動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)學(xué)案

動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)考點(diǎn)透析·突破高考知識(shí)清單1.熟知八種基本時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成；2.八種基本時(shí)態(tài)的使用方法及重點(diǎn)；3.一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)與目前時(shí)態(tài)使用方法上的側(cè)重點(diǎn)；4.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本形式；5.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中特殊狀況；6.與時(shí)態(tài)有關(guān)的固定句式構(gòu)造。學(xué)情分析考生在動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中存在著如下幾點(diǎn)問(wèn)題：1.考生對(duì)于時(shí)態(tài)的基本類型不能純熟掌握；2.不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式及過(guò)去分詞形式不清晰；3.句子中的主被動(dòng)意識(shí)淡；4.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本形式，不能精確使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；5.在使用時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)，全憑所謂的語(yǔ)感去判斷，寫(xiě)出來(lái)的句子中時(shí)態(tài)混亂，沒(méi)有時(shí)態(tài)觀念，沒(méi)有章法可言?？键c(diǎn)一一般目前時(shí)態(tài)(do/does)1表達(dá)客觀事實(shí)、普遍真理或自然現(xiàn)象。Asisknowntous,thesun____(rise)intheeastand___(set)inthewest.2表達(dá)習(xí)慣性、常常性的動(dòng)作或常常存在的狀態(tài),時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有always,often,usually,sometimes,everyday/year,onSundays,onceaweek。Somesenior3students___(got)upat5：20everydayincludingSunday.3在時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般目前時(shí)態(tài)表未來(lái)。Ifcitynoises_________(not,keep)fromincreasing,peoplewillhavetoshouttobeheard.4表達(dá)準(zhǔn)時(shí)刻表、計(jì)劃規(guī)定要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，常見(jiàn)的動(dòng)詞有：come,go,leave,begin,arrive,start,stop,return,open,close等。Theplane_____(take)offat2：30everyWednesdayandFriday.[典例1][·四川成都一診]It'sprobablethattherocket________(date)fromabout2,000yearsagoinChina.[典例2][·北京東城區(qū)期末]_____________________________________，wewillcarryouttheplannextweek.(完畢句子)除非你有不一樣意見(jiàn)，否則我們下周就執(zhí)行該計(jì)劃了。考點(diǎn)二一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)(did)1表達(dá)過(guò)去的事情、動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常與表達(dá)過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用時(shí)間比較詳細(xì)yesterday(morning),twoyearsago,lastnight/year,in1990,inthepast,thedaybeforeyesterday,theotherday)或上下文語(yǔ)境有暗示，或由于地點(diǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)變而導(dǎo)致同一種動(dòng)作用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。I______(teach)EnglishinXi'anforhalfayear.I_____(feel)verytired.WhenI_____(get)home,I_____(go)straighttobed.2描述過(guò)去時(shí)間中發(fā)生的一系列事件。He_____(go)tothemarket,______(bring)someeggsand__________(return)home.3本來(lái)沒(méi)故意料到，沒(méi)有想到的事。Excuseme.I____________(not,realize)Iwasblockingyourway.4固定句式(1)It'shightimethatsb.didsth.是某人該做某事的時(shí)候了。It'shightimewe____(do)somethingaboutenvironmentalprotection.(2)wouldrather＋主＋did＋...表達(dá)與目前或未來(lái)事實(shí)相反的狀況。Iwouldratheryou_____(come)heretomorrowmorning.注意：一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)中的動(dòng)作在過(guò)去某時(shí)間已經(jīng)停止，只是強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，與目前沒(méi)有任何關(guān)系。[典例3][·四川成都二診]－Haveyouworkedoutthescheduleforourgraduationtrip?－Yes.I________(work)onitfor3hours.[典例4][·四川成都一診]Allfootballfans________(witness)theGermans'finalvictoryintheWorldCupthisAugust.