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PAGE 英語培訓(xùn)學(xué)校創(chuàng)業(yè)計劃書 關(guān)鍵詞:文化課輔導(dǎo)創(chuàng)業(yè)計劃英語培訓(xùn)學(xué)校創(chuàng)業(yè)計劃家教中心創(chuàng)業(yè)計劃目錄1.公司介紹 21.1請外教一對一學(xué)習(xí),私人外教服務(wù) 21.2企業(yè)英語培訓(xùn)服務(wù) 31.3.2需要外教的人群 31.4管理團隊 31.5投資與財務(wù) 42.產(chǎn)品和服務(wù) 42.1行業(yè)背景 42.1.1全國外語培訓(xùn)行業(yè)背景 42.1.2遼寧外語培訓(xùn)行業(yè)背景 42.1.3私人外教口語家教 52.1.4服務(wù)對象 52.1.5服務(wù)特色以及競爭力分析 52.2企業(yè)英語培訓(xùn)服務(wù) 62.2.1服務(wù)對象 62.2.2企業(yè)英語內(nèi)訓(xùn)的內(nèi)容 62.2.3培訓(xùn)質(zhì)量的高低,同培訓(xùn)過程也密切相關(guān) 72.2.4對英語培訓(xùn)項目進(jìn)行評估 72.3產(chǎn)品市場競爭力 73.市場機會 73.1市場調(diào)研 73.2被訪者在英語學(xué)習(xí)中的問題調(diào)查 83.3傳統(tǒng)的英語教學(xué)和英語培訓(xùn)機構(gòu)存在的問題分析 84.英語培訓(xùn)市場發(fā)展趨勢 85.市場競爭分析 95.1優(yōu)勢(Strength) 91.公司介紹發(fā)起設(shè)立的,以西安市新東方學(xué)校為依托,以扶風(fēng)縣學(xué)校,個人,幼兒園,培訓(xùn)企業(yè)為主要客源市場的創(chuàng)業(yè)公司。公司性質(zhì)為有限責(zé)任公司。1.1請名校各科名師及外教一對一學(xué)習(xí),私人外教服務(wù)找外教來有針對性地教學(xué)生們,是能夠有效地幫助學(xué)生們?nèi)〉每焖俚倪M(jìn)步的。請外教首先要確定自己的學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo),然后老外家教會在初始的測試中幫助你發(fā)現(xiàn)潛在的語言和溝通上的問題,例如發(fā)音、口音、語法、語調(diào)、詞匯、聽力準(zhǔn)確性和聽力敏感度等,從而制定恰當(dāng)?shù)膶W(xué)習(xí)計劃和輔導(dǎo)方案。學(xué)校外教招聘服務(wù)找外教從事專職的校內(nèi)教學(xué)工作需要一個完善的流程方案和可靠的質(zhì)量控制。沈陽金牌英語針對不同學(xué)校、院校聘外教提供相應(yīng)的解決方案。我們在請外教的渠道選擇和成本控制上有著獨到之處,確保學(xué)校所聘外教質(zhì)量。1.2企業(yè)英語培訓(xùn)服務(wù)完善的質(zhì)量管理和流程控制,全面的前期需求分析。協(xié)助企業(yè)發(fā)現(xiàn)問題,分析問題并尋求可實施的解決方案,最終通過企業(yè)英語內(nèi)訓(xùn)解決問題。企業(yè)跨文化培訓(xùn)服務(wù)分析跨文化形成的原因,探索跨文化溝通和交流的技巧和方法,并根據(jù)企業(yè)實際情況協(xié)助企業(yè)部署跨文化管理方案,找外教來組織實施。我們將冰山理論整合到跨文化培訓(xùn)策略中來,以尋求更高質(zhì)量的培訓(xùn)效果。沈陽Homestay住家外教服務(wù)找外教的另一個低成本的策略就是請住家外教,和住家老外一起生活,一方面您能獲得更多的外語練習(xí)機會,一方面還能獲得一定的經(jīng)1.3.1農(nóng)村英語教育的缺點農(nóng)村小學(xué)開設(shè)英語教學(xué)課程存在許多困難和問題,一是師資嚴(yán)重不足,教學(xué)質(zhì)量難以保證;二是師資整體質(zhì)量不高;三是教育教學(xué)設(shè)施配套困難。現(xiàn)在的小學(xué)英語課程,雖說內(nèi)容并不復(fù)雜,但是課程范圍擴大,內(nèi)容更加廣泛,因此也就對教師的水平提出了更高的要求,特別是新課程對學(xué)生的“聽”和“說”提出很具體的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。但實際上現(xiàn)在不少農(nóng)村小學(xué)的英語教師往往不具備良好的聽說能力,教師發(fā)音的不規(guī)范幾乎是普遍現(xiàn)象,影響了教學(xué)效果。1.3.2需要外教的人群1.學(xué)英語多年,卻不能自信地講英語的人。2.在講英語時過于害羞不敢開口的人。3.英語發(fā)音不準(zhǔn)確的人。4.需要短期提高工作、旅行或?qū)W習(xí)方面對話能力的人。5.鍛煉英語聽說,提高高考、托福、雅思德國各類英語考試成績的人。6.想學(xué)英語,但是沒有時間參加培訓(xùn)班的。1.4管理團隊總裁:白耀華營銷總監(jiān):宋惠市場分析與調(diào)研:王石磊信息和產(chǎn)品服務(wù):吳楠人力資源:徐志森財務(wù)分析:凱魔1.5投資與財務(wù)公司投資28萬,由公司發(fā)起人共同出資8萬,并申請銀行貸款20萬。其中最大股東占公司股份的25%,預(yù)計五年后,主營業(yè)務(wù)收入將達(dá)到300萬,利潤近88萬,當(dāng)年還本。1.6員工薪水外教每月薪水2000元,按月結(jié)算.每周六天兩天課。早晨8點到11點,下午3點到6點。每天6小時。1.7學(xué)費每位學(xué)生每小時50元,5人以上可優(yōu)惠100元,按日結(jié)算。2.產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)2.1行業(yè)背景2.1.1全國外語培訓(xùn)行業(yè)背景中國是一個擁有13億人口的國度,其中少兒及青壯年幾乎70%,近九億人口,他們可以成為英語學(xué)習(xí)的潛在市場。學(xué)生們將學(xué)習(xí)英語作為找到好工作的必要條件,而對海外市場越來越重視的中國公司,也也鼓勵員工學(xué)習(xí)英語。高收入和好工作的誘惑,推動了教育消費的快速增長。中國是一個尊重知識,崇尚教育的古老民族,為了孩子的未來,父母可以數(shù)十年勒緊腰帶省吃儉用,但在孩子讀書開銷上卻出手大方,決不吝嗇。實際上,教育投資已成為中國家庭一項最主要的支出。根據(jù)調(diào)查,中國人的教育開支目前已占到所有消費開支的15%左右,僅次于食品消費。也有經(jīng)濟學(xué)家指出,中國95%以上的行業(yè)和產(chǎn)品已基本滿足了供求平衡或供大于求,唯獨教育遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)未滿足需求,仍是賣方市場,英語教育尤其如此。有關(guān)調(diào)查顯示,當(dāng)前國內(nèi)英語培訓(xùn)市場的市場總值已接近200億元,全國的英語培訓(xùn)機構(gòu)總數(shù)量不下5萬家,盡管已出現(xiàn)局部競爭過熱現(xiàn)象,但英語培訓(xùn)市場在未來一段時間內(nèi)仍將保持高速增長,到2010年我國英語培訓(xùn)的市場總值可望達(dá)到300億元。外語培訓(xùn)市場“錢景”誘人,外語培訓(xùn)行業(yè)這塊肥沃的市場也成了眾多品牌教育機構(gòu)的必爭之地。