自考英語二重點語法知識講解

源源-于-網-絡-收-集重點語法知識講解1．動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)一覽表時態(tài)語態(tài)一般現在時一般過去時一般將來時主動被動doaredonedidweredonewilldowillbedone現在進行時過去進行時將來進行時主動被動aredoingarebeingdoneweredoingwerebeingdonewillbedoing現在完成時過去完成時將來完成時主動被動havedonehavebeendonehaddonehadbeendonewillhavedonewillhavebeendone現在完成進行時主動被動havebeendoing1．1現在完成時發(fā)生在過去的動作一直持續(xù)到現在，或對現在仍有影響?，F在完成時的標志：sofar，bynow/uptonow，forthreeyears，since1995，inthepasttwodecades過去完成時過去的過去。said,reported,thought等引導的間接引語中。Hemissedthetrain.Hesaidhehadmissedthetrain.hardly???when,nosooner…than句型中表示先發(fā)生的動作Nosoonerhadhegotupthanhereceivedthecall.與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣中IfIhadtriedharder,Iwouldhavewon.IwishIhaddonebetterintheexam.1.3完成進行時從過去一直持續(xù)到現在，沒有間斷。漢語提示語：一直Thewaterhasbeenrunningthewholenight.1.4過去時過去某一具體時間發(fā)生的事，不考慮與現在的關系。過去時的標志：yesterday,in1995，lastweek，inthenineteenthcentury，fiveyearsago等等。2．非謂語動詞2.1非謂語動詞一覽表非謂語動詞形式意義現在分詞一般式doing主動,正在進行被動式beingdone被動，正在進行完成主動式havingdone主動,已經完成完成被動式havingbeendone被動，已經完成過去分詞done被動，已經完成動詞不定式一般式todo主動，將要進行被動式tobedone被動，將要進行完成主動式tohavedone主動，已經完成進行主動式tobedoing主動，正在進行2.2.非謂語動詞作狀語動詞不定式：1）目的狀語；2）結果狀語Icameheretomeetyou.(目的)Hehurriedtotherailstationonlytomissthetrain.(結果)分詞：1)伴隨狀語；2)原因狀語；3)條件狀語4)讓步狀語；5)時間狀語Walkingalongthestreet,hemethisoldfriend.(時間)Beingverytired,myfatherdidn'tgooutwithus.(原因)Madebyhand,thesilkshirtisveryexpensive.(原因)Seenfromthespace,theearthlookslikeablueball.(條件)非謂語動詞，狀語從句和獨立結構Havingdonetheirhomework,thechildrenbegantoplay.(分詞作狀語)Afterhavingdonetheirhomework,thechildrenbegantoplay.(連詞+分詞)Aftertheyhaddonetheirhomework,thechildrenbegantoplay.(狀語從句)Withhomeworkdone,thechildrenbegantoplay.(獨立結構)非謂語動詞作定語Ifthereisnochoice,thereisnodecision___(make).(tobemade)Doyouknowtheman(stand)infrontofthehouse?(standing)Thequestion(discuss)atthemomentisveryimportant.(beingdiscussed)Thebridge(build)inthe1950sisstillingoodcondition.(built)動名詞和動詞不定式作主語和表語動名詞作主語/表語表示一般、抽象的情況；動詞不定時作主語表示具體某次的情況。Risingearlyisgoodforhealth.Toriseearlytomorrowisdifficultforme.Itisdifficultformetoriseearlytomorrow.Mybiggestwishistogoabroad.Seeingisbelieving.作賓語接動名詞作賓語的動詞：admit,acknowledge,avoid,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,escape,excuse,forgive,finish,include,involve,mind,putoff,postpone,suggest,feellike,lookforwardto,beusedto,beaccustomedto,etc.接動詞不定式作賓語的動詞：want,tend,intend,pretend,hope,plan,expect,besupposedto,seem,belikelyto,usedto,bewillingto,desire,force,prefer,start,begin接動名詞和動詞不定式有不同含義的動詞：forget,remember,regretstop,continueneed/wantallowdoing/allowsbtodoHowcanIforgetmeetingyouforthefirsttime?Sorry,Iforgottolockthedoor.Ican'tstoplaughing.Canyoustoptogivemeahand?Thegrassneedscutting.Thegrassneedstobecut.Wedon'tallowsmokinghere.Youarenotallowedtosmokehere.3．