ted演講稿4篇演講稿

ted演講稿4篇lastyearwheniwashere,iwasspeakingtoyouaboutaswimwhichididacrossthenorthpole.去年，當我站在這里的時候，我在談論我橫跨北極的游泳。andwhilethatswimtookplacethreeyearsago,icanrememberitasifitwasyesterday.那還是發(fā)生在3年前，對我則仿佛是昨天一般。irememberstandingontheedgeoftheice,abouttodiveintothewater,andthinkingtomyself,ihavenevereverseenanyplaceonthisearthwhichisjustsofrightening.我還記得我站在冰層的邊緣，就要扎進水里，然后我自己想到，我再也再也不要看到地球上的這個地方，這里是如此的讓人恐驚。thewateriscompletelyblack.thewaterisminus1.7degreescentigrade,or29degreesfahrenheit.it'sflippingfreezinginthatwater.那里的水是全黑色。水的溫度是負1.7攝氏度，華氏29度。那水里就是翻動的冰塊。andthenathoughtcameacrossmymind:ifthingsgopear-shapedonthisswim,howlongwillittakeformyfrozenbodytosinkthefourandahalfkilometerstothebottomoftheocean?然后一種念頭在我腦中劃過：假如這場泳出了點問題，我這冰凍的身體要花多長時間才能沉到這4500米的底部呢?andthenisaidtomyself,i'vejustgottogetthisthoughtoutofmymindasquicklyaspossible.然后我告誡我自己，我要把這個念頭盡快的拋在我的腦后。andtheonlywayicandiveintothatfreezingcoldwaterandswimakilometerisbylisteningtomyipodandreallyrevvingmyselfup,能讓我扎入這冰涼的水里然后游了4千米的唯一措施就是聽著我的ipod，讓我自己全力運轉起來，listeningtoeverythingfrombeautifuloperaallthewayacrosstopuffdaddy,andthencommittingmyselfahundredpercent--thereisnothingmorepowerfulthanthemade-upmind--andthenwalkinguptotheedgeoftheiceandjustdivingintothewater.我聽了所有的歌，從華麗的歌劇到吹牛老爹，然后全身心的投入沒有什么比下定決心還要厲害的--然后走到冰的邊緣扎入水里。andthatswimtookme18minutesand50seconds,anditfeltlike18days.這次游泳花了我18分50秒，但仿佛是18天同樣。andiremembergettingoutofthewaterandmyhandsfeelingsopainfulandlookingdownatmyfingers,andmyfingerswereliterallythesizeofsausagesbecause--youknow,we'remadepartiallyofwater--whenwaterfreezesitexpands,andsothecellsinmyfingershadfrozenandexpandedandburst.我記得當我從水里出來時我的手時如此的疼痛然后我看著我的手指，我的手指真的像香腸同樣粗，由于--你們懂得了，我們身體一部分由水構成--當水結冰時會膨脹，這樣我手指的里細胞就冷凍了，膨脹了炸裂了。andthemostimmediatethoughtwhenicameoutofthatwaterwasthefollowing:i'mnever,evergoingtodoanothercoldwaterswiminmylifeagain.我從水里上岸的一瞬間的想法時這樣的：我畢生中再也再也不要去在冰涼的水里游泳了。anyway,lastyear,iheardaboutthehimalayasandthemeltingofthe--(laughter)andthemeltingoftheglaciersbecauseofclimatechange.就這樣，去年，我聽到了喜馬拉雅山以及那里融化的--(笑)由于氣候變化所融化的冰川。iheardaboutthislake,lakeimja.我聽說了這個湖泊，映佳湖。thislakehasbeenformedinthelastcoupleofyearsbecauseofthemeltingoftheglacier.這個湖是幾年前由于冰川融化所形成的。theglacier'sgoneallthewayupthemountainandleftinitsplacethisbiglake.這些冰川順山而下然后在這里留下了這個大湖。andifirmlybelievethatwhatwe'reseeinginthehimalayasisthenextgreat,bigbattlegroundonthisearth.由此我堅信我要去看見的喜馬拉雅就是我下一種在地球上的戰(zhàn)場。nearlytwobillionpeople--sooneinthreepeopleonthisearth--relyonthewaterfromthehimalayas.將近20億的人口--世界上三分之一的地球人口--依托著喜馬拉雅山的水源。andwithapopulationincreasingasquicklyasitis,andwiththewatersupplyfromtheseglaciers--becauseofclimatechange--decreasingsomuch,ithinkwehavearealriskofinstability.而世界人口照這個速度發(fā)展下去，而冰川水源的提供--由于氣候的變化--下降的如此之快，我像我們就有了一種十分不穩(wěn)定的威脅。north,you'vegotchina;south,you'veindia,pakistan,bangladesh,allthesecountries.