比較著名的外語培訓(xùn)機構(gòu)有新東方、新動力、亞美歐、環(huán)球雅思、新航道、賽思揚格、英孚、戴爾、澳美、博頓、昂立、巨人、李陽瘋狂英語、世紀(jì)博文、學(xué)易佳等。2.1.2遼寧外語培訓(xùn)行業(yè)背景陜西省的外語培訓(xùn)機構(gòu)眾多,但外語培訓(xùn)這塊蛋糕巨大,即便分到一小塊的市場份額,利益也是相當(dāng)可觀的。一些比較著名的外語培訓(xùn)機構(gòu)在陜西省西安市等縣城開辦了分校。例如新東方、新動力、環(huán)球雅思、英孚、李陽瘋狂英語等等。國內(nèi)的多數(shù)英語培訓(xùn)機構(gòu)主要業(yè)務(wù)是考試英語培訓(xùn),市場份額大概占50%。實用性英語培訓(xùn)大概占15%。然而,在口語培訓(xùn)這方面還存在一定程度的缺口。中國人學(xué)習(xí)英語最薄弱的地方莫過于口語表達(dá),而口語在交流中是極其重要的。所以在遼寧省,乃至國內(nèi),口語培訓(xùn)這片市場是有很大潛力的,它的前途不可估量。目前口語培訓(xùn)約占市場份額的35%。隨著大家對英語口語重視程度的增加,相信在不久的將來,這片市場的競爭也會加大。2.1.3私人外教口語家教陜西省法門寺外教公司提供的私人外教在他的本族語的聽說交流訓(xùn)練、快速閱讀理解訓(xùn)練、深度寫作訓(xùn)練以及跨文化交流等多方面均獨當(dāng)一面,擯棄“老外家教=老外+家教”的傳統(tǒng)觀念,具有一般的英語外教公司所不具有的三大特點:針對性、專業(yè)性和交互性。2.1.4服務(wù)對象針對幼兒園小朋友(YoungKids):選派略懂中文、有耐心、有豐富的小朋友教學(xué)經(jīng)驗的外教,通常每次輔導(dǎo)1-1.5小時,教學(xué)中融入游戲、兒歌、故事、舞蹈等快樂元素,輕松活潑的教學(xué)將會在很大程度上激發(fā)小朋友的學(xué)習(xí)興趣,使小朋友對英語流連忘返。外教可根據(jù)小朋友的英文基礎(chǔ)選擇適合的輔導(dǎo)教材,常用的教材包括:劍橋、朗文、新概念、學(xué)樂、巧虎等等。通常外教會以一本教材為主線,整合其他教材的適合的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行輔導(dǎo),進(jìn)度更靈活,效果更好。針對中小學(xué)生(Teenagers):選派中小學(xué)在職的一線外教一對一輔導(dǎo),他們比較了解中國英語教學(xué)現(xiàn)狀(重讀寫、重考試,輕聽說、輕應(yīng)用),以提高口語會話能力為主,同時教授好的聽說技巧,強化發(fā)音,幫助中小學(xué)生營造完美的英語環(huán)境,在交流中學(xué)習(xí)和進(jìn)步,在同齡人中英語口語出類拔萃。針對成人(DailyEnglish):目標(biāo)就是讓客戶實現(xiàn)英語的“脫口而出”,基本無障礙地和老外交流??蛻魧⒃诤屯饨桃粚σ坏膶W(xué)習(xí)中獲得更多的開口機會,完全地暴露出自己口語中可能存在的問題,同時客戶也將了解到更多的外國文化,糾正發(fā)音,建立起說英語的信心。2.1.5服務(wù)特色以及競爭力分析★細(xì)致而周到的前期項目分析咨詢(Consultation)我們的外教顧問能夠為學(xué)校提供從外教需求分析、招聘預(yù)算、聘請外教、招聘面試到外教老師的管理和后期持續(xù)服務(wù)的全面咨詢服務(wù),以保證招聘外教項目的有效實施?!锩嫦?qū)W校(SchoolOriented)的定向招聘外教解決方案我們的外教顧問會與學(xué)校外教主管老師密切溝通,從學(xué)校既有外教招聘方案出發(fā),結(jié)合學(xué)校自身的特點和優(yōu)勢,制訂最為有力的聘請外教策略,總之一切基于學(xué)校需求?!镒寣W(xué)校更具行業(yè)競爭力(CompetitiveAbility)我們不僅是教育方面的專家,也是行業(yè)競爭中的老手。我們懂得如何讓外教在學(xué)校中發(fā)揮更大的優(yōu)勢,凸顯學(xué)校外語教學(xué)實力?!镉行У某杀竞皖A(yù)算(Budget)控制沈陽金牌外教堅持的以學(xué)校需求為導(dǎo)向的管理方針能夠確保我們的外教招聘項目組在不超時、不超支的前提下聘請到合格的、高素質(zhì)的、有經(jīng)驗的外籍教師。2.2企業(yè)英語培訓(xùn)服務(wù)2.2.1服務(wù)對象1.針對正在或者即將與外國客戶打交道的企業(yè)。2.同外國客戶存在溝通上的問題的公司(中方員工與外籍員工存在溝通上問題的企業(yè))3.為了重要商務(wù)會議和演講需要提高英語交流能力的人4.想使英語交流更加流暢(Fluent),從而有效領(lǐng)先于競爭對手,但又不知道從哪開始,如何開始的人。

首先聆聽客戶企業(yè)的內(nèi)訓(xùn)計劃與客戶企業(yè)共同探討企業(yè)英語培訓(xùn)項目的實施策略和相應(yīng)流程。我們會從客戶所從事的行業(yè)和業(yè)務(wù)中獲得所必須的知識和信息,了解客戶企業(yè)的商業(yè)目標(biāo);我們將結(jié)合既有的企業(yè)英語培訓(xùn)的豐富經(jīng)驗幫助客戶企業(yè)提出詳盡的、可實現(xiàn)的英語內(nèi)訓(xùn)需求;我們共同評估這些需求,并將這些需求予以排序,將它們與客戶企業(yè)的商業(yè)目標(biāo)做比較,以此我們將提供行之有效的解決方案幫助客戶企業(yè)設(shè)計和實施實現(xiàn)這些需求的培訓(xùn)計劃。2.2.2企業(yè)英語內(nèi)訓(xùn)的內(nèi)容企業(yè)英語內(nèi)訓(xùn)到底是培訓(xùn)商務(wù)英語還是培訓(xùn)酒店英語,或是培訓(xùn)商務(wù)談判英語。企業(yè)英語內(nèi)訓(xùn)到底訓(xùn)什么是我們必須首先明確的問題。我們認(rèn)為企業(yè)英語培訓(xùn)究竟要訓(xùn)什么不能簡單地以一兩個既有的培訓(xùn)標(biāo)題來概括,初始籌劃階段的需求分析正是回答這一問題的重要步驟。而如前所述的具體培訓(xùn)內(nèi)容則很可能會互有取舍,相互參插在培訓(xùn)過程當(dāng)中。為什么很多公司英語培訓(xùn)的實踐效果真正轉(zhuǎn)化率不超過15%,原因就在這里,無導(dǎo)向的英語培訓(xùn)課程設(shè)計將給企業(yè)帶來大量的時間和金錢的浪費。2.2.3培訓(xùn)質(zhì)量的高低,同培訓(xùn)過程也密切相關(guān)我們更傾向于結(jié)果導(dǎo)向(ResultOriented)的實施過程,我們認(rèn)為一個看上去皆大歡喜但培訓(xùn)后成果轉(zhuǎn)化率低的培訓(xùn)項目是不成功的。事實很顯然,很多企業(yè)英語培訓(xùn)項目結(jié)束后,員工仍然無法自信而流利地使用英文交流,這個問題顯然不是多背幾條BEC句型,多記幾個BEC單詞就能解決的。我們精心制定了一套一體化推進(jìn)程序與培訓(xùn)課程體系,通過5點來部署培訓(xùn)策略:①目標(biāo)牽引;②氛圍營造;③培訓(xùn)實踐;④成果轉(zhuǎn)化;⑤深度跟進(jìn)。2.2.4對英語培訓(xùn)項目進(jìn)行評估成功的公司英語培訓(xùn)項目:1、客戶滿意,學(xué)員受益匪淺;2、培訓(xùn)內(nèi)容與成果確實符合企業(yè)發(fā)展需求;3、在計劃時間和預(yù)算內(nèi)保證培訓(xùn)質(zhì)量;4、與客戶保持良好合作關(guān)系,有繼續(xù)或深入合作意向;5、項目組成員有成就感和自豪感;6、培訓(xùn)結(jié)束后有著較高的實踐效果轉(zhuǎn)化率。