虛擬語氣第一大類：非真實條件下的虛擬語氣時間從句主句與現在事實相反did/wereshould/could/would+do與過去事實相反haddoneshould/could/would+havedone與將來事實相反weretodoshoulddoshould/could/would+doIfIwereyou,Iwouldbehappytodoit.Ifwehadgotthenews,wecouldhavepreparedearlier.Ifthejobweretosucceed,youshouldworkharder.第二大類：從句中用過去時或過去完成時的虛擬語?/wouldrather+從句wish+從句ifonly+從句asif/asthough+從句It'stime+從句Iwouldratheryoudidn'ttellmethestorynow.Iwouldratheryouhadtoldmethestoryyesterday.第三大類：從句中用should加動詞原形的虛擬語氣，其中should可省略。suggest,propose,advise,move(動議)，ask,order,require,request,desire,insist,prefer等動詞后接的賓語從句；suggestion,proposal,advice,motion,order,requirement,request,desire,preference等名詞后的同位語從句；important,necessary,essential,imperative,desirable,advisable,preferable等形容詞用在itis…that…句型中；lest,incase,forfearthat等引導的從句中。Itissuggestedthatthemeeting(should)beputoff.Itismysuggestionthatthemeeting(should)beputoff.Itisnecessarythatthemeeting(should)beputoff.Hecametotheofficeearlierlesthe(should)misstheimportantmeeting.4．定語從句和名詞性從句4.1定語從句：限制性和非限制性定語從句引導定語從句1）關系代詞（在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語）：which,that,who,whom,whose2）關系副詞（在定語從句中作狀語）：when,where,why,how名詞性從句：主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句引導名詞性從句：1）主從連詞（不在從句中作任何成分）：that,whether,if2）連接代詞（在從句中作主語、賓語、表語）:what,which,who,whom,whose,whatever,whoever…3）連接副詞（在從句中作狀語）：when,where,why,how4.2定語從句和同位語從句的區(qū)別定語從句對名詞進行修飾限制，而同位語從句闡述的是名詞的具體內容。從語法上看，that,which在定語從句中做主語或賓語，而同位語的引導詞that不在從句中擔任任何成分。1）Thestory（that）hetoldmemaynotbetrue.定語從句2）Thestorythathehasmadeafortunemaynotbetrue.同位語從句4.3什么時候用介詞+which的形式？如果定語從句缺主語或賓語，用that/which形式。如果定語從句缺狀語，用介詞+which形式。1）TheplacewhichIvisitedlastweekisverybeautiful.2）TheplaceinwhichIusedtoliveisverybeautiful.4.4which和as引導非限制性定語從句which和as都能引導非限制性定語從句，修飾整個一句話。as有“正如"的意思，而which沒有。1）Heiseasytogetangry,whichiswellknown.他很容易生氣，這一點大家都知道。2)Heiseasytogetangry,aseverybodyknows.正如大家都知道的那樣，他很容易生氣。1強化練習1．動詞時態(tài)強化練習Iwashired(hire)byaSaudidiplomatdirectlyfromthePhilippinestoworkinLondonin1989.解析：過去時的被動語態(tài)，標志語：1989。However,manypeopledoubtwhetherthiswillreduce(reduce)theincidenceofabuse.解析：一般將來時，表示"會減少"的意思。Uptothattime,theblueshadbeen(be)anessentiallyblackmedium.解析：過去完成時，標志語：uptothattime，表示"過去的過去"。Ofthese20,000,justunder2000arebeingphysically,sexuallyandpsychologicallyabused(abuse).解析：現在進行時的被動。Ifyoudonot(not,control)it,itwillcontrolyou.解析：一般現在時。主講從現：主句用將來時，但是時間狀語、條件狀語和讓步狀語從句中用現在時。Youwillenjoyyourfuntimemoreafteryouhavecompleted(complete)yourstudyresponsibilities.解析：現在完成時，表示"已經完成"。Maintainingahealthyself-esteemis(be)achallengethatcontinuesthroughoutlife.解析：一般現在時，動名詞做主語，謂語動詞用單數。Thesecondhalfofthenineteenthcenturywitnessed(witness)thefirstextendedtranslationintoEnglishofthewritingsofEliphasLevi.解析：一般過去時，標志語：thesecondhalfofthenineteenthcentury。Alltheworriestheymighthavefeltforhimweredriven(drive)offbythesightofhischeerfulface.解析：一般過去時的被動Attemptstobreakupthisoldsystemhavebeenmade(make)ineverypresidentialelectioninthepastonehundredyears.解析：現在完成時的被動，標志語：inthepastonehundredyears。2．