電動汽車充電控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計中英文翻譯、外文文獻翻譯、外文翻譯

PAGEPAGE9電動汽車充電控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計

電動汽車是目前世界上唯一能達到零排放的機動車。由于環(huán)保的要求，加之新材料和新技術(shù)的發(fā)展，電動汽車進入了發(fā)展高潮。電動汽車作為綠色交通工具，將在21

世紀給人類社會帶來巨大的變化。順應(yīng)當前國際科技發(fā)展的大趨勢，將電動汽車作為中國進入21

世紀汽車工業(yè)的切人點，不僅是實現(xiàn)中國汽車工業(yè)技術(shù)跨越式發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略抉擇，同時也是實現(xiàn)中國汽車工業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要選擇。

目前我國電動汽車研究已取得階段性成果，已經(jīng)完成了電動轎車、電動中型客車和電動大型客車的開發(fā)工作。在我國大中城市都普遍存在著十分嚴重的交通問題和汽車尾氣排放污染問題，電動汽車是一種非常理想的中速和短途的日常公共交通工具，因此在我國有著得天獨厚的發(fā)展條件和廣闊的應(yīng)用前景。根據(jù)歐美和日本等先進國家的經(jīng)驗，在進行電動汽車的開發(fā)和制造的同時，必須開發(fā)電動汽車公共充電站和進行電動汽車示范工程建設(shè)，為電動汽車的推廣使用積累經(jīng)驗。在城市繁忙地段開辟電動汽車交通線，進行電動汽車的推廣示范是一項很有意義的工作，為了作好這項工作，就必須進行電動汽車充電機及其充電管理系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)。

隨著電動汽車研究的深入，對于電動汽車用電池充電器有了一定的需求，因為這是一個比較新的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，開發(fā)者主要集中在一些科研單位或大學中。國內(nèi)的生產(chǎn)單位主要是面向電瓶車、電動游覽車、蓄電池維護等應(yīng)用場合，因此充電機功率范圍有限。從上面的分析可以看出，研制電動汽車大功率智能充電機具有重要意義。外、與交流電網(wǎng)連接，為電動汽車動力電池提供小功率直流電源的供電裝置，直流充電樁具有充電機功能，可以實時監(jiān)視并控制被充電電池狀態(tài)，同時，直流充電樁可以對充電電量進行計量。

根據(jù)充電方法不同，電動汽車的充電技術(shù)可分為：常規(guī)充電方式、快速充電方式、無線充電方式、更換電池充電方式等。

1．常規(guī)充電方式

該充電方式根據(jù)相應(yīng)電池的充電曲線，采用恒流、恒壓的傳統(tǒng)充電方式對電動車進行充電，使整個充電過程更接近電池的固有特性，有效避免了電池被過充和欠充的問題。這種方式以比較低的充電電流為蓄電池充電,相關(guān)技術(shù)成熟可靠，所以相應(yīng)的充電機的工作和安裝成本也比較低。電動汽車家用充電設(shè)施(

車載充電機)

和小型充電站多采用這種充電方式。典型的充電時間為8～10h

(SOC可達到95%以上)。對電池和電動汽車來說，這種方式是最安全可靠的充電方式，它對電網(wǎng)沒有特殊要求。

2．快速充電方式

快速充電方式是指在短時間內(nèi)使蓄電池達到或接近充滿狀態(tài)的一種方法。該充電方式以1-3C的大充電電流在短時間內(nèi)為蓄電池充電。充電功率很大，能達到上百千瓦。該充電方式的充電時間與燃油車的加油時間接近。其典型的充電時間是可達到20～30min，但這種充電方式對電池壽命有很大的影響。此外，該充電方式對電網(wǎng)也有較高的要求,

要建設(shè)專用電網(wǎng)，一般應(yīng)靠近10kV

變電站附近或服務(wù)中心中使用，還需采取較為復雜的諧波抑制措施，與前者相比安裝成本相對較高，只適合大型充電站使用。

3．更換電池的充電方式

該方式要求車輛電池組設(shè)計標準化，易于更換。車輛運營中需要及時的更換電池，同時充電站可以對電池進行專業(yè)化管理，但由于電池組快速更換專業(yè)化要求高，只適用于標準的充電站，這種電池更換系統(tǒng)要求昂貴的機械裝置和大量的蓄電池，同時,存放大量未充電和已充電的蓄電池需要很多空間,修建一個蓄電池更換站所需空間遠大于修建一個正常充電站或快速充電站所需的空間，因此這種電池更換系統(tǒng)的初始成本很高，而且，目前車載動力電池的電氣和尺寸參數(shù)還沒統(tǒng)一標準，市場應(yīng)用還需等待時日。

