大學(xué)歐洲文化入門試題及重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容歸納版

.z.《歐洲文化入門》第一部分試題I.Choosethemostappropriateoneforthefollowingblanks.1.TwomajorelementsinEuropeancultureare____.A.theGreekandRomanB.theJudaismandChristianity

C.theGreco-RomanD.AandB2.____dealswiththeTrojanWar(theGreekstatesledbyAgamemnonintheirwaragainstthe

cityofTroy).

A.TheOdysseyB.TheIliad

C.PrometheusBoundD.Persians

3.TheplayPrometheusBoundwaswrittenby_____.

A.AeschylusB.Aristophanes

C.EuripidesD.Sophocles

4.ThebestwriterofedyoftheancientGreecewas____,whoisFatherofedy.

A.EuripidesB.AristophanesC.SophoclesD.Aeschylus

5.____wasoneoftheearlieste*ponentsoftheatomictheory.

A.HomeB.HeracleitueC.DemocritusD.Socrates

6,____byPlatoisabookabouttheidealstateruledbyaphilosopherbutbarringpoets.

A.DialoguesB.TheApologyC.TheRepublicD.Symposium

7.Dantecalled____“themasterofthosewhoknow”.

A,AristotleB.PlatoC.SocratesD.Archimedes

8.Euclidisevennowwell-knownforhis____.

A.ElementsB.PoeticsC.EthicsD.Politics

9.____hasbeenabigsubjectfordiscussionamongwritersandartists.

A,DiscusThrowerB,VenusdeMilo

C,LaocoongroupD,Parthenon

10.Herodotus,FatherofHistory,wroteaboutthewarbetween____.

A.AthensandSpartaB.AthensandSyracuse

C.AthensandPersiansD.GreeksandPersians

11.Itis_____whowasthefounderofscientificmathematics.

A.HeracleitusB.AristotleC.SocratesD.Pythagoras

12.Octaviustooksupremepowerasemperorwiththetitleof____in27B.C..

A.RomeB.AugustusC.TheRomanEmpireD.Pa*Romana

13.Thegreatepic,TheAeneid,waswrittenby_____.

A.LucretiusB.VirgilC.JuliusCaesarD.Cicero

14.TheoldestandmostimportantoftheOldTestamentof39booksarethefirstfivebooks,called

____.

A.DeuteronomyB.E*odusC.thePentateuchD.Genesis

15.In____theJewswerecarriedawayintotheBabylonianCaptivity(巴比倫之囚).

A.169B.C.B.586B.C.C.536B.C.D,721B.C.

16.ThemostimportantandinfluentialofEnglishBibleis____,firstpublishedin1611.

A.TheSeptuagintB.TheVulgate

C.Wycliff’sversionD.Authorizedversion

1

17.____istheoldeste*tantGreektranslationoftheOldTestament.

A.TheSeptuagintB.TheVulgate

C.Wycliff’sversionD.Authorizedversion

18.Itisgenerallyacceptedthat____andShakespearearetwogreatreserviorsofModernEnglish.

A.theBibleB.theEnglishBible

C.theNewTestamentD.theOldTestament

19.TheMiddleAgesisaperiodinwhich_____,_____andGothicheritagesmerged.

A.Greco-Roman,ChristianityB.classical,Christian

C.Greek,RomanD.classical,Hebrew

20.Thecentreofmedievallifeunderfeudalismwas_____.

A.knighthoodB.themanorC.theChurchD.polis

21.In1054,theChristianChurchwasdividedinto____andtheEasternOrthodo*Church.

A.ChristianityB.theRomanChurch

C.theRomanCatholicChurchD.theWesternCatholic

22._____byAquinasformsanenormoussystemandsumsupalltheknowledgeofmedieval

theology.

A.SummaTheologicaB.SummaContraGentiles

C.OpusmaiusD.Beowulf

23.TheAnglo-Sa*onepic____originatedfromthecollectiveeffortoforalliterature.

A.SongofRolandB.theAnglo-Sa*onChronicles.

C.BeowulfD.theDivineedy

24.Generallyspeaking,Renaissancereferstotheperiodbetween____.centuries

《歐洲文化入門》重點(diǎn)歸納1、Therearemanyelementsconstituting(組成)EuropeanCulture.