非謂語動詞強化練習Themotherdidn'tknowwhotoblame(blame)forthebrokenglass.解析：who+動詞不定式做know的賓語Thechildrenbrought(bring)upinthiswaytendtobehealthier.解析：過去分詞作定語，表被動。Itremindedthepresidenttokeepthecampaignfocused(focus)ontheeconomy.解析：過去分詞做賓補。Putting(put)foodintoanemptystomachhelpssynchronizethebodyclock.解析：動名詞作主語。Itseemsreasonabletoassumethat,otherthingsbeing(be)equal,theywouldprefersingletosharedrooms.解析：現在分詞用在獨立結構中Thispoem,iftranslated(translate)wordforwordintoChinese,willmakenosense.解析：連詞加過去分詞作狀語Theymayhavetheirpassportsremoved(remove),makingleavingor“escaping”actuallyimpossible.解析：過去分詞作賓補Herbody,withhandsandfeetbound(bind),wasdiscoveredbyatravelerearlyinthemorning.解析：過去分詞用在獨立結構中Icouldn'thelpbutfeel(feel)thisisaverystrangelife.解析：couldn'thelpbut后接動詞原形Letusconsidertheearthasaplanetrevolving(revolve)roundthesun.解析：現在分詞作定語3．虛擬語氣強化練習Ifithadn'tbeenforyourhelp,wewouldhavebeen(be)inrealtrouble.解析：與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣的主句Hewouldhavegivenyoumorehelp,ifhehadnotbeen(notbe)sobusy.解析：與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣的從句3.Itishightimethatwetook(take)firmmeasurestoprotectourenvironment.解析：Itishightime+過去式的虛擬形式Itwasimperativethatstudentsfinish(finish)theirpapersbeforeJuly1st.解析：Itwasimperativethat+動詞原形的虛擬形式Theydemandedthattherighttovotebegiven(give)toeveryadultperson.解析：demand所接賓語從句用動詞原形的虛擬形式Therewasamistakeonmypaycheck.Ishouldhavereceived(receive)$10more.解析：與過去事實相反的虛擬語氣的主句，表示"本應該收到"而實際上沒有。Iwouldratherhebought(buy)thehousenextyear.====Word行業(yè)資料分享―可編輯版本―雙擊可刪====Word行業(yè)資料分享―可編輯版本―雙擊可刪====解析：wouldrather后接賓語從句，從句用過去式表示虛擬語氣。Themanagertoldustobefriendlytothevisitorsasifwehadmet(meet)thembefore.解析：asif所引導的從句用過去完成式表示虛擬語氣。Shouldshecometomorrow,Itakehertothemuseum.X正確答案為C[A]can[B]will[C]would[D]must解析：與將來事實相反的虛擬語氣的主句。Ifweeverythingreadybynow,weshouldbehavingaterribletimetomorrow.正確答案為A[A]hadn'tgot[B]didn'tget[C]wouldn'thavegot[D]wouldn'tget解析：從句與現在事實相反，但本身已經是現在完成時(從bynow可以看出)，所以變?yōu)檫^去完成時。4．定語從句和名詞性從句強化練習1.Studieshaveshownteenagersoftensufferfromdepression.正確答案為A[A]that[B]which[C]inwhich[D]inthat解析：that引導賓語從句2.Itisawell-knownfactapersonwillmoveinacirclewhenhecannotusehiseyestocontrolhisdirection.正確答案為A[A]that[B]if[C]when[D]whether解析：that引導同位語從句Ontheotherhandconcernisalsogrowingaboutthepossibilityofaneweconomicorderresource-richnationsoftheThirdWorldwouldcombinetosethighcommodityprices.正確答案為C[A]which[B]what[C]that[D]inthat源-于-網-絡-收-集====Word行業(yè)資料分享―可編輯版本―雙擊可刪====Word行業(yè)資料分享―可編輯版本―雙擊可刪====源源-于-網-絡-收-集解析：that引導同位語從句Itisnotyetknowncomputerswillonedayhavevisionasgoodashumanvision.正確答案為A[A]whether[B]if[C]that[D]how解析：it為形式主語，whether引導真正的主語從句Suchattitudesamounttoabeliefleisurecanandshouldbeputtogooduse.正確答案為D[A]which[B]if[C]whether[D]that解析：that引導同位語從句Thereasonformakingadecisionisaproblemexists,goalsarewrong,orsomethingisstandinginthewayofaccomplishingthem.正確答案為D[A]why[B]because[C]where[D]that解析：