4．非接觸式充電方式

電動汽車非接觸充電方式的研究目前主要集中在感應(yīng)式充電方式，不需要接觸即可實現(xiàn)充電，目前，日產(chǎn)和三菱都有相關(guān)產(chǎn)品推出，其原理是采用了可在供電線圈和受電線圈之間提供電力的電磁感應(yīng)方式，即將一個受電線圈裝置安裝在汽車的底盤上，將另一個供電線圈裝置安裝在地面，當電動汽車駛到供電線圈裝置上，受電線圈即可接受到供電線圈的電流，從而對電池進行充電。

目前，這套裝置的額定輸出功率為10kW，一般的小型電動汽車可在7-8小時內(nèi)完成充電，這種方式的成本較高，還處于實驗室研發(fā)階段，其功能還有待時間驗證。此外，非接觸式充電方式的原理還包括磁共振和微波等，技術(shù)都被日本廠商壟斷。

綜上所述，電動汽車的充電還是采用普通充電為主、快速補充充電為輔的充電方式。對于電動公交車而言，充電站設(shè)在公交車總站內(nèi)。在晚間下班后利用低谷充電，時間5～6小時。全天運行的車輛，續(xù)駛里程不夠時，可利用中間休息待班時間進行補充充電。充電器的數(shù)量和容量根據(jù)車隊的規(guī)模而定，充電站由車隊管理。1C～3C的快速充電模式，已經(jīng)在探討應(yīng)用，但應(yīng)確保在電池的安全和使用壽命的前提下進行，一般說來，電動汽車充電間是由配電站、監(jiān)控室、充電機、充電平臺、維護車間、更換區(qū)等部分組成。其中充電機是其核心設(shè)備。從相關(guān)標準來看，地方政府和各能源集團對標準制定比較熱心，深圳、上海、江蘇等地紛紛制定了各自充電站的地方標準；今年7月份，北京市政府也出臺了北京首部電動汽車充電站標準。國家電網(wǎng)和南方電網(wǎng)根據(jù)各自實際情況制6定了電動汽車充電方面的相關(guān)標準。在國家標準方面，2010年1月，國家標準委員會發(fā)布了《電動汽車充電站的通用要求》，目前，國家電網(wǎng)制定的充電站標準有望升級為國家標準。ThedesignofcontrolsystemofchargingelectriccarAssoonasofAviationTechnologyLiuxinYaintroducedaconcurrentengineering,agilemanufacturingandsophistifcatedproduction,andotheradvancedmanufacturingtechnologyandthecharacteristicsofthedevelopmentomachinetoolsintheportfolioofapplications,howtodeepenandextendtheapplicationofspecificmeasures.Inthemachinetoolindustry,withthesocialdemandsofthecontinuousimprovementofproducts,alongwiththegrowingcompetitioninthemarkettomeetuserrequirements,includingtheimprovementofproductquality,shortenproductioncycles,reducecosts,improveserviceandwinmarkethasbecomeabreakthrough.Inordertoachievethisgoalandwinmarket,itshouldbetheintroductionofmodernandadvancedmanufacturingtechnology:concurrentengineering,agilemanufacturingandsophisticatedproduction,inordertopromotethedevelopmentofcombinationmachine.ConcurrentEngineeringisalsoknownasconcurrentengineering,integrated,paralleltooptimizeproductdesignanditsrelatedprocesses(includingmanufacturingandsupport)systemapproach,whichguidetheproductdevelopmentstaffbegantoconsideraproductfromconcepttodesigntothedemiseofthroughoutthelifecycleofallthefactors,includingquality,cost,programminganduserneeds.ConcurrentEngineeringisthefirsttoshortenproductdevelopmentcyclesasameanstodevelop.Productswillbecharacterizedbythedevelopment,productionengineeringinvolvedintheactsbrokendownintoaseriesoftasks,suchasmarketanalysis,design,processdesign,productionplansandequipmentpurchases,processing,qualityassurance,testingandaftersalesservice.Thesesub-tasksasfaraspossibleandconsidersynchronousparalleltoachieveimproveddesigntoshortenthecycleandimprovequality,reducecosts,optimizethedesignpurpose.Itstressedthatintegrated,coordinatedandparallel,namely:(1)management,design,production,andserviceofallproject-relatedpersonnelandproductinformationintegrationasawhole,andstressedthatallrelevantdepartmentsandtheinterestsoftheoverallgoalline(2)totheestablishmentofacompetentandreasonablechargeoftheprojectpersonnelstructureoftheworkinggroupcoordinatedmanagementmodel,bytheWorkingGroupintheministriesresponsibleforprojectelements,andthepromotionofthecoordinationoftasks,(3)parallelprocessingstagesofthework.Accordingtotheprojectinthedifferenttasksofthelinkagesbetweenthedifferentministriesmandateoftheelementsoftheworkprocesscanbecompletelyoverlaporduplication.Inaccordancewiththeseprinciples,formulateareasonable,andoptimizetheworkplan,andthelocationinwhichthenecessarysettingsassessment,theWorkingGroupbytheprojectimplementationsothatallsub-tasksinparallel,tomoveforwardinanorderlymanner,soastoensurethesmoothimplementationofthewholeproject.Accordingtothetraditionalmethodsofwork,theworkofthevariousstagesinarowserial.Insuchaproductdevelopmentapproach,divorcedfromeachotheratvariousstages,arenotrelated,resultinginincreaseddesignerror,anddifficulttodiscoversuchadesignrework,tolengthenthedevelopmentcycle,addingtothecosts.Parallelworkingmethodsused,theprocesswillbeintegratedwithparallelconsideration,theworkcanbecarriedoutduplication.Problemscanbepromptlycoordinatethechangessothatthefollow-upstagelefttoincreasethedifficultyofcorrection