北方，我們由中國;南方，我們有印度，巴基斯坦，孟加拉，和其他所有國家。andsoidecidedtowalkuptomt.everest,thehighestmountainonthisearth,andgoanddoasymbolicswimunderneaththesummitofmt.everest.這樣我決定了登上珠峰，地球上的最高峰，怎樣在珠峰下游一次具有象征意義的泳。now,idon'tknowifanyofyouhavehadtheopportunitytogotomt.everest,butit'squiteanordealgettingupthere.我不懂得，你們與否有機會去珠峰，不過要去那的話，是一種考驗。28great,big,powerfulyakscarryingalltheequipmentupontothismountain--idon'tjusthavemyspeedo,butthere'sabigfilmcrewwhothensendalltheimagesaroundtheworld.28只巨大的牦牛載著所有的儀器登上山峰--我不僅僅帶這我的泳褲。尚有一種攝像團體這個攝像團體，會向世界各地直播。theotherthingwhichwassochallengingaboutthisswimisnotjustthealtitude.這次游泳的挑戰(zhàn)不僅僅只有海拔。iwantedtodotheswimat5,300metersabovesealevel.我想做的是在5300米的海平面上游泳。soit'srightupintheheavens.因此直達天堂。it'svery,verydifficulttobreath.yougetaltitudesickness.這里呼吸十分，十分困難。你會有高原反應。ifeelslikeyou'vegotamanstandingbehindyouwithahammerjusthittingyourheadallthetime.你會感到有一種人不停的那著一把錘子在敲你的后腦勺。that'snottheworstpartofit.這還不是最差的。theworstpartwasthisyearwastheyearwheretheydecidedtodoabigcleanupoperationonmt.everest.最糟糕的是，這一年他們決定在珠峰上做一種大掃除。many,manypeoplehavediedonmt.everest,andthiswastheyeartheydecidedtogoandrecoverallthebodiesofthemountaineersandthenbringthemdownthemountain.許多人死在珠峰上，然后今年，他們決定收回珠峰上所有的尸體然后把他們帶下山。andwhenyou'rewalkingupthemountaintoattempttodosomethingwhichnohumanhaseverdonebefore,and,infact,nofish--therearenofishupthereswimmingat5,300meters--而當你想上山做某些事情某些沒有人做過的事情，實際上，魚都沒游過。在5300米的海拔高度上，沒有任何魚在那里游過。whenyou'retryingtodothat,andthenthebodiesarecomingpastyou,ithumblesyou,andyoualsorealizevery,veryclearlythatnatureissomuchmorepowerfulthanweare.當你嘗試著去做這些事情，然后你看到這些尸體和你擦肩而過，這讓人不禁有些灰心，也讓你就會清晰的認識到自然比我們要強大多了。andwewalkedupthispathway,allthewayup.然后我們就沿著這條路一直走上去。andtotherighthandsideofuswasthisgreatkhumbuglacier.然后在我們的右手邊是巨大的昆布冰川。andallthewayalongtheglacierwesawthesebigpoolsofmeltingice.然后，我們在沿路通過所看到的冰川的都是一大塊融化的冰塊。andthenwegotuptothissmalllakeunderneaththesummitofmt.everest,andipreparedmyselfthesamewayasi'vealwayspreparedmyself,forthisswimwhichwasgoingtobesoverydifficult.然后我們抵達在珠峰下的一種小湖這然后我開始準備自己，像往常同樣準備自己，由于這樣的游泳方式會是十分艱難的。iputonmyipod,ilistenedtosomemusic,igotmyselfasaggressiveaspossible--butcontrolledaggression--andthenihurledmyselfintothatwater.我?guī)衔业膇pod,我聽聽歌，我讓我能有多激奮就多激奮--不過是可以控制的激奮--然后我把我自己扎進水里。iswamasquicklyasicouldforthefirsthundredmeters,andthenirealizedvery,veryquickly,ihadahugeproblemonmyhands.我竭力的游著最起碼在前一百米，然后，我忽然意識到，我面臨一種巨大的問題。icouldbarelybreathe.我?guī)缀醪荒芎粑?。iwasgaspingforair.我喘了一口氣。ithenbegantochoke,andthenitquicklyledtomevomitinginthewater.然后我開始嗆水了，這導致我在水里嘔吐。anditallhappenedsoquickly:ithen--idon'tknowhowithappened--butiwentunderwater.這一切發(fā)生的如此之快然后--我不知到是怎么發(fā)生的--不過我沉入水底。andluckily,thewaterwasquiteshallow,andiwasabletopushmyselfoffthebottomofthelakeandgetupandthentakeanothergaspofair.但幸運的是，水比較的淺，我可以從湖底跳起來然后喘另一口氣。andthenisaid,carryon.carryon.carryon.