2.3產(chǎn)品市場競爭力1.全新而有效的客戶服務(wù)理念和外語教學(xué)理念。2.高效服務(wù)和高質(zhì)量的教學(xué)而贏得行業(yè)競爭力,從而在同行競爭中脫穎而出。3.“提高各戶的英語口語能力”策略是沈陽金牌外教的核心競爭力之一,4.透明、統(tǒng)一、規(guī)范、簡潔的客戶服務(wù)流程是我們所追求的競爭力之一。5.我們首先詳細(xì)了解客戶的當(dāng)前情況和目標(biāo)訴求,然后再根據(jù)客戶的特點制定相應(yīng)的外教輔導(dǎo)或解決方案,一成不變的服務(wù)或產(chǎn)品在日益激烈的競爭市場環(huán)境下顯然是很難贏得客戶青睞的。3.市場機會3.1市場調(diào)研我們對寶雞市扶風(fēng)縣地區(qū)英語學(xué)習(xí)群體的需求狀況進(jìn)行了面對面問卷調(diào)查,共收集了1673份網(wǎng)上調(diào)查問卷,有效數(shù)據(jù)為1643份。被訪者基本情況調(diào)查英語培訓(xùn)市場消費群體類型分析根據(jù)調(diào)查,目標(biāo)顧客群分為四類:高中生,初中生和小學(xué)生。從年齡上看,10-18歲為英語培訓(xùn)的主要需求群體,共占調(diào)查總數(shù)的85.14%,處于這個年齡段的人,多為小學(xué)生和初中畢業(yè)生,也是英語培訓(xùn)機構(gòu)盯準(zhǔn)的主要目標(biāo)消費群體。18-40歲占調(diào)查總數(shù)的28.8%,處于這個年齡段的人,主要是白領(lǐng)階層,多為工作需要或進(jìn)一步晉升參加英語培訓(xùn),這部分人群具有一定的學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)驗和學(xué)習(xí)能力,并具有較強的經(jīng)濟實力,也是不可低估的消費群體。隨著英語的不斷普及,兒童和老年人也加入到這個群體中來。3.2被訪者在英語學(xué)習(xí)中的問題調(diào)查學(xué)習(xí)者自身在英語學(xué)習(xí)中的主要問題分析在被調(diào)查者中,73%的人認(rèn)為自己在英語交流上存在問題,57%的人認(rèn)為自己在聽力理解上有困難。因此,無論是培訓(xùn)學(xué)校還是學(xué)習(xí)者,都盯上了口語培訓(xùn)為代表的英語交際能力培養(yǎng)。37%的被訪者認(rèn)為自己有單詞記憶困難。這說明無論采取什么方法,一定的詞匯量是不可缺少的基礎(chǔ)。3.3傳統(tǒng)的英語教學(xué)和英語培訓(xùn)機構(gòu)存在的問題分析在被調(diào)查者中,認(rèn)為在傳統(tǒng)的英語教學(xué)中存在的弊端主要是:英語交流機會少占89%,居第一位。在英語培訓(xùn)機構(gòu)的教學(xué)中這一問題仍居首位,為59%。第二大問題是課堂內(nèi)學(xué)生人數(shù)太多。由于師資,教學(xué)設(shè)備、環(huán)境等的限制使得現(xiàn)在的英語培訓(xùn)課程多為大班授課,缺少師生的互動,沒有學(xué)生自己練習(xí)的機會。固定的教學(xué)日程安排與工作或者其它事情的沖突,也是問題之一。這使一些渴望學(xué)習(xí),但有時間沖突的潛在學(xué)習(xí)者無法成為現(xiàn)實的學(xué)習(xí)者。4.英語培訓(xùn)市場發(fā)展趨勢通過上述分析,我們對英語培訓(xùn)市場的發(fā)展趨勢做出如下預(yù)測:趨勢之一:外語培訓(xùn)進(jìn)入理性消費時代,理性消費催化市場細(xì)分。因此,各培訓(xùn)機構(gòu)必須具有自己的品牌、特色和競爭優(yōu)勢才能在市場上立足,獲得發(fā)展。趨勢之二:英語學(xué)習(xí)的群體不斷擴大,英語培訓(xùn)市場尚有較大的發(fā)展?jié)摿ΑZ厔葜号嘤?xùn)質(zhì)量成為英語學(xué)習(xí)者關(guān)注的焦點。英語培訓(xùn)提供的是一種服務(wù),而且是長期的、要對結(jié)果負(fù)責(zé)的服務(wù),高質(zhì)量的英語培訓(xùn)機構(gòu)將獲得消費者的青睞。趨勢之四:英語學(xué)習(xí)熱點由應(yīng)試培訓(xùn)轉(zhuǎn)向能力的培養(yǎng),英語交際能力日益受到市場和消費者的青睞!5.市場競爭分析應(yīng)用波特五力模型以及SWOT分析模型對我們公司內(nèi)部優(yōu)勢(strength)、劣勢(weakness)和外部機會(opportunity)、威脅(threats)進(jìn)行詳細(xì)分析,并得出相應(yīng)結(jié)論。5.1優(yōu)勢(Strength)1、全新而有效的客戶服務(wù)理念和外語教學(xué)理念2、人力資源優(yōu)勢3、高效服務(wù)和高質(zhì)量的教學(xué)而贏得行業(yè)競爭力,從而在同行競爭中脫穎而出4、“發(fā)音糾正與口音重建”策略是沈陽金牌外教的核心競爭力之一5、透明、統(tǒng)一、規(guī)范、簡潔的客戶服務(wù)流程是我們所追求的競爭力之一6、信譽度高8、團隊優(yōu)勢IntroductionBeingthebridgeofinternationalactivities,foreigntradenowenjoyssignificantpopularityontheinternationalstageandplaysanimportantroleinacountry’seconomicdevelopment.Foreigntradecorrespondence,asamajorcommunicationmethod,ismainlyusedininternationalactivities.Totranslatethesecorrespondenceswhichisacceptedbyallovertheworldisapieceofsignificantwork.Sofarmanyexpertsandscholarshaveinvestigatedforeigntradecorrespondence,whilefewpeopleusepragmatictheoriestoresearchintoforeigntradecorrespondence’translation.ThispaperisbasedontheCooperativePrincipletomakeastudyoftranslationintheviewofanewangle,namely,itcombinesaparticularprinciplewithtranslationpractice.Thisresearchattemptstonotonlymakeusreinforcetheunderstandingoftranslationforpragmatictheories,butalsoprovideusacomprehensiveinterpretationonthelexicalfeaturesofforeigntradecorrespondences.Therearemanydomesticscholarsandprofessorsdoingresearchesonforeigntradecorrespondence.InZhangWei’sLinguisticFeaturesandTranslationofForeignTrade,thefeaturesofwords,syntaxanddiscourseareintroducedfirstly,andthenthelinguisticfeaturesandtranslationmethodsofproductdescription,contract,correspondenceandforeigntrademarkandbrandareanalyzedrespectively.TheACourseinEnglish-ChineseBusinessTranslationwrittenbyPanHongandInnovativeTranslationfromBusinessEnglishintoChinesecompiledbyChangYutianprovidesgoodteachingandlearningmaterialsforteachersandstudentsinthecollegeofeconomicsandtrade.CommercialEnglishTranslationwrittenbyYuFulin,TranslationofBusinessEnglishcompiledbyPengPing,PracticalBusinessEnglishTranslationwrittenbyZhuXiangqiareallthebooksofprovidingpracticaltranslationstrategiesaccordingtothecharacteristicsorfunctionsofvarietyofbusinessstyleincludingbusinesscontracts,advertisements,businessnewspapers,correspondencesandsoon.Inforeigncountries,therearealsomanyscholarsdoingresearches.Somescholarsresearchedtheclassificationofthecorrespondence,oneofwhomisStewart.Ononehand,Stewartmadetheclassificationinaccordancewiththecontentoftheletter(1984:380-381)andpointedoutthattheclassificationofthecorrespondencearerequestingletterswhichareusedforansweringtherequests,claimandadjustmentletters,collectionlettersetc.Ontheotherhand,Stewartclassifiedthelettersfromtheangleofthenatureoftheinformationsupplied,whicharegoodnews,neutralnews,badnewsandpersuasivenewsetc(1984:382).Seglin,inthebooktheAMAHandbookofBusinessLetters(2002),gavevariousdetailedinformationaboutthebusinesslettersfromtwomainparts.Thispaperisdividedintothreeparts.ThefirstpartisthegeneralstatementoftheCooperativePrinciple.Thesecondparttalksabouttheoverviewofforeigntradecorrespondence.ThelastpartistheapplicationoftheCooperativePrincipleinforeigntradecorrespondencetranslation.StatementoftheCooperativePrincipleSincethewholethesisistalkingaboutthetranslationofforeigntradecorrespondencefromtheperspectiveoftheCooperativePrinciple,therelativeinformationofCooperativePrinciplewillbeintroducedinthispart.1.1TheBackgroundoftheCooperativePrincipleH.P.Grice,theAmericanphilosopheroflanguage,deliveredhisfamousWilliamJamesLecturesatHarvardin1967.Intheselectures,hearguedthatnaturallanguageswerejustasgoodasspeciallogicsystemsformakingprecisestatements.Theassumptionthatnaturallanguageexpressionsdivergedfromthelogicaldeviceswasitselffaultyandthatthefaulty“arisesfromaninadequateattentiontothenatureandimportanceoftheconditionsgoverningconversation”(Grice,1975).Toexplainhowthenaturallanguageutterancesdoconveythesamemeaningsthattheircorrespondinglogicalpropositionswould,Griceproposedthecooperativeprincipleanditsassociatedsetofconversationalmaximsbymeansofwhichconversationalimplicaturescanbecreatedincontext.Atthesametime,SperberandWilsonproposedtheRelevanceTheoryintheirbookRelevance:CommunicationandCognitionin1986.Theyvoicetheirdistinctiveviewpointsofcommunicationasostensive-inferentialcommunication.Thetheorymaintainsthatcommunicationisanostensiveandinferentialprocessinvolvingthespeaker’sinformativeintentionandcommunicativeintention.TheyagreewithGricethatcommunicationisnotsimplyamatterofencodinganddecoding,italsoinvolvesinference.Buttheymaintainthatinferencehasonlytodowiththehearer.Fromthespeaker’sside,communicationshouldbeseenasanactofmakingclearone’sintentiontoexpresssomething.Thisacttheycallostensiveact.Inotherwords,acompletecharacterizationofcommunicationisthatitisostensive-inferential.And“ostensivecommunication”,or“