考點(diǎn)三完畢時(shí)態(tài)(have/has/haddone)1目前完畢時(shí)(1)表達(dá)發(fā)生在過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)到說(shuō)話時(shí)剛剛完畢或結(jié)束，但對(duì)目前仍然有影響。目前完畢時(shí)常與uptonow,sofar,recently,ever,never,already,yet,lately,in/during/overthepast/last+時(shí)間段，since+時(shí)間點(diǎn),for+時(shí)間段等表達(dá)時(shí)間的詞,或since引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句(從句中使用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài))連用。Hisfirstnovel_____________(receive)goodreviewssinceitcameoutlastmonth.(2)用于時(shí)間、條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，表達(dá)未來(lái)要完畢的動(dòng)作或一種動(dòng)作先于另一種動(dòng)作?！猈henshallwerestartourbusiness?—Notuntilwe____________(finish)ourplan.(3)在“It(This)is(willbe)thefirst/second/third...time＋that從句”中，that從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用目前完畢時(shí)。Thisisthefirsttimethatwe__________(see)afilminthecinematogetherasafamily.(4)在“It(This)isthebest(worst，most＋adj.等)＋名詞＋從句”中，從句中的謂語(yǔ)用目前完畢時(shí)。ItisthemostinstructivelecturethatI________________(attend)sinceIcametothisschool.2過(guò)去完畢時(shí)(1)某些動(dòng)詞用于過(guò)去完畢時(shí)表達(dá)過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法，意為“本來(lái)期望/認(rèn)為/打算……”。此類動(dòng)詞重要有：expect,hope,plan,suppose,think,intend,mean,want等。①I(mǎi)_____________(intend)tocallonyouyesterday,butIhadanunexpectedvisitor.②I________(mean)tohelpyou,butIwastoobusyatthemoment.(2)過(guò)去完畢時(shí)是一種相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài)，考生做題時(shí)關(guān)鍵看該動(dòng)作與否發(fā)生在題干中所給的過(guò)去的動(dòng)作或過(guò)去的時(shí)間之前，假如是就用過(guò)去完畢時(shí)。①Lastmonth,theJapanesegovernmentexpressedtheirthanksfortheaidthey___________(receive)fromChina.②—Whatamistake!—Yes，I____________(suggest)hisdoingitanotherway，butwithoutsuccess.(3)by,bytheend,bythetime,until,before后接表達(dá)過(guò)去某一時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)或從句，主句用過(guò)去完畢時(shí)。BythetimeJackreturnedhomefromEngland,hisson______________(graduate)fromcollege.(4)在hardly(scarcely)．..when...，nosooner...than...句型構(gòu)造中，主句用過(guò)去完畢時(shí)，從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。意思為“一……就……”。Hardly(Nosooner)_____I_____(get)homewhen(than)therainpoureddown.(5)用在虛擬語(yǔ)氣如if,wish,wouldrather與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的從句中。Ifhe_______________(work)harder,hewouldhave3未來(lái)完畢時(shí)未來(lái)完畢時(shí)用來(lái)表達(dá)在未來(lái)某一時(shí)間此前已經(jīng)完畢或一直持續(xù)的動(dòng)作。常常與“before＋未來(lái)時(shí)間”或“by＋未來(lái)時(shí)間”連用，也可與before或bythetime引導(dǎo)的目前時(shí)的從句連用。Onhernextbirthday，Ann__________________(marry)fortwentyyears.[典例5][·浙江溫州一模]IsuddenlyrealizedthatIwaskeptsobusythatI________(spend)littletimewithmyfamilybefore.[典例6][·北京東城區(qū)一模]－Mum！Whereismypackedlunch?－Inthekitchen.I___________(make)youtwosandwiches.[典例7][·重慶南開(kāi)中學(xué)二模]Hurryup,orbythetimewearriveatthecinema,thefilm______________________(begin)．考點(diǎn)四進(jìn)行時(shí)(bedoing)1目前進(jìn)行時(shí)高考題對(duì)目前進(jìn)行時(shí)的考察往往是在詳細(xì)的語(yǔ)境中進(jìn)行的，不給出詳細(xì)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，規(guī)定考生可以通過(guò)語(yǔ)境判斷出該動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。目前進(jìn)行時(shí)常用來(lái)表達(dá)：(1)說(shuō)話時(shí)正在發(fā)生著的一種動(dòng)作,常與時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)now,atpresent連用。