然后我說道，堅持，堅持，堅持。icarriedonforanotherfiveorsixstrokes,andthenihadnothinginmybody,andiwentdowntothebottomofthelake.我繼續(xù)劃了五到六下水，然后我就筋疲力盡了，我沉入湖底。andidon'twhereigotitfrom,butiwasabletosomehowpullmyselfupandasquicklyaspossiblegettothesideofthelake.不過我不知從哪來的力氣，我可以就這樣把自己從湖底以最快的速度弄到湖的岸邊。i'vehearditsaidthatdrowningisthemostpeacefuldeaththatyoucanhave.我聽說過溺水是你可以死的最安詳?shù)姆绞?。ihavenever,everheardsuchutterbollocks.我歷來沒有聽過這樣的亂說八道。(laughter)itisthemostfrighteningandpanickyfeelingthatyoucanhave.(笑)這是你們所感受過的最恐驚，最驚恐的感覺。igotmyselftothesideofthelake.我把我自己拽到湖岸。mycrewgrabbedme,andthenwewalkedasquicklyaswecoulddown--overtherubble--downtoourcamp.我的隊友抓住了我，然后我們以最快的速度下山--在碎石中--抵達我們的營地。andthere,wesatdown,andwedidadebriefaboutwhathadgonewrongthereonmt.everest.在那里，我們坐下來，然后我們做了一下在珠峰哪里出錯的匯報。andmyteamjustgaveittomestraight.然后我的隊員直接告訴我。theysaid,lewis,youneedtohavearadicaltacticalshiftifyouwanttodothisswim.他們說道，lewis,你要有一種劇烈的戰(zhàn)術變化假如你想完畢這個游泳。everysinglethingwhichyouhavelearnedinthepast23yearsofswimming,youmustforget.你必須忘掉在里所學到的游泳里所有的東西。everysinglethingwhichyoulearnedwhenyouwereservinginthebritisharmy,aboutspeedandaggression,youputthattooneside.以及忘掉你在英國部隊里所學習的，有關那些速度和激奮，你要先放在一旁。wewantyoutowalkupthehillinanothertwodays'time.我們想讓你花兩天走上山。takesometimetorestandthinkaboutthings.花點時間休息和思索。wewantyoutowalkupthemountainintwodays'time,andinsteadofswimmingfast,swimasslowlyaspossible.insteadofswimmingcrawl,swimbreaststroke.我們想讓你花兩天走上山。不要游的太快，不過慢慢的游。不用自由泳，不過用蛙泳。andremember,nevereverswimwithaggression.然后記住，不要游太激奮。thisisthetimetoswimwithrealhumility.是時候謙遜地去游泳了。andsowewalkedbackuptothemountaintwodayslater.因此我們又走了回去兩天后回到山峰下。andistoodthereontheedgeofthelake,andilookedupatmt.everest--andsheisoneofthemostbeautifulmountainsontheearth--我站在那在湖的邊緣，然后望向珠峰--她是地球上最漂亮的山峰之一--andisaidtomyself,justdothisslowly.我就像這樣慢慢的對我自己說道。andiswamacrossthelake.然后我游過了這個湖泊。andican'tbegintotellyouhowgoodifeltwhenicametotheotherside.我無法告訴你們當我抵達湖的另一邊時我感覺有多好。butilearnedtwovery,veryimportantlessonsthereonmt.everest,andithankmyteamofsherpaswhotaughtmethis.不過我從珠峰學習到兩個十分，十分重要的教訓。我十分感謝我隊伍中的夏爾巴告訴了我這些。thefirstoneisthatjustbecausesomethinghasworkedinthepastsowell,doesn'tmeanit'sgoingtoworkinthefuture.第一種就是一種事情無論本來是怎樣的，并不代表在未來就會怎樣。andsimilarly,now,beforeidoanything,iaskmyselfwhattypeofmindsetdoirequiretosuccessfullycompleteatask.相似的，目前，在我做一件事情之前，我問到我自己，我需要怎樣的一種態(tài)度才能成功的完畢我的任務。andtakingthatintotheworldofclimatechange--whichis,frankly,themt.everestofallproblems--justbecausewe'velivedthewaywehavelivedforsolong,justbecausewehaveconsumedthewaywehaveforsolongandpopulatedtheearththewaywehaveforsolong,doesn'tmeanthatwecancarryonthewaywearecarryingon.然后這樣來想一想氣候變化，那是，說實話，珠峰和其他所有的問題--不能由于我們已經像這樣生活了這樣長時間，不能由于我們已經像這樣消費了那么長時間不能由于我們像這樣人口增長了這樣長時間，就意味著我們可以這樣像以往同樣堅持下去。thewarningsignsareallthere.警告信號就在那。wheniwasborn,theworld'spopulationwas3.5billionpeople.