現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成

1）現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)則：(前提只有動詞才有現(xiàn)在分詞)1一般情況下直接加ingthink---thinkingsleep---sleepingstudy---studyingspeak---speakingsay---sayingcarry---carrying2以不發(fā)音的字母e結(jié)尾的單詞，去掉字母e，再加ingwake---wakingmake---makingcome---comingtake---takingleave---leavinghave---having3以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，呈現(xiàn)“輔，元，輔”結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞，先雙寫末尾的輔音字母，再加ingstop---stoppingsit---sittingrun---runningforget---forgettingbegin---beginning4以ie結(jié)尾的動詞，把ie改為y，再加ingdie---dyinglie---lying5以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，呈現(xiàn)“輔，元，輔”結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞，先雙寫末尾的輔音字母，再加ing。初中學(xué)過的這類詞有：bigin，cut,get,hit,run,set,sit,spit,stop,swim,beg,drop,fit,nod,dig,forget,regret,rid,等。travel雖然重讀第一音節(jié)，詞尾音節(jié)不重讀，但是現(xiàn)在分詞仍要雙寫末尾輔音字母，然后再加ing，如：travel---travelling.初中階段此類詞只有這一個。2）構(gòu)成規(guī)則：構(gòu)成：主語+have/has+動詞的過去分詞(done)1．規(guī)則動詞：規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)則與規(guī)則動詞的過去式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則相同。四點(diǎn)變化規(guī)則：(1)、一般動詞，在詞尾直接加“ed”。（然而要注意的是，過去分詞并不是過去式）work---worked---worked,visit---visited---visited(2)、以“e”結(jié)尾的動詞，只在詞尾加“d”。live---lived(3)、以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的動詞，將"y"變?yōu)?i"，再加“ed”。study---studied---studied,cry---cried---cried,(4)、重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾只有一個輔音字母，先雙寫該輔音字母，再加“ed”。stop---stopped---stopped,drop---dropped--dropped2、不規(guī)則動詞，見不規(guī)則表一、當(dāng)過去分詞作為表語Thecityissurroundedonthreesidesbymountains.這座城市三面環(huán)山。【注意】過去分詞作表語與被動語態(tài)的區(qū)別：過去分詞作表語，主要是表示主語的狀態(tài)，而被動語態(tài)則表示動作。(1)Thecupwasbrokenbymylittlesisteryesterday.茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的。(是被動語態(tài)，表示動作)(2)Thelibraryisnowclosed.圖書館關(guān)門了。(過去分詞作表語)【注意】過去分詞表示被動或完成，V-ing形式表示主動或進(jìn)行.有些屬于獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。(1)Thesignalgiven,thebusstarted.信號一發(fā)出，汽車就開動了。(thesignal是given的邏輯主語，因此主句主語thebus就不是given的邏輯主語。(2)Herheadheldhigh,shewentby.她把頭昂得高高地從這兒走了過去。(herhead是heldhigh的邏輯主語，因此主句主語she就不再是heldhigh的邏輯主語。)3．過去分詞作狀語來源于狀語從句.(1)Caughtinaheavyrain,hewasallwet.因?yàn)榱芰艘粓龃笥?，所以他全身濕透了?caughtinaheavyrain為過去分詞短語作原因狀語，它來源于原因狀語從句Becausehewascaughtinaheavyrain.)(2)_Growninrichsoil,theseseedscangrowfast.如果種在肥沃的土壤里，這些種子能長得很快。(growninrichsoil為過去分詞作條件狀語,它來源于條件狀語從句Iftheseseedsaregrowninrichsoil.【注意】狀語從句改成過去分詞作狀語時有時還可保留連詞，構(gòu)成"連詞+過去分詞"結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語。Whengivenamedicalexamination,youshouldkeepcalm.當(dāng)你做體格檢查時要保持鎮(zhèn)定。4．過去分詞作狀語的位置.過去分詞可放在主句前作句首狀語，后面有逗號與主句隔開；也可放在主句后面，前面有逗號與主句隔開。Hestoodtheresilently,movedtotears.=Movedtotears,hestoodtheresilently.他靜靜地站在那里，被感動得熱淚盈眶。四、當(dāng)過去分詞作為賓語補(bǔ)足語(一)能夠接過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動詞有以下四類：1．表示感覺或心理狀態(tài)的動詞.如：see,watch,observe,lookat,hear,listento,feel,notice,think等。(1)IheardthesongsunginEnglish.我聽到有人用英語唱過這首歌。