新高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)課時(shí)練第1部分閱讀理解與閱讀七選五專題1第3 題型突破主旨大意題 (含解析)

第3講題型突破——主旨大意題思維品質(zhì)體現(xiàn)英語學(xué)科核心素養(yǎng)的心智特征，而主旨大意題較好地反映了學(xué)生的思維品質(zhì)。主旨大意題旨在考查考生通過閱讀文章正確獲取文章主旨，推斷文章的主題、標(biāo)題、段落大意、中心思想的能力，即考查考生歸納概括以及辨別主要信息和次要信息的能力。它既考查閱讀理解能力，又考查深層次的推理、概括能力。此類題目可分為三大類：標(biāo)題歸納題、文章大意題和段落大意題。選項(xiàng)特征技法一標(biāo)題歸納題——“高度概括”定標(biāo)題記敘文、說明文和議論文三種文體涉及不同話題的閱讀材料都會(huì)考查到標(biāo)題歸納題。設(shè)問方式1．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?2．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?3．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?4．Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?5．Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?此類試題的解題流程如下：(2022·浙江1月·C)Thebenefitsofregularexercisearewelldocumentedbutthere’sanewbonustoaddtotheever-growinglist.Newresearchfoundthatmiddle-agedwomenwhowerephysicallyfitcouldbenearly90percentlesslikelytodevelopdementia(癡呆癥)inlaterlife—andiftheydid，itcameonadecadelaterthanlesssportywomen.LeadresearcherDrHelenaH?rder，oftheUniversityofGothenburginSweden，said：“Thesefindingsareexcitingbecauseit’spossiblethatimprovingpeople’scardiovascular(心血管的)fitnessinmiddleagecoulddelayorevenpreventthemfromdevelopingdementia.”Forthestudy，191womenwithanaverageageof50tookabicycleexercisetestuntiltheyweretiredouttomeasuretheirpeak(最大值的)cardiovascularcapacity.Theaveragepeakworkloadwasmeasuredat103watts.Atotalof40womenmetthecriteriaforahighfitnesslevelwithacapacityof120wattsorhigher，while92womenwereinthemediumfitnesscategory.Atotalof59wereoflowfitnesslevel，withapeakworkloadof80wattsorless，orhavingtheirtestsstoppedbecauseofhealthproblems.Thesewomenwerethentestedfordementiasixtimesoverthefollowingfourdecades.Duringthattime，44ofthewomendevelopeddementia.Fivepercentofthehighlyfitwomendevelopeddementia，comparedto25percentofthewomenwithmediumfitnessand32percentofthewomenwithlowfitness.“However，thisstudydoesnotshowcauseandeffectbetweencardiovascularfitnessanddementia，itonlyshowsanassociation，”saidH?rder.“Moreresearchisneededtoseeifimprovedfitnesscouldhaveapositiveeffectontheriskofdementiaandalsotolookatwhenduringalifetimeahighfitnesslevelismostimportant.”Shealsoadmittedthatarelativelysmallnumberofwomenwerestudied，allofwhomwerefromSweden，sotheresultsmightnotbeapplicabletoothergroups.30．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A．MoreWomenAreExercisingtoPreventDementiaB．Middle-AgedWomenNeedtoDoMoreExerciseC．FitWomenAreLessLikelytoDevelopDementiaD．BikingImprovesWomen’sCardiovascularFitness答案C解析標(biāo)題歸納題。依據(jù)“穿珠連串”法，由第一段最后一句可知，新的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，身體健康的中年女性在晚年患癡呆癥的可能性要低近90%，而且如果她們患上癡呆癥，與不太喜歡運(yùn)動(dòng)的女性相比，她們患癡呆癥的時(shí)間要晚十年。再根據(jù)文章后面幾段通過列舉實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康?、過程、方式、結(jié)果等，說明了身體健康的中年女性在老年時(shí)患癡呆癥的概率會(huì)大大降低。故選C。技法二文章大意題——“主題句定位”尋主旨說明文、記敘文、議論文三種文體涉及的多種話題，如社會(huì)文化類、人物故事類、科普說明類，都會(huì)考查文章大意類題目。設(shè)問方式1．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?2．Whatmessagedoestheauthorseemtoconveyinthetext?3．Whatdoesthepassagefocuson?