當我出生時，世界的人口只有35億。we'renow6.8billionpeople,andwe'reexpectedtobe9billionpeopleby2050.目前有68億然后我們估計在2050年有90億。andthenthesecondlesson,theradical,tacticalshift.這里就有第二個教訓，劇烈的戰(zhàn)術變化。andi'vecomeheretoaskyoutoday:whatradicaltacticalshiftcanyoutakeinyourrelationshiptotheenvironment,whichwillensure我今天來到這里問你們：你在你的環(huán)境里能做出怎樣的劇烈的戰(zhàn)術轉變才能保證thatourchildrenandourgrandchildrenliveinasafeworldandasecureworld,andmostimportantly,inasustainableworld?我們的子孫能居住在一種安全的一種保險的世界，最重要的是，一種可持續(xù)發(fā)展的世界?andiaskyou,please,togoawayfromhereandthinkaboutthatoneradicaltacticalshiftwhichyoucouldmake,whichwillmakethatbigdifference,然后我規(guī)定你，請你們，從這里出發(fā)然后想象你要做怎樣的激進的戰(zhàn)術變化，才能做出巨大的變化，andthencommitahundredpercenttodoingit.怎樣下定決心去做。blogaboutit,tweetaboutit,talkaboutit,andcommitahundredpercent,becausevery,veryfewthingsareimpossibletoachieveifwereallyputourwholemindstoit.些有關這些變化的博客，微博，談論一下，然后全身心投入。由于假如我們全身心投入，只有很少事情是不也許的。sothankyouvery,verymuch.因此，十分感謝你們。TED英語演講稿：怎樣讓選擇更輕易ted演講稿（2）|簡介：面對商場里五花八門的商品，你的選擇恐驚癥又犯了嗎?美國哥倫比亞大學商學專家sheenaiyengar研究怎樣讓你在做選擇時更輕易。為了讓你的選擇省時省力，商家又會有哪些訣竅呢?doyouknowhowmanychoicesyoumakeinatypicalday?doyouknowhowmanychoicesyoumakeintypicalweek?irecentlydidasurveywithover2,000americans,andtheaveragenumberofchoicesthatthetypicalamericanreportsmakingisabout70inatypicalday.therewasalsorecentlyastudydonewithceosinwhichtheyfollowedceosaroundforawholeweek.andthesescientistssimplydocumentedallthevarioustasksthattheseceosengagedinandhowmuchtimetheyspentengaginginmakingdecisionsrelatedtothesetasks.andtheyfoundthattheaverageceoengagedinabout139tasksinaweek.eachtaskwasmadeupofmany,many,manysub-choicesofcourse.50percentoftheirdecisionsweremadeinnineminutesorless.onlyabout12percentofthedecisionsdidtheymakeanhourormoreoftheirtime.thinkaboutyourownchoices.doyouknowhowmanychoicesmakeitintoyournineminutecategoryversusyouronehourcategory?howwelldoyouthinkyou'redoingatmanagingthosechoices?todayiwanttotalkaboutoneofthebiggestmoderndaychoosingproblemsthatwehave,whichisthechoiceoverloadproblem.iwanttotalkabouttheproblemandsomepotentialsolutions.nowasitalkaboutthisproblem,i'mgoingtohavesomequestionsforyouandi'mgoingtowanttoknowyouranswers.sowheniaskyouaquestion,sincei'mblind,onlyraiseyourhandifyouwanttoburnoffsomecalories.(laughter)otherwise,wheniaskyouaquestion,andifyouranswerisyes,i'dlikeyoutoclapyourhands.soformyfirstquestionforyoutoday:areyouguysreadytohearaboutthechoiceoverloadproblem?