(過去分詞sung的動作顯然先于謂語動作heard;)(2)_Hefoundhishometowngreatlychanged.他發(fā)現(xiàn)他的家鄉(xiāng)變化很大。(過去分詞changed的動作顯然先于謂語動作found)2．表示"致使"意義的動詞.如：have,make,get,keep,leave等。(1)I'llhavemyhaircuttomorrow.明天我要理發(fā)。(2)Hegothistoothpulledoutyesterday.他昨天把牙拔了。(3)Don'tleavethosethingsundone.要把那些事情做完。3．表示思維活動的動詞如consider，know，think等后。如：(1)Iconsiderthemattersettled.我認(rèn)為這件事解決了。(2)Ithoughtmyselfwrongedsomehowinthebargain.我認(rèn)為自己在這場交易中有受愚弄了。4．表示愛憎?意愿的動詞如want，wish，like，hate等后。如：(1)Iwantedtwoticketsreserved.我要預(yù)定兩張機(jī)票。(2)Hedidn’twishitmentioned.他不愿這事被提起。【注意】過去分詞所表示的動作一定和賓語有邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系。(二)使役動詞have接過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)有兩種情況。1．過去分詞所表示的動作由他人完成。Hehadhismoneystolen.他的錢給偷了。(被別人偷去了)2．過去分詞所表示的動作由句中的主語所經(jīng)歷.如：Hehadhislegbroken.他的腿斷了。(自己的經(jīng)歷)3)with+賓語+過去分詞"的結(jié)構(gòu)：此結(jié)構(gòu)中，過去分詞用作介詞with的賓語補(bǔ)足語.這一結(jié)構(gòu)通常在句中作時間，方式，條件，原因等狀語。(1)Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishandstiedbehindhisback.兇手被帶進(jìn)來了，他的雙手被綁在背后。(表方式)(2)Withwaterheated,wecanseethesteam.水一被加熱，我們就會看到水蒸氣。(表條件)(3)Withthemattersettled,weallwenthome.事情得到解決，我們都回家了。(表原因)(4)_Shestoodinfrontofhim,withhereyesfixedonhisface.她站在他面前，眼睛注視著他。(5)Hestoodforaninstantwithhishandstillraised.他仍然舉著手站了一會兒。過去分詞不規(guī)則變化表4)過去分詞不規(guī)則變化表:一、A—A—A型，即原形、過去式和過去分詞三者都相同。（共7個）cost—cost—costcut—cut—cuthit—hit—hithurt—hurt—hurtlet—let—letput—put—putread—read—read二、A—B—B型，即過去式、過去分詞相同。（共41個）1．過去式和過去分詞都含有-ought。（4個）bring—brought—broughtbuy—bought—boughtthink—thought—thoughtfight-fought-fought2．詞尾有-ild，-end時，只需把d變?yōu)閠。（4個）build—built—builtlend—lent—lentsend—sent—sentspend—spent—spent3．過去式、過去分詞都含有-aught。（2個）catch—caught—caughtteach—taught—taught4．把-eep、-eel變?yōu)?ept、-elt。（4個）keep—kept—keptsleep—slept—sleptsweep—swept—swept5．把-ell變?yōu)?old。（2個）tell—told—toldsell—sold—sold6．把-ell、-ill變?yōu)?elt或-ilt。（4個）smell—smelt—smeltspell—spelt—speltfeel—felt—feltspill—spilt—spilt7．把-eed、-ead、-eet變?yōu)?ed或-et。（4個）feed-fed-fedlead-led-ledspeed-sped-spedmeet-met-met7．過去式、過去分詞都在原形詞尾加t。（3個）learn—learnt—learntmean—meant—meantspoil—spoilt—spoilt8．過去式、過去分詞詞尾去y變-id（4個）say—said—saidpay—paid—paidlay—laid—laidhear—heard—heard9．改變元音字母。（11個）meet—met—metget—got—gotsit—sat—satfind—found—foundhold—held—heldspit—spat—spatshine—shone—shonewin—won—wonhang—hung—hungdig—dug—duglose—lost—lost10．改變輔音字母。（1個）make—made—made11．改變元、輔音字母。（4個）leave—left—leftstand—stood—stoodhave（has）—had—hadunderstand—understood—understood三、A—B—C型，即原形、過去式、過去分詞都不相同。（共37個）1．i—a—u變化。（7個）begin—began—begundrink—drank—drunksing—sang—sungring—rang—rungswim—swam—swumsink—sank—sunkspring-sprang-sprung2．詞尾為-ow，-aw時，過去式將其變?yōu)?ew，過去分詞在其原形后加n。（5個）blow—blew—blowndraw—drew—drawngrow—grew—grownknow—knew—knownthrow—threw—thrown（show除外）3．詞尾為“i+輔（1個）+e”，過去式將i變?yōu)閛，過去分詞多在原形后加n，若那個輔音字母為d或t，須雙寫d或t后加n。（4個）（give，hide除外）drive—drove—drivenwrite—wrote—writtenride—rode—riddenrise—rose—risen4．過去分詞在過去式后加n。（1個）wake—woke—woken5．過去分詞由過去式加-ten構(gòu)成。（2個）get-got-gottenforget—forgot—forgotten6．過去分詞由原形加（e）n構(gòu)成。