2、Therearetwomajorelements:Greco-RomanelementandJudeo-Christianelement.

3、Therichness(豐富性)ofEuropeanCulturewascreatedbyGreco-RomanelementandJudeo-Christianelement.

第一章1、The5thcenturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.

2、TheeconomyofAthensrestedon(依賴)animmense（無限的）amountofslavelabour.

3、Olympusmount,Revivedin1896(當(dāng)代奧運(yùn)會(huì))

4、AncientGreece(古希臘)’sepicswascreatedbyHomer.

5、TheyeventsofHomer’sowntime.(錯(cuò))

（TheyarenotabouteventsofHomer’sowntime,probablyintheperiod1200-1100B.C.）

6、TheHomer’sepicsconsistedofIliadandOdyssey.

7、Agamemnon,Hector,AchillesareinIliad.

8、OdysseusandPenelopeareinOdyssey.9、Odyssey(對(duì)其作品產(chǎn)生影響)—→JamesJoyoe’sUlysses(描述一天的生活).Inthe20thcentury.

10、DramainAncientGreecewasflouredinthe5thcenturyB.C.

11、三大悲劇大師

①Aeschylus《PrometheusBound》—→模仿式作品Shelly《PrometheusUnbound》

②Sophocles(之首)《OedipustheKing》—→Freud’s“theOedipusple*”(戀母情結(jié))—→DavidHerbertLawrence’s《Sonsandlovers》(勞倫斯)447頁

③Euripides

A．《TrojanWomen》

B．Heisthefirstwriterof“problemplays”(社會(huì)問題劇)在肖伯納手中達(dá)到高潮，屬于存在主義戲劇的人物

C．ElizabethBrowningcalledhim“Euripideshuman”(一個(gè)純粹的人)

D．Realismcanbetracedback(追溯到)totheAncientGreece.

Tobespecific(具體來說),Euripides.

12、TheonlyrepresentativeofGreekedyisAristophanes.18頁

Aristophaneswritesaboutnature.—→浪漫主義湖畔派（Thelakers）華茲華茲(新古典主義代表作家《格列夫游記》《大人國小人國》《溫和的提議》用諷刺的寫作手法)

13、History(Historicalwriting)史學(xué)創(chuàng)作

※“FatherofHistory”—→Herodotus—→war(betweenGreeksandPersians)

ThiswariscalledPeleponicionwars.博羅奔泥撒，3

只是陳述史實(shí)，并沒有得出理論。

※“Thegreatesthistorianthateverlived.”(有史以來最偉大的歷史學(xué)家)—→Thucydides—→war(Sparta,AthensandSyracuse)

14、TheGreekhistoricalwritingwritesmainlyaboutwars.

15、受希臘文化影響的傳教士St.Paul.Democritus(Materialism)

16、希臘文化中的哲學(xué)被基督教所吸收

17、①Euclid’sElements解析幾何

ItwasinuseinEnglishschoolsuntiltheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury.(歷史地位)

②Archimedes

Hisworknotonlyingeometry幾何學(xué),butalsoinarithmetic算術(shù),machanics機(jī)械,andhydrostatics.流體靜力學(xué)

選擇：Givemeaplacetostand,andIwillmovetheworld.誰的理論（Archimedes）

18、Architecture古希臘建筑三大風(fēng)格

temple—→Parthenon帕特農(nóng)神廟

①TheDoricstyle

isalsocalledmasculinestyle.(宏偉的)

buttheDoricstyleismonotonousandunadorned(單調(diào))

issturdy(堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的),powerful,severelooking(莊嚴(yán)肅穆)andshowingagoodsenseofproportionsandnumbers.

②TheIonicstyle

isalsocalledthefemininestyle.(陰柔的)

isgraceful(優(yōu)雅的)andelegant(優(yōu)美的).

TheIonicstyleoftenshowsawealthofornament.(裝飾性)

③TheCorinthianstyle

isknownforitsornamentallu*ury.(奢侈)

19、Thefamoustemples:TheAcrpolisatAthensandtheParthenon.

20、TheburningofCorinthin146B.C.MarkedRomanconquestofGreece.