inferentialcommunication”,isshorthand.1.2TheContentsoftheCooperativePrincipleAccordingtoGrice’sobservance,aspeakercommunicatesmorethanwhathisorherwordssay,notbyencodingthemlinguistically,butbyprovidingevidenceofhisorherintentiontoconveythem.Insearchofhowsuchevidencecanbeprovidedbythespeaker,Gricefoundthathumancommunicationisgovernedbynormsandprinciples:Ourtalkexchangesdonotnormallyconsistofasuccessionofdisconnectedremarks,andwouldnotberationaliftheydid.Theyarecharacteristically,tosomedegreeatleast,cooperativeefforts;andeachparticipantrecognizesinthem,tosomeextent,acommonpurposeorsetofpurposes,oratleastamutuallyaccepteddirection(Grice,1975).Inordertoexplainhowthespeakercanmanagetoconveywhatisactuallymeantandhowthehearercanarriveatthespeaker’sintendedmeaning,Gricebeginsbyconsideringacertainsubclassofnon-conventionalimplicature,namelyConversationalImplicature.Theseareessentiallyconnectedwithcertaingeneralfeaturesofdiscourse,whicharisefromthefactthatifourtalkexchangesaretoberational,theymustconsistofutteranceswhichareinsomewayconnectedtoeachother.WhatguaranteesthisconnectioniscalledCooperativePrinciple:Makeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasisrequired,atthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged(Grice,1975).TospecifytheCPfurther,Griceintroducedfourcategoriesofmaximsasfollows:Quantity1.Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired(forthecurrentpurposes.oftheexchange).2.Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.QualityTrytomakeyourcontributiononethatistrue.1.Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.2.Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.RelationBerelevant.MannerBeperspicuous.1.Avoidobscurityofexpression.2.Avoidambiguity.3.Bebrief(avoidunnecessaryprolixity).4.Beorderly.BusinessletterwritersmayachievethegoalofcooperationbyobservingorfloutingtheMaximsofCooperativePrincipleinaccordancewiththedifferentbusinesscircumstances.Theappropriatemanipulationofthemaximsinbusinesslettersleadstosuccessfulachievementofbusinesscommunicativegoals.1.3ViolationoftheMaximsTheuseoftermssuchas“principle”and“maxim”doesnotmeanthattheCPanditsmaximswillbefollowedbyeverybodyallthetime.Peopledoviolatethemandtelllies.Thecommontypesoftheviolationofmaximsareasthefollowing:firstly,hemayquietlyandunostentatiouslyviolateamaxim;ifso,insomecaseshewillbeliabletomislead.Secondly,hemayoptoutfromtheoperationbothofthemaximandoftheCP;hemaysay,indicate,orallowittobecomeplainthatheisunwillingtocooperateinthewaythemaximrequiresmylipsaresealed.Thirdly,hemaybefacedbyaclash;hemaybeunable,forexample,tofulfillthefirstmaximofQuantityforwhatyousay.Fourthly,hemayfloutamaxim;thatis,hemayblatantlyfailtofulfillit.Ontheassumptionthatthespeakerisabletofulfillthemaximandtodosoisbeingexploited(Grice.1975).Now,let’sreadthefourviolationsagainandcanfindthedifferenceamongthem.Theword“quietlyandunostentatiously”isafeatureofthefirstone,showingtheparticipant’sattitudetotheviolation,whichisnotstrong;theword“optandunwilling”inthesecondexamplereflectstheparticipant’sunwillingnessintheprocessoftheviolation;theword“befacedbyaclash”inthethirdexampleshowsthattheouterfactoraffectstheparticipanttoviolateprinciple;theword“floutandblatantly”showsthatitistheapplicant’ssubjectiveattitudethatdriveshimtoviolatetheprincipleintheprocess.Theabovefourcasesshowthatinsomesituations