醫(yī)學英語教程-生物醫(yī)學：Unit 3 Pain

Unit3PainModulationandManagementPartI.Textbackground1.Introduction–PainArousalisaphysiologicalandpsychologicalstateofbeingawakeorreactivetostimuli.Itinvolvestheactivationofthereticularactivatingsysteminthebrainstem,theautonomicnervoussystemandtheendocrinesystem,leadingtoincreasedheartrateandbloodpressureandaconditionofsensoryalertness,mobilityandreadinesstorespond.Arousalisimportantinregulatingconsciousness,attention,andinformationprocessing.Itiscrucialformotivatingcertainbehaviours,suchasmobility,thepursuitofnutrition,thefight-or-flightresponseandsexualactivity.Meaningsof“Pain”acute,agonizing,awful,extreme,great,intense,severe,sharp,terrible,unbearable~劇痛；折磨人的痛；鉆心的痛；無法忍受的痛burning,searing,stabbing,throbbing~灼痛；刀割般的痛；刺痛；抽痛:dull,little,slight~隱隱的疼痛；輕微的疼痛chronic,constant,persistent~長期的疼痛；持續(xù)的疼痛；難以消除的疼痛intermittent~間歇的疼痛physical~肉體上的痛苦abdominal,back,chest,leg,muscle,shoulder,stomach~腹痛；背疼；胸痛；腿疼；肌肉痛；肩膀痛；胃痛:growing,labour,period~發(fā)育期痛；分娩時的陣痛；痛經(jīng)痙攣痛cramps;crampy(cramping)pain;spasmodic~搏動痛throbbing(pounding,thumping,pulsating)~轉移性痛radiating~;painwithradiation牽連痛referred~電擊痛lightning(fulgurant,shooting)~帶狀痛girdle~灼熱痛burning~刺狀痛lancinating;piercing;stinging;darting;stabbing~2.Theplaceboeffect(analgesiceffect)Placebo(Latinfor"Iwillplease")isasubstancegiventoapatientinsteadofmedicinethatproducesabeneficial,healthy,pleasant,ordesirableconsequenceinasubject,asadirectresultofthatsubject'sbeliefsandexpectations.ThenoceboeffectNocebo:(Latinfor"Iwillharm")ThewordwaschosenbyWalterKennedy,in1961,todenotethecounterpartofoneofthemorerecentapplicationsofthetermplacebo.Noceboisasubstanceproducingharmfuleffectsinapersonbecauseitisbelievedtobeharmful,butinrealityitisharmless.3．HenryK.BeecherHenryKnowlesBeecher(February4,1904–July25,1976)wasanimportantfigureinthehistoryofanesthesiologyandmedicine,receivingawardsandhonorsduringhiscareer.AsprofessorofanesthesiologyatHarvardMedicalSchool,Beecherpublisheda1966articlethatdrewattentionto22examplesofunethicalclinicalresearchthathadriskedpatients'lives.His1966articleonunethicalpracticesinmedicalexperimentationwithintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicinewasinstrumentalintheimplementationoffederalrulesonhumanexperimentationandinformedconsent.4．Anxietyanddepressionpredisposetothenoceboeffect.Manypatientsfindevenminorinjuriesfrighteningandunbearable,andtheexpectationofpaincaninducepainevenwithoutanoxiousstimulus.5．Ketorolac抗炎鎮(zhèn)痛藥【別名】酮咯酸;酮咯酸氨丁三醇【適應癥】用于一切痛癥，適用于短期消除創(chuàng)傷和術后疼痛、腫痛、劇烈痛及各種原因引起的疼痛。片劑或注射液可用于緩解中度至劇烈的術后疼痛，包括腹部、胸部、婦科、口腔、矯形及泌尿科手術。此外，亦可緩解急性腎膠痛、膽絞痛、牙痛、創(chuàng)傷痛、三叉神經(jīng)痛、癌癥內(nèi)臟痛，以及以往一切需用嗎啡或哌替啶才能生效的各種疼痛癥。PartII.WordStudy：I)TextvocabularyPara1nauseating['n?:zieiti?]adj.--causingorabletocausenausea(throwingup)e.g.anauseatingsmellmoderate['m?d?r?t,'m?d?reit]adj.1.beingwithinreasonableoraveragelimits;notexcessiveorextreme e.g.amoderateestimate/amoderatesuccess TheX-rayshowedmoderateenlargementoftheheart.2.notextreme amoderatepenalty 3.markedbyavoidanceofextravaganceorextremes moderateinhisdemandsarousal[?