21、ThemeltingbetweenRomanCultureandGreekCulture.(羅馬征服希臘的標(biāo)志)

22、From146B.C.,LatinwasthelanguageofthewesternhalfoftheRomanEmpire.

Greekthatoftheeasternhalf.

23、BothLatinandGreekbelongtoIndo-Europeanlanguage.

24、TheRomanwriterHoracesaid“captiveGreecetookherrudeconquerorcaptive”.

25、Thedividingrange(分水嶺)intheRomanhistoryrefersto27B.C.

26、Theyear27B.C.DividedtheRomanhistoryintotwoperiods:republicandempire.

27、TheideaofRepubliccanbetracedbacktoPlato’srepublic.

28、ThelandareaofRomanempirereacheditsclima*in2to3century.

29、north:Scotlandeast:ArmeniaandMesopotamia

30、IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguaranteed(保證)bytheRomanlegions(羅馬軍團(tuán))

31、IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasknownasPa*Romana.(神圣羅馬帝國)

32、名解IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguaranteed(保證)bytheRomanlegions,itwasknownasPa*Romana

33、TheRomanLawprotected(保護(hù))therightsofplebeians(平民).

34、TheimportantcontributionmadebytheRomanstotheEuropeanculturewastheRomanLaw.

35、After395,theempirewasdividedintoEast(theByzantineEmpire)andWest.

36、Cicero西賽羅

helegalandpoliticalspeechesaremodelsofLatindiction拉丁語用詞

describedasCiceronian.西賽羅式的

anenormousinfluence(巨大影響)onthedevelopmentofEuropeanprose.(散文)

37、JuliusCaesarmentaries批評(píng)論

“Icame,Isaw,Iconquered.”

38、VirgilAeneid阿尼德

39、Thepantheonwasbuiltin27B.C.

Theworld’sfirstvastinteriorspace.世界上第一所最大的室內(nèi)場(chǎng)所

40、TheColosseum(**石像)it’sanenormous.露天的環(huán)形影劇院

41、Sculpture(雕塑)She-wolf（母狼）

42、TherepresentationformofGreekDemocracyiscitizen-assembly.古希臘**的表現(xiàn)形式

43、TheembodimentofGreekdemocracyiscitizen-assembly.古希臘**的具體形式論述簡答一、Whatisthelimitationof“Democracy”inancientGreece"(名解簡答)

(Howdoyouunderstand“Democracy”inancientGreece"Whatisthedifferencebetween“Democracy”inancientGreeceandmoderndemocracy")

答：

①Democracymeans“e*erciseofpowerbythewholepeople”,butinGreeceby“thewholepeople”theGreeksmeantonlytheadultmalecitizens.

②Women,children,foreignersandslavesweree*cludedfromDemocracy.二、HowdidtheGreekCultureoriginateanddevelop"

答：

①Probablyaround1200B.C.,awarwasfoughtbetweenGreeceandtroy.ThisisthewarthatHomerreferstoinhisepics.

②Greekculturereachedahighpointofdevelopmentinthe5thcenturyB.C.

A.ThesuccessfulrepulseofthePersianinvasion(入侵)earlyinthe5thcentury.

B.Theestablishmentofdemocracy.

C.Theflourishing(蒸蒸日上的)ofscience,philosophy,literature,artandhistoricalwritinginAthens.

③The5thcenturyclosedwithcivilwarbetweenAthensandSparta.

④Inthesecondhalfofthe4thcenturyB.C.,GreecewasconqueredbyAle*ander,kingofMacedon.Wheneverhewentandconquered,wheneverGreekculturewasfound.

⑤MeltingbetweenGreekcultureandRomanculturein146B.C.,theRomansconqueredGreece.三、HowdidtheAncientGreekphilosophydevelop"

答：(1)、Threefounders

1、Pythagoras

①Allthingswerenumbers.

②Scientificmathematics.

③Theoryofproportion.比例的理論

2、Heracleitue

①Fireistheprimary(主要的)elementsoftheuniverse.火是萬物之源

②Thetheoryoftheminglingofoppositesproducedharmony.矛盾的對(duì)立統(tǒng)一

3、Democritus

①theatomictheory.第一個(gè)原子理論開拓者

②materialism.唯物主義

(2)、Threethinkers

1、Socrates

①Hehadn’tworks.WecanknowhimfromPlato’sdialogues.