此類試題的解題流程如下：(2022·全國(guó)甲·C)AsGinniBazlintonreachedAntarctica，shefoundherselfgreetedbyagroupoflittleGentoopenguins(企鵝)longingtosayhello.Thesegentle，lovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldneverforget.Eversinceherchildhood，Ginni，now71，hashadadeeplovefortravel.Throughouthercareer(職業(yè))asaprofessionaldancer，shetouredintheUK，butalwayslongedtoexplorefurther.Whensheretiredfromdancingandhersonseventuallyflewthenest，shedecideditwastimetotaketheplunge.AftertakingadegreeatChichesterUniversityinRelatedArts，Ginnibegantotraveltheworld，eventuallygettingworkteachingEnglishinJapanandChile.AnditwasinChileshediscoveredshecouldgetlast-minutecheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoffTierradelFuego，thesouthernmosttipoftheSouthAmericanmainland.“IjustdecidedIwantedtogo，”shesays.“IhadnoideaaboutwhatI’dfindthereandIwasn’tnervous.Ijustwantedtodoit.AndIwantedtodoitaloneasIalwayspreferitthatway.”InMarch2008，Ginniboardedashipwith48passengersshe’dnevermetbefore，tobeginthejourneytowardsAntarctica.“Fromseeingthewildlifetowitnessingsunrises，thewholeexperiencewasamazing.Antarcticaleftanimpressiononmethatnootherplacehas，”Ginnisays.“IrememberthefirsttimeIsawahumpbackwhale;itjustroseoutofthewaterlikesomeprehistoriccreatureandIthoughtitwassmilingatus.Youcouldstillheartheoperaticsoundsitwasmakingunderwater.”Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland，toberespectedbyhumans，wasoneofthebiggestthingsthathithometoGinni.31．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A．Achildhooddream.B．Anunforgettableexperience.C．Sailingaroundtheworld.D．MeetinganimalsinAntarctica.答案B解析主旨大意題。依據(jù)“主題句定位”法，通讀全文，尤其是第一段中的“Thesegentle，lovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldneverforget.”可知，Anunforgettableexperience(一次難忘的經(jīng)歷)能夠概括文章主旨。故選B。技法三段落大意題——首尾兼顧知段意段落大意題常在說明文和議論文中考查。文章的每一個(gè)段落都要圍繞一個(gè)特定的主題按照一定的邏輯順序展開，所以，段落的結(jié)構(gòu)也有一定的規(guī)律性。相對(duì)于標(biāo)題類試題和文章大意類試題，段落大意類試題考查頻率較低。設(shè)問方式1．Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?2．Whatdoesparagraph2mainlytellusabout...?3．Inthelastparagraph，theauthormainlytellsus.4．Whichofthefollowingisthemainideaofthesecondparagraph?5．Thethirdparagraphmainlytellsusthat.此類試題的解題流程如下：(2022·全國(guó)甲·D片段)Sometimeintheearly1960s，asignificantthinghappenedinSydney，Australia.Thecitydiscovereditsharbor.Then，oneafteranother，Sydneydiscoveredlotsofthingsthatwerejustsortofthere—broadparks，superbbeaches，andaculturallydiversepopulation.Butitistheharborthatmakesthecity.32．Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A．Sydney’sstrikingarchitecture.B．TheculturaldiversityofSydney.C．ThekeytoSydney’sdevelopment.D．Sydney’stouristattractionsinthe1960s.答案C解析段落大意題。依據(jù)“首尾兼顧知段意”原則，即根據(jù)第一段中的“Sometimeintheearly1960s，asignificantthinghappenedinSydney，Australia.Thecitydiscovereditsharbor.”以及“Butitistheharborthatmakesthecity.”可知，本段主要介紹了悉尼發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵是港口。故選C。A(原創(chuàng)題)選自：ScientificAmericanHumansarenottheonlyanimalsthatbeardivorce；somebirdsgothroughitaswell.Arecentstudyrevealswhymembersofonesuchspecies，theEurasianbluetit，sometimesbreaktheirbond.Whenornithologists(鳥類學(xué)家)referto“divorce”，theymeanthatbothmembersofabreedingpairsurvivetothefollowingbreedingseasonbutenduppairingwithnewpartnersratherthanreuniting.Greatblueheronsdivorceaftereverybreedingseason，andemperorpenguinssplituparound85percentofthetime.Incontrast，just9percentofmallardduckpairscallitquits，andalbatrossesalmostneverbreakup.Manyresearchershavefocusedonunderstandinghowtheseseparationsaffectreproductivesuccess，butuntilnowfewhavefocusedontheprocessitself.BehavioralecologistCarolGilsenanoftheMaxPlanckInstituteforOrnithologyinGermanyandhercolleaguesmonitoredhundredsofEurasianbluetitsforeightyears，usingartificialnestboxesinaprotectedforestinsouthernGermany.Intheirfindings，publishedinAnimalBehaviour，64percentofbreedingpairssplitupduringthestudy—eventhoughfaithfulpairsproducedmoreeggsandrearedmorefledglings(幼鳥)．Ifbothmembersofapairreturnedtotheirpreviousterritoryaroundthesametime，theyweremorelikelytoreunite；iftheywereondifferentschedules，theyweremorelikelytoseparate.“Ifyouturnupearly，youcan’taffordtowaitaround，”Gilsenansays.“Itcouldbethatyourformermateisinjuredorevendead.Ifyouwait，youmayforgoabreedingopportunity，soyouneedtopairup.”Adultdeathrateinbluetitsisextremelyhigh—around50percent—sothebirdthatreturnsfirstismorelikelytobreedagainbyfindinganewpartnerratherthanriskbeingleftoutentirely.Thebirdsseemtobesimplyplayingtheodds.Theresearchersalsodiscoveredthatifpairsmaintainedcontactoutsidethebreedingseason，theyweremorelikelytohavesynchronizedschedulesandthereforetoremainfaithfultoeachother.JoshA．Firth，azoologistattheUniversityofOxford，whowasnotinvolvedwiththestudy，saysthisanalysisapparentlyrulesoutanumberofotherpossiblecausesofbirddivorce，includinglowreproductivesuccessrates，infidelity，andgeneticorbehavioralcompatibility.“Inwildanimalpopulations，”hesays，“divorcecanbedrivenbyconsequentialeffects—almostaccidentally.”語篇解讀這是一篇說明文。不僅人可以離婚，自然界中的鳥兒也可以“離婚”，這是因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)交配季節(jié)過后，這一對(duì)鳥兒就會(huì)分開，在下一個(gè)交配季節(jié)來臨時(shí)，其中一個(gè)可能不回來了，為了繁殖，另一只鳥兒就不再等待，而是去找一個(gè)新配偶。1．Whichbirdsofthefollowingarefaithfultotheirformerpartner?A．Greatblueherons.B．Emperorpenguins.C．Mallardducks.D．Albatrosses.答案D解析推理判斷題。由第二段中的“Incontrast，just9percentofmallardduckpairscallitquits，andalbatrossesalmostneverbreakup.”可知，信天翁這類鳥幾乎不“離婚”，由此可推斷信天翁對(duì)自己的伴侶是最忠實(shí)的。故選D。2．Whatisparagraph4mainlyabout?A．TheresultofCarolGilsenan’sfindings.B．Thereasonwhysomebirdswillfindanewpartner.C．Thenumberofbirdsthatpairwithnewpartners.D．Thekindsofbirdsthatbeardivorce.答案B解析段落大意題。由第四段第二、三句“Itcouldbethatyourformermateisinjuredorevendead.Ifyouwait，youmayforgoabreedingopportunity，soyouneedtopairup.”可知，本段主要告訴我們鳥兒為什么在新的交配季節(jié)去找新的伴侶。故選B。3．Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?A．BirdsBreakUpB．BirdsC．AnimalsD．HumanandNature答案A解析標(biāo)題歸納題。由第一段第一句“Humansarenottheonlyanimalsthatbeardivorce；somebirdsgothroughitaswell.”以及下文多次提到鳥兒divorce，breakup，findanewpartner可知，A項(xiàng)適合作為本文的標(biāo)題。故選A。4．Inwhichofthefollowingwouldthispassagemostlikelybefound?A．Sciencefiction. B．Newspaper.C．Magazine. D．Website.答案C解析文章出處題。本文主題語境是人與自然，向我們講述了鮮為人知的鳥兒也“離婚”現(xiàn)象，所以最有可能是雜志上的一篇文章。故選C。BForgivenessisimportantinchildrenandadultsforrestoringrelationshipsandlimitingfutureconflicts.Arecentstudysuggeststhatteachingchildrentounderstandotherpeople’sperspectivescouldmakeiteasierforthemtolearnhowtoforgiveotherpeople.Thestudyalsofoundthatteachingchildrentomakesincereapologiescanhelpthemreceiveforgivenessfromothers.Mulvey，anassociateprofessorofpsychologyatNorthCarolinaStateUniversity，ledthestudy.Herteamenlisted185children，agedbetween5and14，inthestudy.Researchersconductedinaninterviewwitheachchildthatcollectedbackgroundinformationandassessedthechild’s“theoryofmind”skills.Theoryofmindisyourabilitytounderstandthatsomeoneelse’sbeliefs，intentionsanddesiresaredifferentfromyourown.Researchersthenledeachchildthroughaseriesofscenarios(設(shè)想情況)involvingotherchildrenwhoare“in-group”and“out-group”．