(applause)thankyou.sowheniwasagraduatestudentatstanforduniversity,iusedtogotothisvery,veryupscalegrocerystore;atleastatthattimeitwastrulyupscale.itwasastorecalleddraeger's.nowthisstore,itwasalmostlikegoingtoanamusementpark.theyhad250differentkindsofmustardsandvinegarsandover500differentkindsoffruitsandvegetablesandmorethantwodozendifferentkindsofbottledwater--andthiswasduringatimewhenweactuallyusedtodrinktapwater.iusedtolovegoingtothisstore,butononeoccasioniaskedmyself,wellhowcomeyouneverbuyanything?here'stheiroliveoilaisle.theyhadover75differentkindsofoliveoil,includingthosethatwereinalockedcasethatcamefromthousand-year-oldolivetrees.soionedaydecidedtopayavisittothemanager,andiaskedthemanager,"isthismodelofofferingpeopleallthischoicereallyworking?"andhepointedtothebusloadsoftouriststhatwouldshowupeveryday,withcamerasreadyusually.wedecidedtodoalittleexperiment,andwepickedjamforourexperiment.here'stheirjamaisle.theyhad348differentkindsofjam.wesetupalittletastingboothrightneartheentranceofthestore.wethereputoutsixdifferentflavorsofjamor24differentflavorsofjam,andwelookedattwothings:first,inwhichcasewerepeoplemorelikelytostop,samplesomejam?morepeoplestoppedwhentherewere24,about60percent,thanwhenthereweresix,about40percent.thenextthingwelookedatisinwhichcasewerepeoplemorelikelytobuyajarofjam.nowweseetheoppositeeffect.ofthepeoplewhostoppedwhentherewere24,onlythreepercentofthemactuallyboughtajarofjam.ofthepeoplewhostoppedwhenthereweresix,wellnowwesawthat30percentofthemactuallyboughtajarofjam.nowifyoudothemath,peoplewereatleastsixtimesmorelikelytobuyajarofjamiftheyencounteredsixthaniftheyencountered24.nowchoosingnottobuyajarofjamisprobablygoodforus--atleastit'sgoodforourwaistlines--butitturnsoutthatthischoiceoverloadproblemaffectsuseveninveryconsequentialdecisions.wechoosenottochoose,evenwhenitgoesagainstourbestself-interests.sonowforthetopicoftoday:financialsavings.nowi'mgoingtodescribetoyouastudyididwithgurhuberman,emirkamenica,weijangwherewelookedattheretirementsavingsdecisionsofnearlyamillionamericansfromabout650plansallintheu.s.andwhatwelookedatwaswhetherthenumberoffundofferingsavailableinaretirementsavingsplan,the401(k)plan,doesthataffectpeople'slikelihoodtosavemorefortomorrow.andwhatwefoundwasthatindeedtherewasacorrelation.sointheseplans,wehadabout657plansthatrangedfromofferingpeopleanywherefromtwoto59differentfundofferings.andwhatwefoundwasthat,themorefundsoffered,indeed,therewaslessparticipationrate.soifyoulookattheextremes,thoseplansthatofferedyoutwofunds,participationrateswerearoundinthemid-70s--stillnotashighaswewantittobe.inthoseplansthatofferednearly60funds,participationrateshavenowdroppedtoaboutthe60thpercentile.nowitturnsoutthatevenifyoudochoosetoparticipatewhentherearemorechoicespresent,eventhen,ithasnegativeconsequences.soforthosepeoplewhodidchoosetoparticipate,themorechoicesavailable,themorelikelypeopleweretocompletelyavoidstocksorequityfunds.themorechoicesavailable,themorelikelytheyweretoputalltheirmoneyinpuremoneymarketaccounts.nowneitheroftheseextremedecisionsarethekindsofdecisionsthatanyofuswouldrecommendforpeoplewhenyou'reconsideringtheirfuturefinancialwell-being.well,overthepastdecade,wehaveobservedthreemainnegativeconsequencestoofferingpeoplemoreandmorechoices.they'remorelikelytodelaychoosing--procrastinateevenwhenitgoesagainsttheirbestself-interest.they'remorelikelytomakeworsechoices--worsefinancialchoices,medicalchoices.they'remorelikelytochoosethingsthatmakethemlesssatisfied,evenwhentheydoobjectivelybetter.themainreasonforthisisbecause,wemightenjoygazingatthosegiantwallsofmayonnaises,mustards,vinegars,jams,butwecan'tactuallydothemathofcomparingandcontrastingandactuallypickingfromthatstunningdisplay.sowhatiwanttoproposetoyoutodayarefoursimpletechniques--techniquesthatwehavetestedinonewayoranotherindifferentresearchvenues--thatyoucaneasilyapplyinyourbusinesses.thefirst:cut.you'vehearditsaidbefore,butit'sneverbeenmoretruethantoday,thatlessismore.peoplearealwaysupsetwhenisay,"cut."they'realwaysworriedthey'regoingtoloseshelfspace.butinfact,whatwe'reseeingmoreandmoreisthatifyouarewillingtocut,getridofthoseextraneousredundantoptions,wellthere'sanincreaseinsales,there'saloweringofcosts,thereisanimprovementofthechoosingexperience.whenproctor&gamblewentfrom26differentkindsofhead&shouldersto15,theysawanincreaseinsalesby10percent.whenthegoldencatcorporationgotridoftheir10worst-sellingcatlitterproducts,theysawanincreaseinprofitsby87percent--afunctionofbothincreaseinsalesandloweringofcosts.youknow,theaveragegrocerystoretodayoffersyou45,000products.thetypicalwalmarttodayoffersyou100,000products.buttheninthlargestretailer,theninthbiggestretailerintheworldtodayisaldi,anditoffersyouonly1,400products--onekindofcannedtomatosauce.nowinthefinancialsavingsworld,ithinkoneofthebestexamplesthathasrecentlycomeoutonhowtobestmanagethechoiceofferingshasactuallybeensomethingthatdavidlaibsonwasheavilyinvolvedindesigning,whichwastheprogramthattheyhaveatharvard.everysingleharvardemployeeisnowautomaticallyenrolledinalifecyclefund.forthosepeoplewhoactuallywanttochoose,they'regiven20funds,not300ormorefunds.youknow,often,peoplesay,"idon'tknowhowtocut.they'reallimportantchoices."andthefirstthingidoisiasktheemployees,"tellmehowthesechoicesaredifferentfromoneanother.andifyouremployeescan'ttellthemapart,neithercanyourconsumers."nowbeforewestartedoursessionthisafternoon,ihadachatwithgary.andgarysaidthathewouldbewillingtoofferpeopleinthisaudienceanall-expenses-paidfreevacationtothemostbeautifulroadintheworld.here'sadescriptionoftheroad.andi'dlikeyoutoreadit.andnowi'llgiveyouafewsecondstoreaditandtheniwantyoutoclapyourhandsifyou'rereadytotakegaryuponhisoffer.(lightclapping)okay.anybodywho'sreadytotakehimuponhisoffer.isthatall?allright,letmeshowyousomemoreaboutthis.(laughter)youguysknewtherewasatrick,didn'tyou.(honk)nowwho'sreadytogoonthistrip.