醫(yī)學(xué)雙語(yǔ)緒論

HumananatomylengshuilongAnatomydepartmentofguangzhoumedicalcolleghuilongleng@IntroductionDefinitionandDivisionofHumanAnatomy

Theroleofhumananatomyinmedicine

Methodstostudyhumananatomy

AbriefHistoryofthedevelopmentofhumananatomy

（Omitted）Theterminologyofhumananatomy

humananatomyisthesciencewhichdealswiththegrossmorphologyandspatialinterrelationsofthestructuresofthebody.Formedialstudents,humananatomyisthebasiccourseofpreclinicalandclinicalcurriculum.DefinitionofHumanAnatomyNormalstructureofhumanbody(anatomy)Normalfunctionofhumanbody(physiology)abnormalstructureandfunction(pathology)Generationanddevelopmentofdisease

diagnosistreatmentTheroleofhumananatomyinmedicineThestructureofthebodycanbestudiedatdifferentlevelsoforganizationTheGeneralstructureoftheHumanBody

(cytology)

cells

(histology)tissues（epithelial、connective、muscular、nervous）-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

organsandstructures

(anatomy)

system（locomotor、alimentary、respiratory、urinary、reproductive、circulation、nervous、endocrine、senseorgans）humanbody

Microanatomy:Histology,cytology,embryologySystematicanatomy系統(tǒng)解剖學(xué)Regionalanatomy局部解剖學(xué)

Surgicalanatomy外科解剖學(xué)X-rayanatomyＸ線解剖學(xué)Sectionalanatomy斷層解剖學(xué)Locomotiveanatomy運(yùn)動(dòng)解剖學(xué)Artanatomy藝術(shù)解剖學(xué)

Macroanatomy:SystematicAnatomy,RegionalAnatomy

TheclassificationofHumanAnatomy

(owingtodifferentmethodsandpurposesofstudy,humananatomyisgenerallyclassifiedseveralbranch)

HumanAnatomyisacoursefordemandingahigh-volumeofinformationinashorttime.However,therearestudyingmethodstoassiststudentsinlearningefficientlyandeffectively.ThefollowingarestudystrategiesfrompasthonorstudentsofHumanAnatomy.ItisNOTenoughtosimplyread,re-read,andre-typeupthenotes.

.Knowingtherelationshipsiskey.Makechartstostudyandmemorizethestructure.Memorizetheboundariesandcontentsofspecificcompartmentsofthehumanbody.Studyandunderstandtheterminology.Studyclinicalcases.FreeAnatomyStudyResourcesatHomeschoolCentral/study/anatomy.htm

HowtoStudyHumanAnatomy

HowtoStudyHumanAnatomyfourstepstoprepareone‘slessonsbeforeclass預(yù)習(xí)toattendalecture聽課topractice實(shí)習(xí)toreview復(fù)習(xí)

Thesuccessfulstudentmustexcelinvisualizingrelationships,memorizingfacts,andcreatingspatialmapsofthehumanbody文、圖、物、活體相結(jié)合

TheterminologyofhumananatomyTheAnatomicalPositionTheTermsofDirectionTheAxisandPlaneofHumanBody1.TheAnatomicalPosition(forpurposeofdescriptionofthevariouspartsandtheirlocation,thehumanbodyisassumedtobeinerectposition:ThefaceandtoesdirectedforwardTheheelsandtoestogetherUpperlimbshangingbythesideofthebodyWiththepalmsofthehandsfacingforwardWhat’sthedifferentbetweenattentionpositionandanatomicalpositionofthehumanbody?2.TheTermsofDirectionsuperiorproximaldistalmediallateralinferioranteriorposterior3.TheAxisandPlaneofHumanBody

Sagittalaxis矢狀軸Coronaryaxis冠狀軸Verticalaxis垂直軸relationalplanes面sagittal

planecoronalplanehorizontalplaneLocomotorSystem運(yùn)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)AnoverviewofOsteology骨學(xué)Anoverviewofjoint關(guān)節(jié)toexplaintheother

contentsintheexperimentalclassThelocomotorsystemincludesbones,joints,muscles.Theindividualbonesofthebodyarelinkedtogetherbyjointstoformskeleton(骨骼).Theskeletonnotonlyprovidesframeworkforthebody,buthasotherimportantfunctions:movement,protection,storageofminerals,andformationofbloodcells.Thebonesactastheleversofmovement,joinsastheaxis,andtheskeletalmusclesasthemotive.Ⅰ.theBoneSystemBonesinadultare206innumber,withtheexceptionofsixauditoryossicles聽小骨thebonescanbedividedinto:skull,bonesoftrunk,theappendicularbones.Theformertwoformtheaxialbone中軸骨.Ⅰ)TheShapeandClassificationofBones

(a)longbones長(zhǎng)骨(b)shortbones短骨(c)flatbones扁骨

(d)irregularbones不規(guī)則骨1.longbones:Locatedintheextremities,itconsistsofabodyandtwoends.Medullarycavity骨髓腔

Nutrientforamen滋養(yǎng)孔Epiphysis骺ArticularsurfaceMetaphysis干骺端Epiphysialcartilage骺軟骨Epiphysialline骺線EpiphysialcartilageEpiphysiallineTheDevelopmentofBonee.g.longbone2.shortboneareroughlyincuboidshape,theshortbonesdistributeinwristandfoot.

3.flatbones:theydistributeinskullandchest.

4.irregularbones:theshapeofirregularboneisdifferent,carryoutdifferentfunction,andcan’tbeclassifiedintheprecedinggroup,suchascranialbonesandvertebrae.Ⅱ)theStructrueofBones

thelivingbonesconsistofbonysubstance,periosteum骨膜andbonemarrow

periosteum

areabundantinbloodandnervesupplyperiosteumbonysubstancebonemarrow1.bonysubstance：(1)compactbone:formstheshaftofthelongboneandexternallayeroftheepiphysesandoutcasingofotherkindsofbone.(2)spongybone：consistsofalotoftrabeculae,likespongy.X-rayphotographDiploe(板障):compactbonealsoformstheouterandtheinnerplatesoftheflatcranialbones.spongyboneinthecranialbonesisknownasdiploe2.periosteum:itcoversthesurfaceoftheboneandcontainsalotofbloodvessels,nervesandlymphaticvessels,theinnerlayerhasalotofboneformingcells.RedmarrowYellowmarrow3.bonemarrow:

Bonemarrowisfoundinthemedullarycavitiesoflongbonesandwithinspacesincancellousbone

Under5yearsold,thereareallredmarrowinthemedullarycavity,butafter5yearsoldtheredmarrowcanturnintoyellowmarrow.

Ⅲ)theChemicalCompositionandPhysicalPropertiesofBone

Livingboneareplastictissueswithorganicandinorganiccomponents,theorganicmaterialgivesthebonesresilience,the