Specifically，eachparticipantwastoldtheywerepartofagroup，suchasthegreenteam.Duringinterviews，researchersdescribedsomechildrenasalsobeingonthegreenteam(makingthemin-group)，whileotherchildrenwereontheyellowteam(makingthemout-group)．Ineachscenario，interviewersaskedstudyparticipantswhethertheywerewillingtoforgiveagroupthatleftthemoutofagameoractivity.Therewerethreemainfindings.First，childrenaremorelikelytoforgivesomeoneifhe/shehasapologized.Second，childrenaremorelikelytoforgivepeoplewhoare“in-group”．Third，themoreadvancedachild’stheoryofmindskillsare，themorelikelytheyaretoforgiveothers.Theresearchersidentifiedtwothingsthatparentsandteachersmaywanttofocusonrelatedtoforgiveness.Oneishelpingkidsunderstandhowimportantitistoapologizeinameaningfulway.Thesecondfocusareaishelpingkidsunderstandtheperspectivesofotherpeople，eveniftheyaredifferentfromyou.Mulveysays，“Oneofthebiggestimplicationsofourstudyisthatteachersandparentsneedtoactivelyhelpchildrencultivatetheoryofmindskills，whichwillaidtheminnavigatingadiverseandcomplexworldinthefuture.”語篇解讀這是一篇說明文，介紹了北卡羅來納州立大學(xué)通過對(duì)185名兒童進(jìn)行觀察，研究幫助兒童學(xué)會(huì)寬恕行為的方法。一是教會(huì)孩子們進(jìn)行誠(chéng)摯的道歉；二是幫助孩子理解其他人的不同觀點(diǎn)。5．Whatdoweknowaboutthestudyparticipants?A．Theyweredividedintotwogroupsbasedontheage.B．Theyneededtooffersomeoftheirpersonalinformation.C．Theyhadtofillinaquestionnaireaboutreal-lifesituations.D．Theytookpartinagameoractivitybeforeeachinterview.答案B解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段第三句可知，參與研究的孩子需要提供個(gè)人的背景資料，故選B。6．Accordingtothestudy，childrenaremorelikelytoforgiveothers.A．fromhighersocialbackgroundsB．havingthehabitofapologizingC．withbettertheoryofmindskillsD．belongingtoadifferentgroup答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段最后一句可知，孩子的心理理論技能越高級(jí)，他們就越有可能原諒他人，故選C。7．Whatisthelastparagraphmainlyabout?A．Thepossibleeffectofthestudy.B．Thelimitationofthestudy.C．Thetheoreticalbasisofthestudy.D．Thefocusoffuturestudies.答案A解析段落大意題。根據(jù)最后一段內(nèi)容可知，本段主要講的是這項(xiàng)研究可能產(chǎn)生的影響。故選A。8．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A．ForgivenessHelpsChildrentoLimitFutureConflictsB．Forgiveness：WhatShouldTeachersandParentsFocuson?C．StudyOutlinesWaystoHelpChildrenLearnForgivenessD．AreYouWillingtoForgiveOthersorReceiveForgiveness?答案C解析標(biāo)題歸納題。通讀全文尤其根據(jù)第一段最后兩句可知，文章主要介紹了最近的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了如何讓孩子學(xué)會(huì)寬恕，C項(xiàng)“研究展示了幫助孩子學(xué)會(huì)寬恕的辦法”切題。故選C。