕樹

園收集160種榕樹，

成為國(guó)際上榕樹研究

的中心之一。

Hao

et

al.(2012)Ecology.Hao

et

al.(2011)TreePhysiology.以封面文章

發(fā)表

21個(gè)樹種

1973-1999的25

年連續(xù)觀察數(shù)據(jù)1.2.3.4.5.How?Try

best

to

preserve

plants

from

wild

Only

keep

documented

plantsUse

digital

system

managing

the

scientific

informationSpecial

technology

for

keeping

old

treesAlways

to

be

relevant,

friendly

and

cooperative

to

the

needs

of

research

and

conservationWhat

is

the

differencefor

the

horticulture

andlandscape

architecturebetween

BGs

vs.normal

parks?Horticultureand

landscapearchitecture

inBGsPrinciple

oflandscapedesignBest

use

ofplants’charactersNeeds

forex-situconservationTake

XTBG

flower

garden

as

an

example百花園位于版納植物園羅梭江大橋內(nèi)側(cè)入口處，為

“西園區(qū)”第一景，占地面積353畝，改造前為一片

柚子種植地。該園區(qū)的規(guī)劃與園林設(shè)計(jì)由北京林業(yè)大

學(xué)教授孫筱祥完成，施工與植物種植設(shè)計(jì)由版納植物

園園區(qū)建設(shè)辦公室完成。園區(qū)內(nèi)一、二級(jí)道路由西雙版納錦程公路橋梁工程有限公司承建，園林建筑工程

由云南九州建筑工程有限公司承建，園區(qū)地形改造、

水體開挖與防滲、水電系統(tǒng)、三級(jí)道路以及園區(qū)植物種植由版納植物園后勤服務(wù)中心和園林園藝部共同完

成。33

22

2百花園項(xiàng)目2006年2月23日開工，2007年10月

15日竣工，歷時(shí)600天。共挖土方91000

m

,從園

外運(yùn)土67165m

，防滲處理72320m

，建成菖蒲

湖、鳶尾湖、孔雀湖、南星湖和荷花湖等九組梯

級(jí)水體98畝；修筑一級(jí)（5

m）、二級(jí)（4

m）瀝

青混凝土道路4.571公里，三級(jí)（1.5

m）自然片石道路1350

m；修建具本地民族特色的園林建筑

6組，面積528

m

，花架7組、面積1001

m

，水

上曲橋654

m；完成園區(qū)內(nèi)水電供應(yīng)系統(tǒng)、噴灌

系統(tǒng)和地下水電管網(wǎng)；引種熱帶花卉植物450種

（品種）、30000余株。植物種植堅(jiān)持“從種子到種子”，采用

孤植、純林大片種植、同類多品種集中收

集、?？茖俦４?、攀緣花卉及水生花卉

植物展示多種方式，并力求和地形水域巧

妙結(jié)合，形成不同的賞景空間，創(chuàng)造

“天

女散花”、“層林盡染”、“五彩繽紛”

和“花開花落”等景觀效果。借助區(qū)內(nèi)大

量花卉植物，通過挖掘花卉與人們?nèi)粘Ｉ?/p>

活、信仰和情感的關(guān)聯(lián)以及古往今來(lái)的文

人墨客以花卉植物創(chuàng)作出的傳說故事詩(shī)歌

等文學(xué)作品，用對(duì)聯(lián)、字畫、牌匾等形式

展示在園區(qū)內(nèi)，充分展示花卉植物的科學(xué)

和文化內(nèi)涵。建成后百花園被遠(yuǎn)山晨霧所懷抱、被

汩汩流淌的羅梭江所環(huán)繞、被飛蝶野禽所

簇?fù)?，步移景異、花開不謝，讓游客切實(shí)

感受“熱帶天堂”的神奇魅力。從園外拉入檢驗(yàn)過的黏土墊入湖底黏土層防滲的最后碾壓

振動(dòng)時(shí)壓力達(dá)40噸枝葉粉碎進(jìn)行渥堆發(fā)酵后回收利用做植物種植的基肥植物園后勤人員正在進(jìn)行百花園場(chǎng)地清理沙礫石護(hù)湖底面鎮(zhèn)壓固定

沙礫石護(hù)湖底面

鎮(zhèn)壓固定水體開挖防滲處理后放水保養(yǎng)孤植樹種類及配置方式（共８種）①攀枝花；②鳳凰木；③火焰樹；④蘭

花楹；⑤盾柱木；⑥儀花；

⑦千果欖仁；

⑧玫瑰紅金花樹。每種25株左右，共計(jì)200株左右孤植樹；

自然地分布在255.183畝陸地上。121178328538

12.88種純林類植物種植編號(hào)名

稱面

積坐標(biāo)位置物種種類平方米9000畝13.5①金

鳳

花

類

黃

色

（

70%

）

+

粉

色(30%)各

色

紫

薇

（

白

色

）

＋

大

果

決37785.73種26種②明③白

花

洋

蹄

甲

（

70%

）

+

象

牙紅（30%）1462421.9④川楝（70%）+雞冠刺桐36575.55種⑤欖仁1種111048216一類多種植物收集區(qū)名

稱面

積坐

標(biāo)

位

置物

種

種

類平方米畝龍船花區(qū)36235.537種扶?；▍^(qū)776011.775種紙

扇

花

區(qū)