②ThedialecticalmethodwasestablishedbySocrates.

2、Plato

①TheAcademyisthefirstschoolintheworld,itwasestablishedbyPlato.

②Hehasfourworks.Dialogues,Apology,SymposiumandRepublic.

3、Aristotle

①TheLyceumisthesecondschoolintheworld,itwasestablishedbyAristotle.

②Aristotleisahumanist.

(3)、Fivecontendingschools

1、TheSophists詭辯派

①UndertheleadershipofProtagoras.

②TherepresentativeofworkisOntheGod.諸神論

③Hisdoctrine教義is“manisthemeasureofallthings”.人是衡量一切的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

2、TheCynics犬儒派

①UndertheleadershipofDiogenes.

②Theword“cynic”means“dog”inEnglish.

③Heproclaimed宣揚(yáng)hisbrotherhood.Andhehadnopatiencewiththerichandpowerful.權(quán)利

3、TheSceptics置疑學(xué)派

①UndertheleadershipofPyrrhon.

②Histhoughtisnotallknowledgewasattainable可獲得的,anddoubtingthetruthofwhatothersacceptedastrue.

4、TheEpicureans享樂派

①UndertheleadershipofEpicurus.選擇：根據(jù)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的名字直接命名

②Pleasuretobethehighestgoodinlifebutnotsensual肉欲enjoyment.享樂

Pleasurecouldbeattainedbythepracticeofvirtue.通過實(shí)行道德獲得

Epicuruswasamaterialist.Hebelievedthattheworldconsistedofatoms.原子

5、TheStoics斯多哥派

①UndertheleadershipofZeno.

②Histhoughtisdutyisthemostimportantthinginlife.

Oneshouldendure忍受hardship艱難andmisfortune不幸withcourage.勇氣

DevelopedintoStoics’duty.

Hewasalsoamaterialist.四、WhatphilosophysystemdidPlatoestablished"

(WhydowesayPlato’sphilosophysystemwasidealistic"DoyouthinkPlatobuiltupaprehensive綜合的systemofphilosophy")

答：

1、Itdealtwith,amongotherthings,theproblemofhow,intheple*,ever—changingworld,menweretoattain獲得knowledge.

2、Thefirstcaseandphysical自然worldshouldtakethesecondarycase.

3、Idealisticofphilosophy.

4、ManyofPlato’sideaswerelaterabsorbedintoChristianthought.（吸收到基督教的思想中）五、What’sthedifferencebetweenPlatoandAristotleintermsoftheirphilosophicalideas(system)？

答：

1、Foronething,Aristotleemphasized（強(qiáng)調(diào)）directobservationofnatureandinsistedthattheoryshouldfollowfact.（理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際）ThisisdifferentfromPlato’sreliance（依賴）onsubjectivethinking.（萬物依賴主觀思維）

2、Foranother,hethoughtthat“form”andmattertogethermadeupconcrete(具體的)individual(個(gè)別的)realities.(物質(zhì)與意識(shí)共同構(gòu)成的客觀事實(shí))Here,too,hedifferedfromPlatowhoheldthatideashadahigherrealitythanthephysicalworld(意識(shí)高于物質(zhì))

3、Aristotlethoughthappinesswasmen’saiminlife.Butnothappinessinthevulgar庸俗的sense,butsomethingthatcouldonlybeachievedbyleadingalifeofreason,goodnessandcontemplation.(善良和期待)

一句話簡答題

Whatshouldbeman’saiminlife"

Aristotle’sanswerwas:happiness.六、WhatisthegreatsignificanceofGreekCultureonthelater-onculturaldevelopment"

(WhatpositiveinfluencedidtheGreekCulturee*ert運(yùn)用ontheworldcivilization文化")

答：

Therehasbeenanenduringe*citement興奮aboutclassical經(jīng)典的GreekcultureinEuropeandelsewhere別處.RediscoveryofGreekcultureplayedavital有生命力的partintheRenaissanceinItalyandotherEuropeancountries.