強(qiáng)化練(七)主旨大意題(1)AWoodyWilliamsofCharlotte，NorthCarolinaissimplyWoodyWilliams，aretiredgraphicartistandmusicianwhoplaysinlocalclubsandbars.Butonline，the72-year-oldisknownasFunkyGeezer(時(shí)髦老頭)，andhe’sgotmorethan3millionfollowersonTikTokalone!InDecember2020，WoodywasstayinginhishometoavoidcatchingtheCOVID-19，justlikeeverybodyelse.Hefoundhimselfwithmorefreetimethanusual，andsincehecouldn’tgotoperforminacluborjamwithanybands，hedecidedtocheckoutwhatwashappeningonline.HedownloadedTikTokanduploadedashortvideoofhimselfdoingalittledance.Thelikesandcommentsstartedpouringin，andbeforeheknewit，hisvideohadbeenviewedmillionsoftimes!Encouraged，WoodyleanedintohisFunkyGeezerpersona(人設(shè))，uploadingmorevideostohischannel.Heenjoysconnectingwithpeopleagain，andalwayslovesputtingonashowtomakeotherssmile.FunkyGeezerhasnowgoneviralmorethanonce，andhe’sgotalargefollowingacrossallofhissocialchannels.He’sevengettingrequeststobringhisdancemovestoforeignlands，althoughhe’snotsurehe’llbetravelingmuchbeyondhisusualcircles.“IwasaskedtodoshowsinCanada，EnglandandMicronesia，”hesaid.“Idon’tevenknowwhereMicronesiais.”Woodysayshedoesn’trunhis“FunkyGeezerShow”forfameorfortune;hesimplywantstoputasmileonsomeone’sface!“Mymottoistoinspireuntilyoudie，”hesaid，adding，“Iamjustencouragingthenewbiestocomeup，grabtheirguitar，getinvolved，andexpressthemselves.”語篇解讀本文是一篇記敘文，主要講述了70多歲的老人Woody在抖音上發(fā)布短視頻，從而受到關(guān)注的經(jīng)歷和感受。1．WhydidWoodyuploadashortvideoonTikTok?A．Topasstime.B．Toattractfollowers.C．Toshowadancingstyle.D．Topromotelocalclubsandbars.答案A解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段前兩句可知，Woody是因?yàn)橐咔槠陂g在家無聊，為了打發(fā)時(shí)間才在抖音上發(fā)布短視頻的。故選A項(xiàng)。2．WhatdidWoodydoafterthesuccessofhisfirstvideo?A．Heviewedmillionsofvideos.B．Heencouragedotherstojamwithbands.C．Hebeganconnectingpeoplewithdancing.D．Hewentonestepfurthertowardshisnewpersona.答案D解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Encouraged，WoodyleanedintohisFunkyGeezerpersona(人設(shè))，uploadingmorevideostohischannel.”可知，他進(jìn)一步塑造了自己的人設(shè)。故選D項(xiàng)。3．Whatareparagraphs4and5mainlyabout?A．HowpopularWoodyis.B．WhereWoodywilltravel.C．WhatchannelsWoodyuses.D．WhyWoodymovedabroad.答案A解析段落大意題。從第四段中的“FunkyGeezerhasnowgoneviralmorethanonce”以及第五段中的“IwasaskedtodoshowsinCanada，EnglandandMicronesia”可知，Woody走紅了，而且還被邀請(qǐng)出國(guó)表演，由此可見他很受歡迎。故選A項(xiàng)。4．WhichisaproperwordtodescribeWoody?A．Proud. B．Lazy.C．Sensitive. D．Enthusiastic.答案D解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Iamjustencouragingthenewbiestocomeup，grabtheirguitar，andgetinvolved，expressthemselves.”可知，他把自己跳舞的視頻分享到抖音上，而且他還想要激勵(lì)新手，說明他是充滿熱情的。故選D項(xiàng)。B(2022·安徽“皖南八?！甭?lián)考)Whatdoesittaketobecomeanastronaut？It’saquestionthat’sbeenaskedsincethestartoftheSpaceAgeinthe1960s.Inthosedays，pilotswereconsideredthemostwell-trainedprofessionals，somilitaryflierswerefirstinlinetogotospace.Morerecently，peoplefromawiderangeofprofessionalbackgrounds—doctors，scientists，andeventeachers—havetrainedtoliveandworkinnear-Earthorbit.Evenso，thoseselectedtogotospacemustmeethighstandards.Peoplewhowanttobecomeastronautsmustbeintopphysicalcondition.Eachcountry’sspaceprogramhashealthrequirementsforitsspacetravelers.Theyusuallyassessacandidate’sfitnesstowithstandsomeprettytoughconditions.Forexample，agoodcandidatemusthavetheabilitytoenduretherigorsoflift-offandtofunctioninweightlessness.Allastronautsmusthavegoodvisualacuityandnormalbloodpressure.Beyondthat，thereisnoagelimit.Mostastronauttraineesarebetweentheagesof25and46，althougholderpeoplehavealsoflowntospacelaterintheircareers.Peoplewhogotospaceareusuallyself-confident，risk-takers，adeptatstressmanagementandmultitasking.Theyalsoneedtobeabletoworkaspartofateamforanygivenassignment.OnEarth，astronautsareusuallyrequiredtoperformvariouspublicrelationsduties，suchasspeakingtothepublic，workingwithotherprofessionals，andsometimeseventestifyingbeforegovernmentofficials.So，astronautswhocanrelatewelltomanydifferentkindsofpeopleareseenasvaluableteammembers.Often，astronautshaveabackgroundasscientistsandmanyhavehigh-leveldegrees，likePhDs.Othershavemilitarytrainingorspaceindustryexpertise.Regardlessoftheirbackground，onceanastronautisacceptedintoacountry’sspaceprogram，heorshegoesthroughrigoroustrainingtoactuallyliveandworkinspace.eq\x(語篇解讀這是一篇說明文。文章主要分析了成為一名宇航員需要具備的條件。)5．Whichofthefollowingisofleastimportancetoanastronaut?A．Normalbloodpressure.B．Goodeyesight.C．Toughbody.D．Youngage.答案D解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段最后兩句可知，成為宇航員并沒有嚴(yán)格的年齡限制，甚至有人在年齡較大的時(shí)候也飛往太空，所以相比其他條件，年齡對(duì)于宇航員是最不重要的。故選D。6．Accordingtothepassage，anastronautisonewho________.A．isstrongandhealthyB．hasself-confidenceC．canworkundergreatpressureD．a(chǎn)lloftheabove答案D解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段前三句可知，宇航員需要健康和強(qiáng)壯的身體；根據(jù)第三段第一句可知，宇航員充滿自信且能承受高壓，故選D。7．Whyareastronautsaskedtoperformpublicduties?A．Tomakethemfamousamongpeople.B．Torelievetheirfeelingsoftension.C．Toraisetheirawarenessofteamwork.D．Topromotepublicinterestintheaerospace.答案C解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中第二、三、四句可知，宇航員被要求履行公共職責(zé)是為了鍛煉他們的團(tuán)隊(duì)合作能力，提高他們的團(tuán)隊(duì)合作意識(shí)，使他們成為團(tuán)隊(duì)中有價(jià)值的成員。故選C。8．Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．EveryoneCanBeanAstronautB．TheProfessionalQualitiesofanAstronautC．TrainingAstronautsisMuchEasierNowadaysD．It’sNotMysterioustoBeanAstronaut答案B解析標(biāo)題歸納題。文章第一句“Whatdoesittaketobecomeanastronaut？”以設(shè)問的方式引起下文，是文章的主旨句，接下來具體分析了成為一名宇航員需要具備的專業(yè)素質(zhì)，包括身體素質(zhì)、心理素質(zhì)、專業(yè)知識(shí)等。B項(xiàng)(一名宇航員的專業(yè)素質(zhì))符合題意。故選B。CWhenevaluatingpeopleonvariouspsychologicaltests，psychologistsoftendistinguishbetweenmarkersofabsoluteperformanceandrelativeperformance.Absoluteperformancereflectstherawmeasurementofsomething，likethetimeittakestorunamile.Relativeperformanceishowapersonratesinrelationtotheirpeers，asinwhatplacearunnergetsinarace.Thestandardsweusetoevaluateourselvesarealmostalwaysrelative，aswecompareourselvestoourpeersandthestandardsthataremostfamiliartous.Forinstance，inmyprivatepractice，IhaveonepatientIwillcall“Omar”whoisdependentonsocialservicesandmakeslessthan$30，000peryearathisjob.Whilethislevelofpovertywouldleadmostpeopletowakeupdepressedeachday，OmarisoneofthemostoptimisticandappreciativeindividualsIknow.Why？Becausemostofhisclosestpeers—hissiblingsandfriendsfromchildhood—havelivesfarworsethanhis.IncontrasttoOmar，Ihaveanotherpatient，anadolescentI’llcall“Lena”，whosefamilyhaspropertyover$5million.Lena，however，livesinanupper-classneighborhoodwhereherfamilyisatthelowerendoftheincomelevel.ThoughLena’sfamilyallowshertoenjoypossessionsandexperiencesthatlessthan1percentofherpeersacrosstheworldcanshare，sheconsistentlyfeels“l(fā)essthan”．Why？