′rauz?l]n.theactofarousing Thepurposeofartisthearousalofemotions.2.astateofheightenedphysiologicalactivity3.awakeningfromsleep4.mutualsexualfondlingpriortosexualintercoursePara2magnitude['m?ɡnitju:d]n.thepropertyofrelativesizeorextent(whetherlargeorsmall) Theytriedtopredictthemagnitudeoftheexplosion/earthquake.2.anumberassignedtotheratiooftwoquantities;twoquantitiesareofthesameorderofmagnitudeifoneislessthan10timesaslargeastheother;3.relativeimportanceaproblem ofthefirstmagnitudenoxious['n?k??s]adj.--injurioustophysicalormentalhealth noxiouschemicalwastes/noxiousideasinert[i'n?:t]adj.1.unabletomoveorresistmotion2.havingonlyalimitedabilitytoreactchemically;chemicallyinactive inertmatter惰性物質3.slowandapathetic Shewasfatandinert.Para3modulate['m?djuleit,-d?u-]v.1.changethekeyof,inmusic modulatethemelody2.varythepitchofone'sspeech3.fixoradjustthetime,amount,degree,orrateof modulatethepitch4.adjustthepitch,tone,orvolumeof5.varythefrequency,amplitude,phase,orothercharacteristicof(electromagneticwaves)Para4implicate['implikeit]v.1.bringintointimateandincriminatingconnection Heisimplicatedintheschemetodefraudthegovernment.2.impose,involve,orimplyasanecessaryaccompanimentorresultendogenous[en'd?d??n?s]adj.1.oforresemblinganendogen內(nèi)生的2.derivedororiginatinginternally內(nèi)因性的Para6suppress[s?'pres]v.1.toputdownbyforceorauthority suppressanascentuprising2.comedownonorkeepdownbyunjustuseofone'sauthority3.controlandrefrainfromshowing;ofemotions4.keepundercontrol;keepincheck suppressasmile5.putoutofone'sconsciousnessperipheral[p?'rif?r?l]adj.1.onornearanedgeorconstitutinganouterboundary;theouterarea peripheralsuburbs2.relatedtothekeyissuebutnotofcentralimportance aperipheralinterest Energyisfarfromaperipheralissueintheeconomy.n.(computerscience)electronicequipmentconnectedbycabletotheCPUofacomputer Diskdrivesandprintersareimportantperipherals.migraine['mi:ɡrein,'mai-]n.--asevererecurringvascularheadache;occursmorefrequentlyinwomenthanmen偏頭痛Para7etiology[,i:ti'?l?d?i]n.1.thecauseofadisease2.thephilosophicalstudyofcausationofdiseasesafirstlineoftreatment=theprimarychoiceoftreatmentPara9irritation[,iri'tei??n]n.1.thepsychologicalstateofbeingirritatedorannoyed2.asuddenoutburstofanger3.(pathology)abnormalsensitivitytostimulationofanyfoodproducedirritationofthestomach.4.theneuralorelectricalarousalofanorganormuscleorgland5.anuncomfortablefeelingofmentalpainfulnessordistresserosion[i'r?u??n]n.--conditioninwhichthesurfaceiswornawaybytheactionofwater,wind,orchemicalsulceration[,?ls?'rei??n]n.1.acircumscribedinflammatoryandoftensuppuratinglesionontheskinoraninternalmucoussurfaceresultinginnecrosisoftissue2.theprocessofulcerformation;theprocessofbecomingulceratedperforation[,p?:f?'rei??n]n.1.alineofsmallholesfortearingataparticularplace2.aholemadeinsomething aperforationoftheeardrum3.theactofpunchingahole(especiallyarowofholesasforeaseofseparation)irreversibly[,iri'v?:s?bli]adv.--inanirreversiblemanner Thisoldtraditionisirreversiblydisappearing. Thepatient’sbrainhasbeeninversiblydamaged.coagulation[k?u'?gju'lei??n]n.