Hurryup!MarkandCarol____________(wait)forus.(2)現(xiàn)階段但不一定是發(fā)生在發(fā)言時(shí)的一種動(dòng)作。①Thewatersupplyhasbeencutofftemporarilybecausetheworkers____________(repair)oneofthemainpipes.②Teenagers_____________(damage)theirhealthbecausetheyplaycomputergamestoomuch.(3)近期特定的安排或計(jì)劃,常用于位置移動(dòng)的動(dòng)詞如：go,come,leave,start,begin,run,leave,stay,do,take等。I'vewonaholidayfortwodaystoFlorida.I__________(take)myMum.2過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)(1)過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作常與atthistimeyesterday,ateightyesterdayevening,alldayyesterday連用或某動(dòng)作在某一階段內(nèi)發(fā)生或頻繁發(fā)生。①Themanagerwasworriedaboutthepressconferencehisassistant__________(give)inhisplacebut,luckily,everythingwasgoingonsmoothly.②－Idon'tunderstandwhyyoudidn'tgotothelectureyesterdayafternoon.－I'msosorry.ButI__________(do)myhomework.(2)某一動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)另一動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生，其中一種在由when或while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中。持續(xù)性動(dòng)作用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，短暫性動(dòng)作用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。ThereportersaidthattheUFO___________(travel)easttowestwhenhesawit.3目前完畢進(jìn)行時(shí)(1)表達(dá)從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到目前的動(dòng)作，并且目前還在進(jìn)行。①Tom_______________(work)inthelibraryeverynightoverthelastthreemonths.②IhavetoseethedoctorbecauseI______________(cause)alotlately.(2)表達(dá)從過(guò)去某時(shí)開(kāi)始一直持續(xù)到目前的動(dòng)作，在說(shuō)話時(shí)剛剛結(jié)束。Wherehaveyoubeen？We_______________(look)foryoueverywhere.4未來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)未來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)可用于表達(dá)未來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或者未來(lái)某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。未來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)常與某些標(biāo)志性的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。這些常見(jiàn)的標(biāo)志性狀語(yǔ)有：atthistimetomorrow/thedayaftertomorrow,from1：30to4：30tomorrow/thedayaftertomorrow等。①Daniel'sfamily______________(enjoy)theirholidayinHuangshanthistimenextweek.②—Guesswhat,we'vegotourvisasforashort-termvisittotheUKthissummer.—Hownice!You_______(experience)adifferentculturethen.5固定句式bedoing...when...表達(dá)“當(dāng)一件事情發(fā)生時(shí)，此外一件事情發(fā)生了”。I______________(wander)inthestreetwhenIcameacrossafriendofmine.類似構(gòu)造使用方法尚有：beabouttodo...when...表達(dá)“當(dāng)一件事情立即要發(fā)生時(shí)，忽然此外一件事情發(fā)生了”；haddone...when...表達(dá)“一件事情剛剛發(fā)生，忽然此外一件事情發(fā)生了”。I_____just______(come)backwhenthedoorbellrangagain.[典例8][·重慶巴蜀中學(xué)期末]－Joe,whataboutgoingtoBelgiumforourcomingholiday?－Sorry,honey,I____________(work)onthenewlydiscovereddinosaursiteinArgentina.[典例9][·重慶一診]Leavemealone.I________________(write)anarticlealltheafternoonandhaven'tfinishedyet.[典例10][·蘇錫四市調(diào)研]－Hi,Peter.Whydidn'tyougotothecinemalastnight?－I__________________(watch)thepopularshowDad,wherearewegoing?考點(diǎn)五未來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)除了“will/shall＋動(dòng)詞原形”可以表達(dá)未來(lái)時(shí)，如下幾種形式也可表達(dá)未來(lái)意義,常與tomorrow,soon,nextyear,thedayaftertomorrow,inthefuture連用。