（6個）be—was（were）—beeneat—ate—eatenfall—fell—fallengive—gave—givensee—saw—seenhide—hid—hidden（hid）7．詞尾為-ake時，過去式將其變?yōu)?ook，過去分詞在原形詞后加-n。（2個）take—took—takenmistake—mistook—mistaken8．原形、過去式和過去分詞都不相同。（6個）do—did—donefly—flew—flowngo—went—gonelie—lay—lainshow—showed—shownwear—wore—worn9．詞尾為-eak時，過去式將其變?yōu)?oke，過去分詞在原形詞后加-n。（2個）break—broke—brokenspeak—spoke—spoken10．詞中間為“oo+輔（1個）+e”或“ee+輔（1個）+e”，過去式將oo、ee變?yōu)閛，過去分詞在原形詞后加-n。（2個）choose—chose—chosenfreeze—froze—frozen四、A—A—B型，即過去式和原形相同。（1個）beat—beat—beaten五、A—B—A型，即過去分詞和原形相同。（3個）1.詞中間為“o+輔（1個）+e”時，過去式將o變?yōu)閍。（2個）come—came—comebecome—became—become2.u—a—u變化。（1個）run—ran—run六、情態(tài)動詞型，只有原形和過去式，沒有過去分詞。（4個）can—couldmay—mightwill—wouldshall—should動詞原形過去式過去分詞動詞原形過去式過去分詞arisearosearisenawakeawoke/awakedawokenbewas/werebeenbearboreborne(攜帶)/born(出生)beatbeatbeatenbecomebecamebecomebeginbeganbegunbefallbefellbefallenbendbentbentbetbetbetbindboundboundbitebitbitten/bitbleedbledbledblendblendedblentblessblessedblestblowblewblownbreakbrokebrokenbreedbredbredbringbroughtbroughtbroadcastbroadcast/broadcastedbroadcast/broadcastedbuildbuiltbuiltburnburnt/burnedburnt/burnedburstburstburstbuyboughtboughtcastcastcastcatchcaughtcaughtchoosechosechosencleaveclove/cleftcloven/cleftclingclungclungclotheclothed/cladclothed/cladcomecamecomecostcostcostcreepcreptcreptcrowcrowed/crewcrowedcutcutcutdaredared/durstdareddealdealtdealtdigdugdugdodiddonedrawdrewdrawndreamdreamt/dreameddreamt/dreameddrinkdrankdrunkdrivedrovedrivendwelldweltdwelteatateeatenfallfellfallenfeedfedfedfeelfeltfeltfightfoughtfoughtfindfoundfoundfleefledfledflingflungflungflyflewflownforbidforbade/forbadforbiddenforecastforecast/forecastedforecast/forecastedforgetforgotforgottenforgiveforgaveforgivenfreezefrozefrozengainsaygainsaidgainsaidgetgotgottengildgilded/giltgildedgirdgirded/girtgirded/girtgivegavegivengowentgonegravegravedgraven/gravedgrindgroundgroundgrowgrewgrownhanghung/hangedhung/hangedhavehadhadhearheardheardheaveheaved/hovehesved/hovehidehidhiddenhithithitholdheldheldhurthurthurtkeepkeptkeptkneelkneltkneltknowknewknownladeladedladenlaylaidlaidleadledledleanlesnt/leanedlesnt/leanedleapleapt/leapedleapt/leapedlearnlearnt/learnedlearnt/learnedleaveleftleftlendlentlentletletletlielaylainlightlit/lightedlit/lightedloselostlostmakemademademeanmeantmeantmeetmetmetmeltmeltedmeited/moltenmistakemistookmistakenmisunderstandmisunderstoodmisunderstoodoutgrowoutgrewoutgrownovercomeovercameovercomeoverseeoversawoverseenpaypaidpaidproveprovedproved/provenputputputquitquitted/quitquitted/quitreadreadreadrendrentrentrideroderiddenringrangrungriseroserisenriverivedriven/rivedrunranrunsawsawedsawn/sawedsaysaidsaidseesawseenseeksoughtsoughtsellsoldsoldsendsentsentsetsetsetsewsewedsewn/sewedshakeshookshakenshaveshavedshaved/shavenshearshearedsheared/shornshedshedshedshineshoneshoneshoeshodshodshootshotshotshowshowedshown/showedshrinkshrank/shrunkshrunk/shrunkenshriveshrove/shrivedshriven/shrivedshutshutshutsingsang/sungsungsinksank/sunksunk/sunkensitsatsatslayslewslainsleepsleptsleptslideslids