Andcosts.Thus,theapplicationofconcurrentengineeringcansignificantlyshortentheproductdevelopmentcycle,reducecosts,itissuitableforthedevelopmentofprofessionalportfoliomachine.Concurrentengineeringmethodswillbeappliedtoproductdevelopment,theeffectwasverysignificant.March1997,BeijingInstituteofAviationTechnologywithamotorcycledesignandmanufacturingplantstosignthe6-crankmachineprojectcontractfordeliveryendoftheyear,andtherequirementsofmachinetoolsinthepastquitedifferent.Intheprojectusingaconcurrentengineeringapproach,inparallel,cross-operation,greatlyreducingthedesign,manufactureperiod,thesuccessfulcompletionofthetasks.Paralleldevelopmentofthecombinationofmachinespecificmethodsare:(1)theestablishmentofamulti-composedofprofessionalstodevelopworkinggroups.BytheWorkingGroupofthespecificpartoftheimplementationoftheproject,membersoftheWorkingGroupincollaborationdivisionofduties,timelyandcoordinatedinordertoachieveoptimizationofthedesign.Suchasamachinetooldemandintheclampingfixturepartstotheprocessoffloating,ifseparateconsiderationfromthemechanicalstructuretomeetthisrequirementmoredifficult,complexstructureofthefixture.Later,withthehydraulicdesignofelectricalcontrolandcoordinate,controlproceduresproposedamendmentstochangetheorderclampingaction,adjustingthehydraulicpressureofsolutionstomeettherequirementsoftheclamping.(2)intheformulationofprogrammes,thesigningofthecontractstage,onthepreliminaryidentifiedanumberofstandardcomponents.(3)MultipleMulti-accreditationprogramme.MachineToolTechnologyindeterminingtheoverallprogramme,keycomponentsintheoveralldesignprocess,manytimesbytheSolidworkscommitteetoreviewthedesignplan,andputintoproductionbeforetheuserinthedesignplanjointtrials.Thus,fromthedesigntotakeintoaccountthebeginningofaprocessdesign,toolingdesign,manufacturing,assemblyandotherdownstreamvariousstagesofdebuggingproblemsthatmayarise,thusgreatlyreducingthenumberofdesignchangesRatedmeetuserrequirements,toachievedesignbest.(4)adesignpre-releasemethod.Machineoverallplansinaformaldrawingago,hasbeenreleasedinstagessetbythemainstructureandthemajorcomponentsofdata,processdesign,toolingdesigncanbecarriedoutaheadofschedule.Inthedesignofthemachinetooltodeterminesomecomponentssuchasfixtures,toolssuchasthecoordinationofsize,andatthesametimebegantodesignandtoolfixture,and,alsoidentifiedslider,mobileworkstationsandothercomponents,thesecomponentshavethechoiceasfaraspossibleStandardcomponents,inthedesignofitsoperationwillbecompleted.Andtheoveralldesignofthevariouscomponentssuchasfixtures,andtimelycoordinationbetweenthetool,linkedtochangesinthesizeofeachothertimelycoordinationsothatthesizeofotherrelevantdrawingsarepromptlycorrected.(5)componentsinthedesignoftheprocessingcyclecanbelongspecificpartssuchasfolders,suchascastingstereotypesassoonaspossibletoadvancingtheprocessdesign,production.(6)completionofthevariouscomponentsofadesign,processdesignandreadytoentertheproductionstage.Therefore,thevariouscomponentsofthepartsisintheworkshop,parallelprocessing.Adoptthisapproach,theWorkingGroup4wereusedonlyfourweekstimeonthepartofgenericcomponentssuchastheslider,mobileplatformsandpowerfirstwentintooperationatthesametime,thecompletionofthemechanicaldesignofthemachineandoutsourcingoforders.Machinetoolproductionprocess,thevariouscomponentsintheBeijingInstituteofAviationTechnologyAssociation,andseveralmanufacturersatthesametime.Inthemachine,installationanddebugging,butalsoseveralmachineatthesametime,throughthesework,andmachinetoolsforthetimelydeliveryofvaluabletime.AgilemanufacturingintheUnitedStatesoftheCaspianSea,"the21stcenturymanufacturingstrategy"inthereportofanewmanufacturingparadigm.Afterdevelopment,theUnitedStateslacoccaInstitutewillbedefinedas:"acompanythatisagileinthemarketfortheunpredictablechangesinthecompetitiveenvironmentinthedevelopmentandprosperityofacapability,thatisrapidlychangingglobalmarketarapidresponsecapability,withthecompanycomputernetworkandtheglobalproductionsystem,themarket,competitorstolinkupinthehigh-quality,high-performance,low-cost,customerproductconfigurationsettings,suchasuserdemand-drivenmarketsituationdemonstratedacapability."Characterizedbytheflexibleproductiontechnology,flexibleorganizationmanagementandprofessionalskillsofthestaffhaveintegratedintoacoordinated,interconnectedsystems,inordertoachievethestrategicgoalofreunification,thesameindustryindifferententerprisesthroughjointinfrastructurelinks,pastlife-and-deathcompetitionwillbecomefriendlyandcooperativecompetition,therebychangingmarketfasterresponse.Therefore,thistechnologyissuitableforthedevelopmentofprofessionalportfoliomachine.(1)promotetheAgilefirstmodularproducts,reflectedinthecompositionofthemachineisinthemachinetoolcomponentsandthestandardizationofserialization.CrankshaftMachineToolinthedevelopmentanddesign,cangreatlyshortenthedesigncycle,theapplicationofconcurrentengineeringisafactor,largenumberofstandardcomponents,theapplicationofcommoncomponentsisakeyelement.(2)IntheAgileManufacturing,mustreflectthepeopleandorganizationsisthemostvaluableasset.Intheproductionoflargequantities,peoplearealwaysSolidworkssolutionasmanufactureandsaleofthecruxoftheproblem,andinAgileManufacturing,thebestuseofpeopleisthekeytosolvetheproblem,technologyisonlyamethodormeans.Therefore,theneedfortheProjectWorkingGrouporganizationalmodeladvocatedhardworking,givefullplaytotheirinitiative.SophisticatedproductionistheUnitedStatesinthe1990s,Japan'sToyotaMotorCorporationsummedupproductionmanagementmethodsonthebasisofsummingupbytheproduction.Itstressedthatbyimprovingtheproductionofenterprisesinthemanagementoftheactivities,includingtheefficiencyofvariousactivitiesandcostaccounting,toachievethefastestspeedofresponsetothemarket,thelowestcostofproduction,theoptimalproductdesigntodesignandManufacturingofproductsneededbythemarket.Itsfeaturesareuser-God,apeople-centred,asameanstostreamline,tozerodefectgoal.Canbeseenfromtheaboveanalysis,andadvancedmanufacturingtechnologyintheBeijingInstituteofAviationTechnologyPortfoliomachinehasbeendevelopedinanumberofapplications,butstillneedtofurtherdeepenandextendtheapplication.Inlaterwork,Shouldpayattentiontothefollowingaspects:(1)WorkingGrouponthefurtherimplementationoftheprojectmodel,aresponsibilitytothepeople,bytheuseofconcurrentengineeringgroupresponsibleforthecompletionofthewayfromthemachinetooltechnologyprogrammetodesign,manufacture,testinganddeliveryoftheworkofthestaffatthesametimestrengthentheknowledgeandskillstraining,keeptrackmachinetoolindustryathomeandabroadcombinationofthelatestdevelopments.(2)marketchangesandthedevelopmentofpre-studyplanatthesametimemaintainclosetieswithusers,userswhoregularlyvisitprovidesitsuserswithqualityafter-salesservice,andequipmentoperationandunderstandingofuserneeds,inordertoimprovethedesign.(3)high-qualityproductstowincustomers.MachineToolinthedevelopmentportfolio,inadditiontoenhancingthesenseofquality,thenewtechnology,theapplicationofnewtechnologyinthemarketisalsoanimportantmeans.Nowusersgenerallyrequiremachineefficiency,flexibility,andadapttosmallquantitiesandvarietyofprocessing.PortfolioTooltoenhancetheefficiencyofproductionandincreaseinthedesignshouldbecuttingspeed,theuseof