,theparticipantwillviolatetheCPfordifferentreasons,which,tosomedegree,breakstheruleconsideredintheformerpart,butifweseethispointfromanotherangle,wemightsayitissomesupplementstotheCP.Throughthesupplement,thecontentsoftheCPgetenriched,whichwilloffermorehelpintheguidanceofthetranslation.1.4TheSignificanceoftheCooperativePrincipleGrice’sCPisregardedasagreatcontributionbothtotheareaofpragmaticsandtootherfields.Ononehand,theCPisasuccessfulexamplewhichshowshowpeoplecancommunicatewitheachothersuccessfullyiftheycanunderstandandfollowtheprinciple;ontheotherhand,theCPprincipleisopentoanycriticismandothertheories.Theprinciplestimulatespeople’senthusiasmtogofurtherexploringonthepragmatics,what’smore,theapplicationfieldsoftheCParewide.TheCPprincipleissopracticalthatitiswidelyappliedtovariousfields,suchas,thetranslation,humor,advertisementetc.OverviewofForeignTradeCorrespondenceAsaveryimportantcommunicationmethod,foreigntradecorrespondenceiswidelyusedininternationalactivities.Inthispart,thedefinitionofforeigntradecorrespondence,featuresofitandprinciplesofitwillbediscussed.2.1DefinitionoftheForeignTradeCorrespondenceForeigntradecorrespondence(FTC),brieflyspeaking,referstothelettersbetweenimportersandexportersintheprocessofinternationaltradewiththepurposeofconcludingandimplementingabusinesstransaction(LiuJianxun,2004:1).Itincludesletters,fax,telegram,telexandE-mailetc.thatareusedintheforeigntradebusinessbytradepartiestocommunicatewitheachotherabouttherequiredinformationtoconcludeadealaccordingtotheirneeds.Eachkindofthemhasitsspecificuseaspect.Nowadays,theletters,faxesandE-mailaremorecommonusedduetotheneedforcommunication.Everycorrespondencehasitsadvantagesanddisadvantagesintheprocessofcommunication.2.2FeaturesoftheForeignTradeCorrespondenceTheforeigntradecorrespondenceconsistsofwords,phrasesandsentences.Abetterunderstandingandmasteringthefeaturesoftheforeigntradecorrespondencewillcontributetoitstranslation,which,tosomedegree,canbecalledthefirststeptotranslatethecorrespondence.2.2.1LexicalFeaturesTheforeigntradeEnglishwordsoftenhavespecialmeaningsandfeaturesthatdifferfromthoseusedincommonEnglish,suchasthepolysemy,abbreviations,tradetermsetc.Firstly,themeaningoftheEnglishwordswillvaryunderthedifferentsituations,especiallytheforeigntradeEnglishwords.ManyEnglishwords,withwhichwemaybefamiliar,oftenhavespecialmeaningsintheforeigntradediscourses.Thiscanbecalledapolysemyphenomenon.AccordingtoPanHong’sview,peoplecan’tgetaflexibleandaccuratetranslationiftheyhaven’tknownthespecialmeaningofthewordsandcanusethemwithease(2004:58).Thefollowingexamplescanexpressthispointvividly.WordChinesemeaningincommonEnglishChinesemeaninginforeigntradeEnglisharticle文章條款associate聯(lián)系合伙人attend參加處理award獎品授予balance平衡余額bill賬單匯票board木板委員會case事實案例claim要求索賠code密碼規(guī)范cover覆蓋投保correspond相符通信order要求訂單Thewordsabovetableareonlyaverysmallpartofthepolysemy.Thepolysemyisverycommonintheforeigntrade,whichrequiresthatthetranslatorsnotonlymasterthewordsbutalsounderstandthespecificmeaningsunderdifferentsituations.Secondly,abbreviationsarewidelyusedinmanydifferentcircumstances,especiallyintheforeigntradeEnglish,becausetheyarequicktowriteandeasytoread.Butbothpartiesneedtoknowwhattheystandfor.Abbreviationscanbefoundintheforeigntradecontract,letters,especiallyinthetelegraph,telex,faxandE-mailsetc,whichcansavemuchtimeandenergyforbothsides.Thecommonformsarethefollowing.L/CforletterofcreditTQMforTotalQualityManagementVATforValueAddedTaxR&DforResearchandDevelopmentPCforpersonalcomputerOHPforoverheadprojectorMICEforMeeting,Incentive,ConventionandExhibitionKSAsforknowledge,skillsandabilitiesHRMforhumanresourcesmanagementCSRforCorporateSocialResponsibilityThroughtheexamplesabove,Wecaneasilyfindthatifweusetheseabbreviationwordsduringourforeigntradecorrespondence,ononehand,itwillhelpustosavemuchtime;ontheotherhand,italsocanhelpussavethemoneyifwefaxthecorrespondencebyshorteningthesendingtime.Thirdly,commonEnglishwords,specialvocabulariesandmanyspecialphrasesareoftenwidelyusedintheprocessofforeigntradeactivities.Thesespecialvocabulariescanbecalledtradeterms,whicharenotonlyfixedinmeaningbutalsostableinstructure.Undertheguidelineoftradeterms,partiesengagedintheforeigntradecancarryoutthenegotiationwithlesstroubleandtime.Thefollowingexamplesarerepresentativesoftradeterms.Placeanorder下訂單Bottomprice低價Counter-offer還盤FOB離岸價CIF到岸價Termsofpayment支付方式Shipfromstock現(xiàn)貨發(fā)貨Availablefromstock有現(xiàn)貨IrrevocableL/C不可撤銷信用證Firmoffer實盤Validityperiod有效期Cashdiscount付現(xiàn)折扣Early-settlementdiscount提前付款折扣Theseexamplesaboveshowthatthetradetermsarefixedinformandmeaning.Masteringthetradetermscancontributetothetranslationoftheforeigntradecorrespondence.Intheprocessoftranslating,thetranslatorcanmakeapropertranslatedversionwiththeproperuseofthetradeterms;otherwise,hewouldmakeitdifficultforthereceivertounderstandwhathemeans.2.2.2SyntacticFeaturesSyntaxreferstothewaythatwordsandphrasesareputtogethertoformsentencesinalanguage.Generally,therearethreemajortypesofsentencesinEnglish,namely,simplesentence,coordinatesentenceandcompoundsentence.Acoordinatesentencecontainstwoormorecoordinateclauses,whichareequaltoeachotherandusuallyconnectedby“and”,“or”and“but”.Acompoundsentencecontainstwoormoreclauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.Thatistosay,theclausesinacomplexsentencearenotequal,onesubordinatingtheother.Inthispart,longsentence,passivevoiceandpoliteformulawillbediscussedtoanalyzethesyntacticfeaturesofforeigntradecorrespondence.First,therearealotoflongsentencesinforeigntradecorrespondence.Thecompoundsentence,coordinatesentence,participlephrase,infinitivephrase,parenthesis,andappositiveareabundantlyusedintheselongsentenceswhicharetightinstructure,andcompleteinmeaning.e.g.1.Inordertofacilitatebusinessinconsiderationofthepresentmonetarystringency,thecorporation,onbehalfofwhichIamstudyingthisproposition,iswillingtobasetransactionontradebybarterandwouldimportanyarticles,whichyouwouldshiptotheUnitedStates.Thislongsentenceconsistsoftwocoordinatestructureswithtwoattributiveclausesandalonginfinitiveclause.e.g.2.Withtheincreaseofthepriceswhichbecomesconspicuousthisyear,thenextconsignmentwillbemuchdearer,sowerecommendyoutotakepromptadvantageofthisoffer.Thisisacompoundsentencelinkedby“so”.Inthefirstpart,thereisaprepositionalphrasewithanattributiveclausewhichmakesthesentencestructurecomplicated.Fromthesesentences,wecanseethoughthesentenceiscomplicatedwithcoordinatesentence,subordinateclauseandsoon.Theirstructureisrigorousandthemeaningisclearlyconveyed.Second,thepassivesentenceisavariationofverbwhichisusedtorepresentthelogicalverb-objectrelationofthepredicateverbanditssubject.Byusingtheappropriatepassivesentence,theeffectofexpressioncanbeimproved,thecenteroftheinformationishighlighted,andtheimplicitmeaningandtheobjectivityarereflectedwell.Inforeigntradecorrespondence,thepassivesentenceisusedtohighlighttheinformationandmakingthelettermildandcourtesy.e.g.1.Ishouldbeobligedifyouwouldinformmeofdelivery.e.g.2.Itmustbeadmittedthatbecauseofitscostitislimitedinpracticaluse.e.g.3.wehavealreadybeenappointedasanagentbyaGermanAutomobileManufacturingCompanyforthesaleoftheirproducts.Fromtheseexamples,wecanseethatthepassivesentenceiswidelyinforeigntradecorrespondence.Usingpassivevoiceinasentence,itmakestheexpressionmoreobjective,politeandeffective.Third,inthepracticeofinternationaltrade,peoplesummarizelotsofpoliteformulaswhichhavetherelativelyfixedexpressionpatterns.Theseexpressionsarewidelyappliedintradecorrespondence.Politeformulacansavetimeandmakethecommunicationmorerapidandeffective.e.g.1.ThankyouforyourinquiryofMaythe21stconcerningtheQueenJewelry,wearepleasedtosendyouourcatalogueandpricelisttogether.Thesetwopoliteformulasareusedforexpressinggratitude.e.g.2.PleasequoteusthelowestpriceCIFLondonwitha2percentcommission.Thispoliteformulaisusedforaskingsomebodytodosomething.e.g.3.ForReplying(1).Inreplytoyourletterof...(2).Furthertoyourletterof...(3).Answeringyourletterof...Thesepoliteformulasareusedastheinitialpartofareplyingletter.2.2.3DiscourseFeaturesFromtheangleofthediscourse,thediscourseoftheforeigntradecorrespondencehasthefollowingfeatures,suchascompleteness,conciseness,concreteness,correctness,clarity,consideration,andcourtesyetc.Theauthorwillresearchthediscoursefeaturesfollowingtheangleofthecompleteness,theconcisenessandcorrectness,andtheconsiderationwiththeexperiencegainedinthepreviouswork.Firstly,intheforeigntradecorrespondence,thereceiverwouldn’tunderstandthewriter’sintentionwelliftheinformationcouldn’tbeofferedcompletely.Forexample,intheprocessofthepricenegotiation,thebuyerwouldmakeawrongjudgmentiftheconditioncouldn’tbeexpressedcompletelywhiletherearemoresimilarspecificationsofthegoodsexisting.So,completenessisadistinctivefeatureoftheforeigntradecorrespondence.Secondly,peoplewhoareengagedintheforeigntradefieldareoftenbusy.Basedonthefact,anotherfeatureoftheforeigntradecorrespondenceisconcisenesswhilethecompletenessisrequired.Thatistosay,onthebasisofcompleteness,themoreconcise,thebetter.Meanwhile,thecorrectnessisalsoimportantintheforeigntrade.Takingthefiguresinthedocumentsforanexample,thefiguresinthedocumentsfortheforeigntrademustbecorrect,otherwise,acompanywouldsufferagreatlossduetothemistake.Toavoidsuchadifferencehappening,peoplealwaysexpressthefiguresinEnglishwordsofthenumberjustaftertheArabicfigures.Thirdly,intheprocessoftheforeigntrade,you-attitudemethodisimportant.Theproperattitudewillpromptthebusiness,especially,whenthebuyermakesaclaimforthegoods.Tokeepthebusinessgoingorhonorthefact,thesellershouldtakethismatterintoseriousconsiderationandgivethebuyerareasonableresponseinsteadofasimplerejectionwithoutanyexplanation.Inaword,whenonetranslatesthecorrespondence,heshallpayattentiontothepointsmentionedandtrytomeettherequirementstoavoidthemistakesoccurring.Besides,thediscourseismadeupofthesentences,so,onewillgetagoodtranslatedversionwhenhetakesthediscourseandsyntaxintoseriousconsiderationduringthetranslation.Intheaboveresearch,theauthorhasresearchedt

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