--theprocessofformingsemisolidlumpsinaliquid(e.g.bloodclots)…asoccurs…=inthewaythat(it)occurs…h(huán)ypovolemia['haip?uv?'li:mi?]n.--ablooddisorderconsistingofadecreaseinthevolumeofcirculatingbloodPara10parenteral[p?'rent?r?l]adj.1.administeredbymeansotherthanthroughthealimentarytract(asbyintramuscularorintravenousinjection)不經(jīng)腸道的；注射用藥物的2.locatedoutsidethealimentarytract胃腸外的supplant[s?'plɑ:nt,-'pl?nt]v.--taketheplaceormoveintothepositionof Thecomputerhassupplantedthesliderule.Para12exacerbate[ek's?s?beit,iɡz-]v.1.makeworse使加劇；使惡化2.exasperateorirritate激怒fibromyalgia[,faibr?umai'?ld?i:?]n.--paininthefibrousmuscle纖維肌痛；纖維組織肌痛Para13Beck’sDepressionInventory–貝克抑郁癥調查問卷（評估表）screening['skri:ni?]n.&adj.testingobjectsorpersonsinordertoidentifythosewithparticularcharacteristics篩選(的);審查（的）；甄別（的）theactofconcealingtheexistenceofsomethingbyobstructingtheviewofit屏蔽Para15tenderness['tend?nis]n.1.atendencytoexpresswarmandaffectionatefeeling2.apainthatisfelt(aswhentheareaistouched) Thebestresultsaregenerallyobtainedbyinsertingtheneedleintothepointofmaximumtenderness.3.warmcompassionatefeelings4.apositivefeelingofliking5.afeelingofconcernforthewelfareofsomeone(especiallysomeonedefenseless)ligamentous[,lig?'ment?s]adj.韌帶的myofascialpain--肌筋膜疼痛impairment[im'p??m?nt]n.1.theoccurrenceofachangefortheworse2.asymptomofreducedqualityorstrength3.theconditionofbeingunabletoperformasaconsequenceofphysicalormentalunfitness hearingimpairment4.damagethatresultsinareductionofstrengthorqualityexquisitely[ek'skwizitli]adv.--inadelicatemanner精致地；精巧地；敏銳地atrophy['?tr?fi]n.1.adecreaseinsizeofanorgancausedbydiseaseordisuse2.anyweakeningordegeneration(especiallythroughlackofuse) v.--undergoatrophy萎縮 Musclesthatarenotusedwillatrophy.diffuse[di'fju:s]v.擴散；傳播；漫射1.moveoutward2.spreadordiffusethrough3.causetobecomewidelyknown adj.彌漫的；散開的1.spreadout;notconcentratedinoneplace alargediffuseorganization2.(oflight)transmittedfromabroadlightsourceorreflected3.lackingconciseness adiffusehistoricalnovelPara16initiate[i'ni?ieit]v.開始，創(chuàng)始；發(fā)起；使初步了解1.bringintobeing Heinitiatedanewprogram.2.taketheleadorinitiativein;participateinthedevelopmentof3.acceptyoungpeopleintosociety,usuallywithsomerite Africanmenareinitiatedwhentheyreachpuberty.4.bringupatopicfordiscussion5.preparethewayforII)UsefulPhrasesbeaccompaniedby伴有......Toxemiaofpregnancyisoftenaccompaniedbyhypertension.妊娠毒血癥常伴有高血壓。beassociatedwith與......有關Theinflammationofthepharynxisusuallyassociatedwitrhinitis.咽炎常與鼻炎有關。besensitiveto對......敏感Ifirritationoftheskinispresent,theindividualisprobablysensitivetothemedicine.若皮膚出現(xiàn)發(fā)熱發(fā)紅，患者就可能是對該藥物過敏。accountfor由于......;占......;說明......Hastyeatingoftenaccountsfordyspepsia.進食倉促常是消化不良的原因。InBritain,bleedingfromtheuppergastrointestinaltractaccountsforapproximately25,000admissionstohospitaleachyear.英國每年由于上消化道出血而住院的人數(shù)達約兩萬五千人次。contributeto有助于......;促成......Circulatoryimpairmentandoveractivityalsocontributestothedevelopmentofnervousdiseases.循環(huán)損傷和活動過度也可助長神經(jīng)疾