1.begoingtodobegoingto構(gòu)造在口語(yǔ)中常用來(lái)表達(dá)已經(jīng)決定或安排要做的事、必然或很也許發(fā)生的事，也可用來(lái)表達(dá)自然現(xiàn)象。①I(mǎi)___________________somematerialaboutPicasso.我打算搜集某些有關(guān)畢加索的材料。②It______________________forsurfingtomorrow.明天將會(huì)是沖浪的好天氣。2.目前進(jìn)行時(shí)有這種使用方法的重要是某些表達(dá)位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞，如go,come,leave,start,begin,run,leave,stay,do,take等。這種未來(lái)意義往往指安排好要做的事情，很少變更。①I(mǎi)_________(fly)toBeijingtomorrow.②She________(leave)earlytomorrowmorning.3.betodo這種構(gòu)造表達(dá)按計(jì)劃中約定的或按職責(zé)、義務(wù)、規(guī)定必須去做的事或即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。①Theengineeris________(visit)ourfactorynextweek.②Themeetingis________(take)placeearlytomorrow.4.beabouttodo這一構(gòu)造用于表達(dá)客觀上立即就要發(fā)生的事，一般不與詳細(xì)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。①Don'tgoout.We________________(have)dinner.②Thenewschoolyear________________(begin).注意：begoingto與will都表未來(lái)，兩者重要區(qū)別如下：(1)will表達(dá)說(shuō)話人認(rèn)為、相信、但愿或假定要發(fā)生的事，不含任何詳細(xì)時(shí)間，可以指遙遠(yuǎn)的未來(lái)，而begoingto指有跡象表明即將發(fā)生或肯定會(huì)發(fā)生的事。There____________(be)aquarrelbetweenthem,Ithink.(2)begoingto和will均可表達(dá)“意圖”；但事先考慮過(guò)的意圖用begoingto，不是事先考慮的意圖用will，即臨時(shí)決定。－Sorry,Iforgottobuythebookyouneed.－Itdoesn'tmatterI________(go)myself.[典例11][·江蘇四市一模]Howlongdoyouexpectit________(be)beforetheAfricancankeepthediseaseundercontrol?[典例12][·陜西五校一模]－Theconstantnoisearoundhere________(drive)mecrazy!－Calmdown.It'snousecomplaining.考點(diǎn)六動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài)在英語(yǔ)中不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)出者時(shí)，使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，在考察動(dòng)詞方面，也是重點(diǎn)考察內(nèi)容之一，因此，考生碰到動(dòng)詞考察時(shí)，要先判斷時(shí)態(tài)，然后要考慮語(yǔ)態(tài)，即：主語(yǔ)與該動(dòng)詞之間是積極關(guān)系還是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。1多種基本時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成“be＋過(guò)去分詞”為基本構(gòu)成，只要變換be的形式就可以得到不一樣步態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，除“be＋過(guò)去分詞”外，尚有g(shù)et/become＋過(guò)去分詞。如下表：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成(以write為例)時(shí)間一般時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)完畢時(shí)態(tài)目前過(guò)去未來(lái)注意：英語(yǔ)中只有及物動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，不及物動(dòng)(短語(yǔ))無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。(1)Greatchanges__________(take)placeinmyhometownsincethereformandopening.改革開(kāi)放以來(lái)，我的家鄉(xiāng)已經(jīng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。此處takeplace無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。(2)Alltheapplicants_____________(interview)beforeafinaldecisionismadebytheauthority.所有的申請(qǐng)人在官方做最終決定前都要面試。此處applicants與interview之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，因此用一般目前時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。2積極形式表被動(dòng)(1)“系動(dòng)詞look,sound,feel,smell,taste,appear,seem,go,prove,turn,stay,become,fall,get,grow,keep等＋形容詞/名詞”構(gòu)成系表構(gòu)造。如：①Thesteel_____(feel)cold.②Hisplan_______(prove)(tobe)practical.(2)表達(dá)主語(yǔ)的某種屬性特性的動(dòng)詞，如read,write,act,iron,cut,draw,drive,sell,wash,clean,wear,open,cook,lock,shut,dry,eat,drink等。此類動(dòng)詞一般不單獨(dú)使用，常有一種修飾語(yǔ),且常與副詞well,easily,smoothly等連用。如：③Thiscoat____easily.這件外套輕易干。④Nylon______(clean)easily.