BecauseLenadoesn’tcompareherselftotherestoftheworld.Thisistooabstractanexerciseforher，asitwouldbeformostofus.Accordingly，whetherapsychologistispsychodynamicorcognitive-behavioral，therapy(療法)withindividualsstrugglingwithsituationalorpsychologicaldepressionaimstosolvetheproblemsassociatedwithbasingone’sself-worthoncomparisonswithothers.Psychologiststrytohelppeoplefocusonpersonalgrowtharoundtheachievementofconcretegoalsinlinewiththeirvalues，independentoftheachievementofothers.Forallofus，definingthesegoals，especiallyduringperiodsofemotionalcalm，cangoalongwayinhelpingustoavoidthetrapofrelativitythatoftenleadstosituationalandpsychologicaldepression.語篇解讀本文為一篇說明文。主要介紹幸福與比較的關(guān)系，文章通過對(duì)比兩個(gè)例子介紹了兩個(gè)收入不同、幸福感不同的人，說明一個(gè)人的幸福通常取決于他們選擇與自己進(jìn)行比較的人的類型。最后建議人們要建立自尊，避免不健康的比較。9．Whatisthefunctionofparagraph1?A．Toshowthesignificanceofevaluatingpeople.B．Tomotivatereaderstostudypsychologicaltests.C．Tohelppeopleperformwellinpsychologicaltests.D．Toprovidesomebackgroundinformationonevaluatingpeople.答案D解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段可知，第一段提供了兩種評(píng)估人的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)即“絕對(duì)性表現(xiàn)”和“相對(duì)性表現(xiàn)”，為下文作鋪墊。故選D。10．Whydoestheauthormentionhistwopatients?A．Tomeasuredifferentachievements.B．Tointroducethestandardstoevaluatepeople.C．Toexplainrelativeperformancewithexamples.D．Tocontrastrelativeperformanceandabsoluteperformance.答案C解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段第一句以及下文的介紹可知，作者通過舉例子的方式介紹了什么叫幸福和收入的相對(duì)性表現(xiàn)。故選C。11．Whatdoesthelastparagraphmainlytalkabout?A．Settinggoalsinlifeisessentialforeveryone.B．It’simportanttoavoidunhealthycomparisons.C．Asenseofachievementcanaffectone’shappiness.D．Improvingself-worthcanhelpgetridofdepression.答案B解析段落大意題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句可知，情境性心理抑郁是不健康的比較方式造成的，所以我們得避免陷入它的陷阱。故選B。12．Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．Happiness：Isitallrelative?B．Self-worth：Isitmeasurable?C．Self-worth：Isitbasedonefforts?D．Happiness：Isitassociatedwithachievements?答案A解析標(biāo)題歸納題。通讀分析文章結(jié)構(gòu)可知，第一段介紹通過心理測(cè)試評(píng)估一個(gè)人時(shí)，心理學(xué)家通常會(huì)區(qū)分絕對(duì)性表現(xiàn)和相對(duì)性表現(xiàn)的標(biāo)志。第二、三段通過對(duì)比兩個(gè)例子，說明一個(gè)人的幸福通常取決于他們選擇與自己進(jìn)行比較的人的類型。第四段做出總結(jié)，對(duì)于那些患有情境性或心理抑郁癥的人經(jīng)常會(huì)落入相對(duì)論的陷阱，并對(duì)自己的價(jià)值有一種扭曲的看法。建議人們要建立自尊，避免不健康的比較。因此，文章主要介紹幸福與比較的相對(duì)性關(guān)系，故選A。強(qiáng)化練(八)主旨大意題(2)ADuringthe1930s，theGreatWarbrokeout.A25-year-oldAmericansoldier，probablyneverthoughtthathislifewouldchangeforeverwhenhevolunteeredtogotoFrance.OnenightwhiletheAmericanunitwasreturningtothebaseafterabloodyfight，Suleymanstumbledintothegroundandnoticedabitofmovementfromthebush.Beingstuckbetweentwochoiceseitherit’senemyorananimal，Suleymanfoundafive-year-oldgirlfromthebushesshiveringwithcoldandutmostfear.Duetotheatrocityofthewar，thegirlwasabandonedbyherfamilyandthewholevillagewaskilled.Duringthewar，itwasimpossibletofindthechild’sfamilysoSuleymantookthislittleFrenchgirlunderhiswingsandgaveheranAmericannameFlorawhichmeansliketheflower.Soon，F(xiàn)lorabecametheappleoftheeyeofeveryonelivinginthearmycamp.Foroneandahalfyears，F(xiàn)loraandSuleymanbecameinseparable；however，everyfairytalecomestoanend.Whenthewarended，SuleymanwassentbacktotheUSA，whileFlorawasputinanorphanage，theNormandySchool，whichwasfoundedbytheAmericangovernmentfororphanedFrenchchildrentohaveaneducation.Foryears，SuleymanalwaysthoughtaboutFlora.WhentheFrenchNationalOlympicTeamwasplayingintheSummerOlympicsinLosAngelesin1984，SuleymangazedthroughtheaudienceonTV，hopingtocatchaglimpseofFlora，buthenevercould.Attheageof85，Suleymanattendedthe60thanniversaryreceptionoftheGreatWarwhereSuleymansharedhisstorywithAmericanandFrenchofficials.Afterhearinghisstory，aFrenchjournaliststartedtoinvestigatethestory，andallgovernmentfileswerereadindetail.Themomentthejournalisthelpeddialthenumber，intears，F(xiàn)lorasaidSuleymanwasherhero，andeverythingcamefloodingbacktoher.