1、Spiritofinnovation創(chuàng)新精神

TheGreekpeopleinventedmathematicsandscienceandphilosophy;Theyfirstwrotehistoryasopposed反對(duì)tomere純粹的annals歷史記載;Theyspeculated思索freelyaboutthenatureoftheworldandtheendsoflife生命的輪回,withoutbeingboundinthefetters束縛ofanyinheritedorthodo*y.繼承的習(xí)俗

2、SupremeAchievement至高無上的成就

TheGreeksachievedsupremeachievementsinnearlyallfieldsofhumanendeavour努力:Philosophy,science,epicpoetry,edy,historicalwriting,architecture,etc.

3、Lastingeffect持續(xù)的影響

①Countless無數(shù)的writershavequoted舉例,borrowedfromandotherwiseusedHomer’sepics,thetragediesofAeschylusandSophoclesandEuripides,Aristophanes’sedies,Plato’sDialogues,ect.

②Intheearlypartofthe19thcentury,inEnglandalone,threeyoungRomanticpoetse*pressedtheiradmirationofGreekcultureinworkswhichhavethemselvesbeeclassics經(jīng)典之作:Byron’sIslesofGreece,Shelley’sHellasandPrometheusUnboundandKeats’sOdeonaGrecianUrn.

③Inthe20thcentury,thereareHomericparallels與…平行intheIrishman愛爾蘭JamesJoyce’smodernistmasterpiece代表作Ulysses.七、WhatisthesimilarityanddifferencebetweenGreekcultureandRomanculture"

答：

1、similarity

①Bothpeopleshadtraditionsrootedintheideaofthecitizen-assembly.

②Theirreligionswerealikeenoughformostoftheirdeities(神)tobereadily(容易的)identified(一致),andtheirmyths(崇拜的神)tobefused.(融合)

③Theirlanguagesworkedinsimilarways,bothbeingmembersoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily.

2、difference

①TheRomansbuiltupavast(巨大的)empire;theGreeksdidn’t,e*ceptforthebrief(短暫的)momentofAle*ander’sconquests,whichsoondisintegrated.(瓦解)

②TheRomanswereconfident(自信的)intheirownorganizationalpower,theirmilitaryandadministrativecapabilities.(管理國家的能力)<希臘不具有>八、WhatistheRomehistoricalbackground"

答：

1、ThehistoryofRomedividedintotwoperiods:Beforetheyear27B.C.,Romehadbeenarepublic;fromtheyear27B.C.,Octaviustooksupreme(最大的)powerasemperorwiththetitleofAugustusandRomanEmpirebegan.

2、Twocenturieslater,theRomanEmpirereacheditsclima*,markedbylandarea’se*tension:Encircling(環(huán)繞)theMediterranean.(地中海)

3、Strongmilitarypower:thefamousRomanlegions.

4、IntheRomanhistory,therecametwohundredyearsofpeacefultime,whichwasguaranteed(保證)bytheRomanlegions,itwasknownasPa*Romana.

5、AnotherimportantcontributionmadebytheRomanstoEuropeanculturewasRomanLaw.

6、Theempirebegantodeclineinthe3rdcentury.選擇

①Inthe4thcenturytheemperorConstantinemovedthecapitalfromRometoByzantium.RenameditConstantinople(modernIstanbul).

②After395(分裂時(shí)間),theempirewasdividedintoEast(TheByzantineEmpire)andWest

③In476thelastemperoroftheWestwasdeposedbyGothsandthismarkedtheendoftheWestRomanEmpire.

④TheEastRomanEmpirecollapsed(崩潰)whenConstantinoplefelltotheTurksin1453.（英法百年戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束）

第二章1、ChristianityisbyfarthemostinfluentialintheWest.在西方最具影響力的**

2、Judeo-ChristiantraditionconstitutesoneofthetwomajorponentsofEuropeanculture:JudaismandChristianity.

3、TheJewishtradition,whichgavebirthtoChristianity.(猶太教是基督教的前身)BothoriginatedinPalestine,whichwasknownasCanaan.

4、TheancestorsoftheJews—theHebrews.猶太人的祖先是希伯來人

5、Theycalled“Hebrews”,whichmeans“wanderers”.商旅

6、About1300B.C.,theHebrewscametosettle(定居)inPalestine.

7、TheHebrewshistorywasrecordedintheOldTestamentoftheBible.

8、TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections:theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.

9、TheOldTestamentisaboutGodandtheLawsofGod.上帝與上帝的教義

10、TheNewTestamentisaboutthedoctrine(教義)ofJesusChrist.