尼龍輕易洗潔凈。⑤Foodcan_____(keep)freshinafridge.食物在冰箱里能保鮮。⑥Youressay______(read)well.你的文章讀起來(lái)不錯(cuò)。⑦Thismaterial_________(wear)thin.這些材料已經(jīng)磨薄了。⑧Thematch___________(not,catch).這根火柴擦不著。⑨Theengine___________(not,start).這個(gè)引擎發(fā)動(dòng)不起來(lái)。（3）“want,need,require,deserve，beworth+doing”表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義。在這種狀況下,句子的主語(yǔ)在邏輯上是doing的賓語(yǔ)。Yourhairneeds_______(cut).你的頭發(fā)需要剪了。Hisshoeswant________(mend).他的鞋子需要修補(bǔ)。（4）某些作表語(yǔ)的形容詞，如：easy,hard,difficult,fit,heavy,nice,comfortable等背面，用不定式的積極表被動(dòng)。Thatquestioniseasyto_______(answer).那個(gè)問(wèn)題難以回答。Hisclothesaredifficultto______(wash).他的衣服難洗。(5)不及物動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ),如last,occur,happen,begin,end,stop,open,shut,close,breakout,giveout,runout,goout,belongto,takeplace等不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。GulfWar_________(breakout)onJanuary17,1991.1991年1月17日，海灣戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)。(6)表達(dá)狀態(tài)或特性的及物動(dòng)詞,如contain,hold,cost,fit,have,lack,resemble,suit等不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。Mybraincan’t_______(hold)somuchinformationatonetime.我的大腦一下子不能容納這樣多信息。(7)當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)是反身代詞、互相代詞、動(dòng)名詞（短語(yǔ)）、不定式（短語(yǔ)）時(shí)無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。Thisgirlcan’t_______(dress)herselfyet.這個(gè)女孩還不能自己穿衣服。Tomenjoys________(listen)torockmusic.湯姆喜歡聽(tīng)搖滾樂(lè)。(8)由“動(dòng)詞+介詞/副詞”構(gòu)成的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ),此類動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)是一種不可分割的整體,變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)不可去掉構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)的介詞或副詞。Wecan’tlaughathim.(變被動(dòng)句）_______________________________________Time_______________________.一定要充足運(yùn)用時(shí)間。Hecan’tbelaughedatbyus.→(9)由“get+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，叫g(shù)et型被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),常與marry,break,hurt,wound,injure,dress等動(dòng)詞的過(guò)度連用。Thepatient__________(treat)onceaweek.那位病人一周治療一次。Pleasehurryupand_____________(dress).請(qǐng)趕緊穿好衣服。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的過(guò)去分詞是謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，表達(dá)動(dòng)作；系表構(gòu)造中的過(guò)去分詞相稱于形容詞，表達(dá)狀態(tài)。Ifoundthewholeyardwascoveredwithsnow.()Thehighwaywascoveredbythesnowandhadtobeclosed.()[典例13][·福州畢業(yè)班質(zhì)檢]HighwaysacrossChina_______________(report)tobefreeofchargefor20daysduringholidaysin.[典例14][·北京豐臺(tái)區(qū)一模]－Canwesitatthetablebythewindow?－I'msorry,butit_____________(take)already.[典例15][·四川德陽(yáng)二診]—Excuseme,isthebookGoneWiththeWindbyMargaretMitchellavailablenow?—Sorry,butit______(sell)sowellthatwedon'thaveanyinstore.Practice1.Mymother_________(play)thepianoeverySunday.2.Ourmathteacher_______(grade)ourschoolworknow.3.Bytheendoflastyear,we________(produce)20,000cars.4.Mybrother__________(go)toLondonlastsummer.5.Wewereallsurprisedwhenhemadeitclearthathe_____________(leave)officesoon.6.Inthepasttenyears,China____(witness)greatchanges.7.Anewteacher_____________(come)tomorrow.8.We_________(have)amathclassatthistimeyesterday.Practice1.(·北京卷)—Hi,let'sgoskating.—Sorry,I'mbusy