語篇解讀這是一篇記敘文。講述了第二次世界大戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)時(shí)，25歲的美國(guó)士兵蘇萊曼救了一個(gè)女孩，取名弗洛拉。兩人在一年半的時(shí)間里形影不離，直到弗洛拉被送入孤兒院，兩人分開。在蘇萊曼85歲的時(shí)候，記者幫忙撥通了弗洛拉的電話，兩人再次取得了聯(lián)系。1．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“atrocity”inparagraph2probablymean?A．Cruelty. B．Challenge.C．Range. D．Stress.答案A解析詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)畫線詞后文“ofthewar，thegirlwasabandonedbyherfamilyandthewholevillagewaskilled”可知，這個(gè)女孩被家人拋棄，整個(gè)村莊的人都被殺了，可見戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)血雨腥風(fēng)、十分殘酷，故畫線詞意思是“殘酷”。故選A。2．WhydidSuleymanwatch1984SummerOlympics?A．BecauseFloramightbeintheFrenchteam.B．BecauseSuleymanwasgreatlyinterestedinsports.C．BecauseFloramightbewatchingtheevent.D．BecauseSuleymanwantedtotraveltoLosAngeles.答案C解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段第二句可知，蘇萊曼觀看1984年夏季奧運(yùn)會(huì)是因?yàn)楦ヂ謇赡茉诳幢荣?。故選C。3．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A．FloraandSuleymanbecameattachedtoeachother.B．FlorawassenttoanorphanagecalledNormandy.C．Suleymanfoundsomeanimalsinthebush.D．SuleymanwouldneverseeFloraagain.答案A解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段中的“Foroneandahalfyears，F(xiàn)loraandSuleymanbecameinseparable”可知，弗洛拉和蘇萊曼相互依靠。故選A。4．Whichcanserveasthebestpossibletitleforthetext?A．AToughFlowerintheWarB．TheInfluenceoftheWarC．TheLostandFoundLoveD．TheAppleoftheFather’sEye答案C解析標(biāo)題歸納題。文章講述了第二次世界大戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)時(shí)，25歲的美國(guó)士兵蘇萊曼救了一個(gè)女孩，取名弗洛拉。兩人在一年半的時(shí)間里形影不離，直到弗洛拉被送入孤兒院，兩人分開。在蘇萊曼85歲的時(shí)候，記者幫忙撥通了弗洛拉的電話，兩人再次取得了聯(lián)系。故C項(xiàng)“愛失而復(fù)得”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選C。B(2022·安徽馬鞍山三模)Whenlearningaforeignlanguage，mostpeoplefallbackontraditionalmethods:reading，writing，listeningandrepeating.Butifyoualsogesturewithyourarmswhilestudying，youcanrememberthevocabularybetter，evenmonthslater.Linkingawordtobrainareasresponsibleformovementstrengthensthememoryofitsmeaning.AsneuroscientistBrianMathiasandhiscolleaguesdescribedintheJournalofNeuroscience，theyhad22German-speakingadultslearnatotalof90inventedartificialwords(suchas“l(fā)amube”for“camera，”and“atesi”for“thought”)overfourdays.Whilethetestsubjectsfirstheardthenewvocabulary，theyweresimultaneously(同時(shí)地)shownavideoofapersonmakingagesturethatmatchedthemeaningoftheword.Whenthewordwasrepeated，theyweresupposedtoperformthegesturethemselves.Fivemonthslater，theywereaskedtotranslatethevocabularytheyhadlearnedintoGermaninamultiple-choicetest.Atthesametime，theyhadadeviceattachedtotheirheadsthatsentweakpulsestotheirprimarymotorcortex(皮層)—thebrainareathatcontrolsvoluntaryarmmovements.Whentheseinterfering(干擾)signalswereactive，thesubjectsfoundithardertorecallthewordsaccompaniedbygestures.Whenthedevicesentnointerferingsignals(butstillappearedtothesubjectstobeactive)，theyfounditeasiertorememberthewords.Theresearcher