11、TheNewTestamentis,inessence(實(shí)質(zhì)上),thefouraccounts(四福音書),writtenbythefourdisciples.弟子

12、Theword“Testament”means“agreement”,theagreementbetweenGodandMan.

13、BibleisrepresentativeofChristianityand新舊約

14、TheOldTestament名詞解釋

TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections:theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheOldTestamentisaboutGodandtheLawsofGod.Theword“Testament”means“agreement”,theagreementbetweenGodandMan.

15、TheNewTestament名詞解釋

TheBiblewasdividedintotwosections:theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.TheNewTestamentisaboutthedoctrine(教義)ofJesusChrist.Theword“Testament”means“agreement”,theagreementbetweenGodandMan.

16、TheOldTestamentconsistsof39books,theoldestandmostimportantofwhicharethefirstfivebooks,calledPentateuch.摩西五經(jīng)

17、Pentateuch名詞解釋

TheOldTestamentconsistsof39books,theoldestandmostimportantofwhicharethefirstfivebooks,calledPentateuch.Pentateuchcontainsfivebooks:Genesis(創(chuàng)世記),E*odus(出埃及記),Leviticus(教義記),Numbers(逃亡記),Deuteronomy(摩西遺言記).

18、Genesis名詞解釋

GenesisisoneofthefivebooksinPentateuch,ittellsaboutareligiousaccount(描述)oftheoriginoftheHebrewspeople,includingtheoriginoftheworldandofman,thecareer(經(jīng)歷)ofIssacandthelifeofJacobandhissonJoseph.

19、E*odus名詞解釋

E*odusisoneofthefivebooksinPentateuch,ittellsaboutareligious(**的)historyoftheHebrewsduringtheirflightfromEgypt,theperiodwhentheybegantoreceiveGod’sLaw.JoshuabroughtthepeoplesafelybacktoCanaan.

20、TheFallofManwasrecordedinGenesis,Pentateuch,theOldTestament,TheBible.

21、Noah’sArkwasrecordedinGenesis,Pentateuch,theOldTestament,TheBible.

22、TheHistoricalBookswasdividedintosevensections:

①BooksofJoshua

②BooksofJudges

③BooksofSamuel

④BooksofKings

⑤BooksoftheChronicles

⑥BooksofEzra

⑦BooksofNehemiah.

23、ThecontentofhistoricalBooks:1200B.C.586B.C.

DealingwithhistoryoftheHebrewpeoplefromtheirentryintoPalestinearound1200B.C.,tillthefallofPalestineintohandsofAssyriansandChaldeansin586B.C.

24、TheHistoryBooks的內(nèi)容

①Thedevelopmentofsystemoflandednobles.

②Thedevelopmentofmonarchy.君主專制

③EstablishmentofthetwoKingdoms.兩大王國的初步形成

④(略看)Thesettlementinthehighlands

⑤(略看)AgeofgreatprosperityunderSaul,DavidandSolomon.

25、JoshuabroughtthepeoplesafelybacktoCanaan.

26、ThefirstkingtounitetheHebrewswasSaul.

27、Davidestablishedreligiouscapital,JerusalemtoPalestine.

28、TheProphets(先知)名詞解釋宣傳教義并受神靈庇佑的人

FormorethanathousandyearsintheMiddleEasttherehadbeenaclassofpeopleknownas“Prophets”orthespokesmenofGod.Earlierprophetslivedingroupsastempleofficials.Lateronthereappearedindependentprophet.TheProphetscanbegroupedintotheMajorProphetsandMinorProphets.（分為大小先知）

29、TheBookofDaniel名詞解釋

TheBookofDanielbelongstoTheOldTestamentoftheBible.IttellsabouttheHebrewsbeingcarriedawayintoBabylon.

30、TheformerbodyofchurchwasknownasSynagogues.猶太教的會(huì)堂是教堂的前身

31、ThePentateuchisthebookofDanielisalsocalledtorah.摩西五經(jīng)的別稱

32、ThestoryaboutGod’sfloodingtothehumanbeingandonlygood-virtuebeingsavedwasrecordedinGenesis,Pentateuch,theOldTestament,theBible,whichwasknownasNoah’sArk.