(applause)(laughter)ithinkimighthaveactuallyheardmorehands.allright.nowinfact,youhadobjectivelymoreinformationthefirsttimearoundthanthesecondtimearound,butiwouldventuretoguessthatyoufeltthatitwasmorerealthesecondtimearound.becausethepicturesmadeitfeelmorerealtoyou.whichbringsmetothesecondtechniqueforhandlingthechoiceoverloadproblem,whichisconcretization.thatinorderforpeopletounderstandthedifferencesbetweenthechoices,theyhavetobeabletounderstandtheconsequencesassociatedwitheachchoice,andthattheconsequencesneedtobefeltinavividsortofway,inaveryconcreteway.whydopeoplespendanaverageof15to30percentmorewhentheyuseanatmcardoracreditcardasopposedtocash?becauseitdoesn'tfeellikerealmoney.anditturnsoutthatmakingitfeelmoreconcretecanactuallybeaverypositivetooltouseingettingpeopletosavemore.soastudythatididwithshlomobenartziandalessandroprevitero,wedidastudywithpeopleating--employeesthatareallworkingating--andnowthesepeoplewereallinasessionwherethey'redoingenrollmentfortheir401(k)plan.andduringthatsession,wekeptthesessionexactlythewayitusedtobe,butweaddedonelittlething.theonelittlethingweaddedwasweaskedpeopletojustthinkaboutallthepositivethingsthatwouldhappeninyourlifeifyousavedmore.bydoingthatsimplething,therewasanincreaseinenrollmentby20percentandtherewasanincreaseintheamountofpeoplewillingtosaveortheamountthattheywerewillingtoputdownintotheirsavingsaccountbyfourpercent.thethirdtechnique:categorization.wecanhandlemorecategoriesthanwecanhandlechoices.soforexample,here'sastudywedidinamagazineaisle.itturnsoutthatinwegmansgrocerystoresupanddownthenortheastcorridor,themagazineaislesrangeanywherefrom331differentkindsofmagazinesallthewayupto664.butyouknowwhat?ifishowyou600magazinesandidividethemupinto10categories,versusishowyou400magazinesanddividethemupinto20categories,youbelievethatihavegivenyoumorechoiceandabetterchoosingexperienceifigaveyouthe400thanifigaveyouthe600.becausethecategoriestellmehowtotellthemapart.herearetwodifferentjewelrydisplays.oneiscalled"jazz"andtheotheroneiscalled"swing."ifyouthinkthedisplayontheleftisswingandthedisplayontherightisjazz,clapyourhands.(lightclapping)okay,there'ssome.ifyouthinktheoneontheleftisjazzandtheoneontherightisswing,clapyourhands.okay,abitmore.nowitturnsoutyou'reright.theoneontheleftisjazzandtheoneontherightisswing,butyouknowwhat?thisisahighlyuselesscategorizationscheme.(laughter)thecategoriesneedtosaysomethingtothechooser,notthechoice-maker.andyouoftenseethatproblemwhenitcomesdowntothoselonglistsofallthesefunds.whoaretheyactuallysupposedtobeinforming?myfourthtechnique:conditionforcomplexity.itturnsoutwecanactuallyhandlealotmoreinformationthanwethinkwecan,we'vejustgottotakeitalittleeasier.wehavetograduallyincreasethecomplexity.i'mgoingtoshowyouoneexampleofwhati'mtalkingabout.let'stakeavery,verycomplicateddecision:buyingacar.here'sagermancarmanufacturerthatgivesyoutheopportunitytocompletelycustommakeyourcar.you'vegottomake60differentdecisions,completelymakeupyourcar.nowthesedecisionsvaryinthenumberofchoicesthattheyofferperdecision.carcolors,exteriorcarcolors--i'vegot56choices.engines,gearshift--fourchoices.sonowwhati'mgoingtodoisi'mgoingtovarytheorderinwhichthesedecisionsappear.sohalfofthecustomersaregoingtogofromhighchoice,56carcolors,tolowchoice,fourgearshifts.theotherhalfofthecustomersaregoingtogofromlowchoice,fourgearshifts,to56carcolors,highchoice.whatamigoingtolookat?howengagedyouare.ifyoukeephittingthedefaultbuttonperdecision,thatmeansyou'regettingoverwhelmed,thatmeansi'mlosingyou.whatyoufindisthepeoplewhogofromhighchoicetolowchoice,they'rehittingthatdefaultbuttonoverandoverandoveragain.we'relosingthem.theygofromlowchoicetohighchoice,they'rehanginginthere.it'sthesameinformation.it'sthesamenumberofchoices.theonlythingthatihavedoneisihavevariedtheorderinwhichthatinformationispresented.ifistartyouoffeasy,ilearnhowtochoose.eventhoughchoosinggearshiftdoesn'ttellmeanythingaboutmypreferencesforinteriordecor,itstillpreparesmeforhowtochoose.italsogetsmeexcitedaboutthisbigproductthati'mputtingtogether,soi'mmorewillingtobemotivatedtobeengaged.soletmerecap.ihavetalkedaboutfourtechniquesformitigatingtheproblemofchoiceoverload--cut--getridoftheextraneousalternatives;concretize--makeitreal;categorize--wecanhandlemorecategories,lesschoices;conditionforcomplexity.allofthesetechniquesthati'mdescribingtoyoutodayaredesignedtohelpyoumanageyourchoices--betterforyou,youcanusethemonyourself,betterforthepeoplethatyouareserving.becauseibelievethatthekeytogettingthemostfromchoiceistobechoosyaboutchoosing.andthemorewe'reabletobechoosyaboutchoosingthebetterwewillbeabletopracticetheartofchoosing.thankyouverymuch.(applause)TED英語演講稿：我們?yōu)楹我Xted演講稿（3）|簡介：畢生中，我們有三分之一的時間都在睡眠中度過。有關睡眠，你又理解多少?睡眠專家russellfoster為我們解答為何要睡覺，以及睡眠對健康的影響。whati'dliketodotodayistalkaboutoneofmyfavoritesubjects,andthatistheneuroscienceofsleep.now,thereisasound--(alarmclock)--aah,itworked--asoundthatisdesperately,desperatelyfamiliartomostofus,andofcourseit'sthesoundofthealarmclock.andwhatthattrulyghastly,awfulsounddoesisstopthesinglemostimportantbehavioralexperiencethatwehave,andthat'ssleep.ifyou'reanaveragesortofperson,36percentofyourlifewillbespentasleep,whichmeansthatifyouliveto90,then32yearswillhavebeenspententirelyasleep.nowwhatthat32yearsistellingusisthatsleepatsomelevelisimportant.andyet,formostofus,wedon'tgivesleepasecondthought.wethrowitaway.wereallyjustdon'tthinkaboutsleep.andsowhati'dliketodotodayischangeyourviews,changeyourideasandyourthoughtsaboutsleep.andthejourneythatiwanttotakeyouon,weneedtostartbygoingbackintime."enjoythehoney-heavydewofslumber."anyideaswhosaidthat?shakespeare'sjuliuscaesar.yes,letmegiveyouafewmorequotes."osleep,ogentlesleep,nature'ssoftnurse,howhaveifrightedthee?"shakespeareagain,from--iwon'tsayit--thescottishplay.[correction:henryiv,part2](laughter)fromthesametime:"sleepisthe