（

玉

葉

金花）13502.15種葉子花迷宮區(qū)920013.830種黃蟬花類區(qū)33005.012種夾

竹

桃

科

植

物

收

集區(qū)14852.310種小鳥蕉類收集區(qū)28004.2147種美人蕉花收集區(qū)45606.933種1273420

5.2）專類專屬收集區(qū)名

稱面

積坐標(biāo)位置物種種類23種平方米畝爵床科植物收集區(qū)139627種野牡丹科收集區(qū)39706.05種茄科植物收集區(qū)925013.917

種

（

含

紙

扇

類茜草科類收集區(qū)46006.9豆科植物收集區(qū)18302.816種3））水生植物展示區(qū)名

稱面

積坐標(biāo)位置物種種類平方米畝水

生

南

星

品9786

種

園

（

湖

面積）40606.1睡

蓮

品

種

園

（

湖

面

積48257.24荷

花

品

種

園

（

湖

面

積722010.8鳶尾花園（湖面積）820012.31種孔

雀

湖

水生植物區(qū)落雨杉28180241442.33.63種其他2種斜坡大草坪30674.62種12類其他用地Flower

garden

in

XTBG,

a

landscape

approachthHow

to

be

aconservation

garden?Jin

CHENDirectorXishuangbanna

Tropical

Botanical

Garden,

Chinese

Academy

of

Sciences

(XTBG)

ChairmanChinese

Union

of

Botanical

Gardens

(

CUBG)5

Global

Botanic

Gardens

Congress,

New

Zealand20-25

October,

2013Types

of

BGs

(Wyse

Jackson

2000)

1.

‘Classic’

multi-purpose

gardens2.

Ornamental

gardens3.

Historical

gardens4.

Conservation

gardens5.

University

gardens6.

Combined

botanical

and

zoological

gardens

7.

Agro-botanical

germplasm

gardens8.

Alpine

or

mountain

gardens9.

Natural

or

wild

gardens10.

Horticultural

gardens11.

Thematic

gardens12.

Community

gardens

From

BGs

‘

developmental

history,

the

original

purpose

for

setting

up

botanical

gardens

was

not

for

conservationThe

distribution

for

botanical

gardens

worldwide

is

not

in

cording

to

plant

diversityToday,

the

new

BGs

(in

China)

set

up

are

often

still

city

garden

and

display

oriented

gardensClimate

change

call

for

new

actions

by

conservation

gardensIt

still

needs

more

discussion

on

the

principles,

guideline

and

practices

on

conservation

oriented

BGsKier

et

al.

(2005)J.

Biogeogr.From

BGCI

website,

totally3163

BGsHulme,

P.E.

(2011)

Trends

in

Ecology

&

EvolutionOver

300

botanists

working

out

a

new

version

for

the

Red

list

plants

in

China,

3767

(11%

)

of

native

plant

species

(35610)

in

the

in

Red

list

(CR,

EN,VU）Source:/gkml/hbb/bgg/201309/t20130912_260061.htm‘HIPPO’

was

still

the

major

drivers

for

causingplant

species

endangered

in

ChinaFactorsNumber

ofspecies%

of

totalendangered

speciesHabitats

loss

ordegradation211660Over

harvest96327.3Environmental

pollution170.5Nature

disaster

andclimate

change391.1Biological

characters35710.1Species

interaction330.9Source:The

projected

timing

of

climate

departure

from

recent

variability.C

Mora

et

al.

Nature

502,

183-187

(2013)

doi:10.1038/nature12540The

answer

is

unfortunately:

NONature

2004,

427:145-148?

Wolfs

are

really

coming!?

It

is

estimated

climate

change

would

be

the

top

one

reason

that

causing

species

extinction?

If

human

being

make

ourselves

ready

to

meet

this

challenges??

Can

BGs(especially

conservation

gardens)

act

as

Noah's

Ark

for

plant

conservation

in

this

planet?Climate

change:

new

challenges

&Opportunities

for

BGsClimate

research

and

education–

Phenology–

Physiology

and

anatomy–

Invasive

species–

Public

awareness–

Assisted

migrationAssisted

migration,

can

itwork?…They

comment

that

‘With

migration

rates

of

-0.1-5

km

per

year

required

for

geographic

ranges

to

track

climate

change

over

the

next

century,

we

expect

nurseries

and

gardens

to

provide

a

substantial

head

start

on

such

migration

for

many

native

plants.

Whileconservationbiologistsactivelydebate

whetherweshouldintentionallyprovide“assistedmigration”,

itisclearthatwehavealreadydonesoforalargenumberof

species’How

to

design

and

run

a

conservation

garden?LocationConservation

gardens

should

be

more

located

in

those

region

with1)

high

ɑ

and

?

plants

diversity2)

high

possibility

of

climate

change

3)

highly

human

disturbanceDistribution

of

endangered

speciesacross

China

(IUCN

category:CR+EN+VU)Source:Tang,

Z.

et

al.

(2012)

EcographyWang

X.P.,

et.

Al.

(2012)

EcographySites

Free

of

being

urbanized,

ideally

surrounding

by

natural

forest

or

natural

habitats

Relatively

large

area

Microhabitats

diversity

Other

components

for

a

general

garden(deep

soil,

water

supply,

logistics,

etc.)

For

existing

BGs,

their

conservation

function

could

be

enhanced

by

add

new

satellite

gardensLess

than

10%

of

BGs

with

area

>

100

ha,

while

more

than

70%

of

BGs

with

area

<

30

ha.Pautasso

&

Parmentier

(2007)Bot.

Helv.How

to

run

a

conservation

gardenCollectionsCollectionsOutreach

&researchMaintenance––––Focus

on

local

plantspeciesMore

strict

control

forquali