33、By300A.D.eachlocalchurchwascalledaparishandhadafulltimeleaderknownasapriest.

34、Severalparishesweregroupedtogetherintoalargeunitcalleddiocese,whichwasheadedbyabishop.

35、Themostimportantbishopswerecalledarchbishops.(紅衣大主教)

36、TowardstheendofthefourthcenturyfouraccountswereacceptedaspartoftheNewTestament,whichtellsthebeginningofChristianity.

37、TheBirthofJesuswasrecordedinMatthew(馬塞福音書)

38、AllthegenerationsfromAbrahamtoDavidarefourteengenerations.為什么十四在西方吉利

39、TheLastSupperwasrecordedinJohn.

40、TheLastSupperwasputintoanoilpaintingbyDaVinciinthehighrenaissanceinItaly.

文藝復(fù)興以人為本的標(biāo)志蒙娜麗莎

41、TheLastSupperadaptedfromSt.John,theNewTestament,theBible.

42、ThestoryaboutJesusbeingbetrayedbyJudaswasknownasTheLastSupper.

43、ThestoryaboutJesusbeingpinned(釘死)inthecrosstodeathwasknownasTheLastSupper.

44、ThefirstEnglishversionofwholeBiblewastranslatedfromtheLatinVulgatein1382andwascopiedoutbyhandbytheearlygroupofreformers(改革者)ledbyJohnWycliff.

45、Wycliff與Tyndale的區(qū)別是：語言來源不同

Reformation(**改革)為了againsttheLatinlanguage.

46、WilliamTyndale’sversionwasbasedontheoriginalHebrewandGreeksources.來源論述簡答

一、WhatdifferencebetweenChristianityandtheotherreligions"

(WhataretheforcefulbeliefsofChristianity")

答：

Christianitybaseditselfontwoforceful(強(qiáng)烈的)beliefswhichseparateitfromallotherreligions.

1、OneisthatJesusChrististheSonofGod,andthatGodsenthimtoearth(世界)toliveashumanslive,sufferashumanssuffer,anddietoredeemmankind.（挽回人類）

2、TheotheristhatGodgavehisonlybegottenson(唯一的兒子),sothatwhosoever(whoever的強(qiáng)調(diào)型)believesinhimshouldnotperish,buthaveeverlastinglife.（獲得永生）

加爾文主義也有這樣的觀點(diǎn)

二、HowdidChristianityoriginateanddevelopintheEuropeancontinent(洲)"

（HowwasChristianityspreadtoEuropeandbecametheofficialreligion"統(tǒng)治性**）

答：

1、ThedisciplesofJesustriedtospreadhisgospel,firstamongtheJewsinPalestineandthenintheMediterraneanregion.

2、Duringatimeofgreatunrestandupheaval動(dòng)蕩不安intheEuropeancontinent,thepoorandhumblefoundfortintheChristianGospel.福音(書)

3、ChristianitybegantodrawmenandwomenfromallclassesinEurope.TheRomansgrewtiredofwarandfeared(害怕)thecollapse(崩潰)oftheempire.AndtheyadmiredthecourageoftheChristianmissionaries.傳教士

4、ConstantinebelievedthatGodhadhelpedhiminwinningthebattle(戰(zhàn)役)andissued(發(fā)出)theEdictofMilan米蘭特令(選擇)in313.Itgranted(許可)religiousfreedomtoall,andmadeChristianitylegal.合法化

5、In392A.D.,EmperorTheodosiusmadeChristianitytheofficialreligionoftheempireandoutlawedallotherreligions.其他**不合法

6、NowChristianityhadchangedfromanobjectofoppression(壓迫)toaweaponinthehandsoftheruling(管理)classtocrushtheiropponents(粉碎對(duì)手).TheLatinlanguagebecametheofficiallanguage.三、WhatarethedifferenttranslationeditionsoftheBible"

答：

1、Theoldeste*tant(現(xiàn)存的)GreektranslationoftheOldTestamentisknownastheSeptuagint.AnditisstillinuseintheGreekChurchtoday.ButitonlytranslatedtheOldTestament.

2、Themostanciente*tantLatinversionofthewholeBibleistheVulgateedition,whichwasdonein385-405A.D.BySt.Jeromeinmonpeople’slanguage.ItbecametheofficialBibleoftheRomanCatholicChurchthroughouttheworld.

3、ThefirstEnglishversionofwholeBiblewastranslatedfromtheLatinVulgatein1382andwascopiedoutbyhandbytheearlygroupofreformers(改革者)ledbyJohnWycliff.

4、AfterJohnWycliff’sversion,appearedWilliamTyndale’sversion.ItwasbasedontheoriginalHebrewandGreeksources.來源

5、TheGreatBible(大圣經(jīng))orderedbyHenryⅧin1539tobeplacedinalltheEnglishchurcheswasinpartfoundedonTyndale’swork.

6、ThemostimportantandinfluentialofEnglishBibleisthe“Authorized”(官方版圣經(jīng))or“KingJames”version,firstpublishedin1611.Itwasproducedby54biblicalscholarsatthemandofKingJames.Withitssimple,majestic(高雅的)Anglo-Sa*ontongue,itisknownasthegreatestbookintheEnglishlanguages.

7、TheRevisedVersionappearedin1885,andthestandardAmericaneditionoftheRevisedVersionin1901.(美國英語版)

8、TheGoodNewsBibleandtheNewEnglishBible.

四、Whatisthegreatsignificanceofthetranslationsofthebible"

(WhatarethegreatinfluencesthattheEnglishBiblehasontheAmericanandBritishliterature")

答：

1、ItisgenerallyacceptedthattheEnglishBibleandShakespearearetwogreatreservoirs(水庫)ofModernEnglish.

2、Miltion’sParadiseLost(失樂園),Bunyan’sPilgrim’sProgress,Byron’sCain,uptothecontemporary(同時(shí)期的)Hemingway’sTheSunAlsoRises,andSteinbeck’sEastofEden.TheyarenotinfluencedwithouttheeffectoftheBible.第三章1、theMiddleages名詞解釋

InEuropeanhistory,thethousand-yearperiodfollowingthefalloftheWesternRomanEmpireinthefifthcenturyiscalledtheMiddleAges.

2、Themiddleagesissocalledbecauseitcamebetweenancienttimesandmoderntimes.Tobespecific(具體說來),fromthe5thcenturyto15thcentury.

3、Thetransitional(過渡時(shí)期)periodiscalledthemiddleages,betweenancienttimesandmoderntimes.

4、Thetransitional(過渡時(shí)期)periodiscalledthe17thcentury,betweenthemiddleagesandmoderntimes.

5、In476A.D.aGermanic(日耳曼)generalkilledthelastRomanemperorandtookcontrolofthegovernment.西羅馬476滅，東羅馬1653年滅

6、Feudalism名詞解釋

FeudalisminEuropewasmainlyasystemoflandholding(土地所有)—asystemofholdinglandine*changeformilitaryservice(軍事力量).Theword“feudalism”wasderived(來源)fromtheLatin“feudum”,agrant(許可的)ofland.

7、fiefs(次劃分)名詞解釋

InFeudalism,therulerofthegovernmentredividedthelargelandsintosmallpiecestobegiventochancellors(有功的大臣)orsoldiersasareward(獎(jiǎng)賞)fortheirservice.Thesubdivisionswerecalledfiefs.

8、vassals(占有fiefs的人)名詞解釋

InFeudalism,therulerofthegovernmentredividedthelargelandsintosmallpiecestobegiventochancellors(有功的大臣)orsoldiersasareward(獎(jiǎng)賞)fortheirservice.Thesubdivisionswerecalledfiefs.Theownersofthefiefswerecallvassals.

9、codeofchivalry(騎士制度)名詞解釋

Asaknight,hewerepledgedtoprotecttheweak,tofightforthechurch,tobeloyaltohislordandtorespectwomenofnoblebirth.Theseruleswereknownascodeofchivalry,fromwhichthewesternideaofgoodmannersdeveloped.

10、dubbing(騎士頭銜加冕儀式)名詞解釋

Afteraknightwassuccessfulinhistrainedandtournaments,therewasalwaysaspecialceremony(選擇)toawardhimwithatitle,knight.Thisspecialceremonyiscalleddubbing.

11、knighttrainedforwarbyfightingeachotherinmockbattlescalled