初中英語助動詞及情態(tài)

初中英語動詞助動詞情態(tài)動詞連系動詞be，do，have，willcan/could,

may/might,will/would,

shall/should,must,

need,

used

tobelook,

seem,

sound,

feel,smell,

taste,

fall,

keep實義動詞like,

play,

agree,

spend,cost,

happen,

take助動詞－－起幫助作用的動詞加強語氣回答時態(tài)語態(tài)否定疑問Do

come

in,

please.Do

study

hard.He

does

not

write

a

story.He

writes

a

story.Does

he

write

a

story?Yes,

he

does./ No,

he

doesn’t.He

is

writing

a

story.He

is

going

to

write

a

story.He

has

written

a

story.He

will

write

a

story.A

story

is

written

(by

him).做助動詞時，do,

be,have本身沒有詞匯意義Do

your

homework

carefully.On

Sunday

we

often

do

some

shopping.I

have

a

pair

of

glasses

and

it

is

my

friend.Are

you

a

student?助動詞do的用法1）構成一般疑問句，例如：Do

you

want

to

pass

theexam? Did

you

studyGerman?2）

do+not

構成否定句，例如：I

do

not

want

to

eat

too

much.He

doesn’t

like

swimming.構成否定祈使句，例如：Don’t

gothere. Don’t

be

socareless.說明：構成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。放在動詞原形前，加強該動詞的語氣，例如：Do

come

to

my

birthdayparty.I

did

go

there. I

do

missyou.用來回答一般疑問句，例如：----

Doyoulike

Beijing?----

Yes,

I

do.助動詞be的用法

be+現在分詞，構成進行時態(tài)，例如：

They

are

having

a

meeting. be+going

to

do，構成將來時態(tài)，例如：

The

Greens

are

going

to

Beijing

next

week.be+過去分詞，構成被動語態(tài)，例如：The

window

was

broken

by

Tom.助動詞have的用法1）have

+過去分詞，構成完成時態(tài)，例如：He

has

left

for

London.

他已去了倫敦。By

the

end

of

last

month,

they

had

finished

half

of

their

work.2）have+been+現在分詞，構成完成進行時，例如：

I

have

been

studying

English

for

tenyears.我一直在學英語，已達十年之久。3）have+been+過去分詞，構成完成式被動語態(tài)，例如：

English

has

been

taught

in

China

for

many

years.中國教英語已經多年。第一人稱(I、we)用shall:I/We shall

go

tomorrow.第二人稱you及第三人稱(he、she、it、they)都用will:He/She/They

will

go

tomorrow.如果shall或will并不是用來表示后面的動詞是未來式的，那么shall將用在第二及三人稱，這時就有“決定、命令、答應”等意思：You

shall

obeyme.He

shall

leave

the

house

instantly.You

shall

have

my

book.同樣的，will用在第一人稱時，就有“決定、答應、情愿”等意思：I

will

speak,in

spiteof

(不管)you.I

will

never

forget

you.關于will的用法助動詞縮略形式練習He’s

here.It’s

been

snowing

since

midnight.We’d

better

hurry

up.

I’dfinishbeforehecame.判斷正誤：He’s

late.He’s

late

yesterday.He’s=He

isIt’s=It

hasWe’d

better=We

hadI’d=I

wouldTrue

He’s=He

isFalseHe’s=He

is/

He

hasHe

was

不能縮寫情態(tài)動詞情態(tài)動詞的語法特征

情態(tài)動詞不能表示正在發(fā)生或已經發(fā)生的事情，只表示期待或估計某事的發(fā)生。情態(tài)動詞除ought

和have

外，后面只接不帶to 的不定式，即必須跟動詞原形。

情態(tài)動詞沒有人稱，數的變化，即情態(tài)動詞第三人稱單數不加-s。

情態(tài)動詞沒有非謂語形式，即沒有不定式，現在分詞，過去分詞等形式。can’t

/

be

rainyIt

can’t

be

rainy

now.can

/

skateThe

boycan

skate

on

theice.can’t

/

catchThe

boy

can’t

catch

thebutterfly.may

/

getYou

may/can

get

the

present.may

/

askMay

/

Can

I

ask

you

aquestion?may

/

doThey

may

have

apicniconSunday.must

/

washWe

must

wash

our

handsbefore

dinner.mustn’t /

pickYou

mustn’t

pick

the

flowersin

the

park.must

/

dreamShe

must

dream a

sweet

dream.should

/

throwWe

should

throw

therubbishinto

the

dustbin.shouldn’t

/

fightWeshouldn’t fight

witheach

other.Usage

of

modalverbs:can

may

must

shouldcan: 1)表能力表客觀可能性（通常用否定）表允許（與may

意思相近）may: 1)

表示客氣的請求表示許可表示一件事或許會發(fā)生must:1)表必須要做的事2)

表肯定的猜測should:表示勸告、建議（譯成應該）1.

can:1)表能力We

can

speak

English

well

now.表客觀可能性（通常用否定）The

news

can’t

be

true.表允許（與may

意思相近）Can

I

have

a

try?＊could表比較委婉客氣地提出問題或陳述看法Could

you

please

tell

me

the

way

to

school?*

can

和be

able

to

在表能力時意思相近，但beableto

有人稱和更多時態(tài)的變化。Will

you

be

able

to

come

tonight?= Can

you

come

tonight?2.may:1)表示客氣的請求(1)--May

I

come

in? --Come

in,

please.(2)--May

I

borrow

your

pen

,

please? --Certainly!--Of

course.I

may

be

a

sailor

when

I

grow

up.What

may

happen?用may

提問的肯定回答一般用sure,

certainly,of

course,

避免用may.否定回答一般用mustn’t,can’t,也可以用may

not.--

May

I

smoke

here? --No,

you

mustn’t.(3)--May

I

have

a

piece

of

paper?表示許可You

may

have

a

rest.表示一件事或許會發(fā)生3.must

:

1)表必須要做的事We

must

do

everything

step

by

step.You

mustn’t

talk

loudly

in

the

library.--

Must

I

clean

the

classroom

now?--

Yes

,youmust.

/ --

No

,

you

needn’t.＊表“必須”時，must

和have

to是接近的，must強調主觀意愿，have

to強調客觀需要。I

must

clean

and

tidy

my

room.

（主觀意愿）I

have

to

clean

and

tidy

my

room.（客觀需要）*

Need作情態(tài)動詞，表“需要”，主要用于否定句和疑問句。--

Yes,

hemust.--

No,

he

needn’t.Need

he

go

so

soon?We

needn’t

hurry.2)

表肯定的猜測This

must

be

your

room.He

must

be

asleep.

He

can’t

be

awake

now.＊這種猜測比may表示的要肯定得多，而且只有在肯定句中能這樣用。表否定的猜測則用can’t

。4.

should:

表示勸告、建議（譯成應該）*

We

should

read

English

every

morning.We

should

obey

the

traffic

lights.We

shouldn’t stay

up

late

every

day.Multiple

choiceA.

must…canC.

can…

canB.

have

to

…

mustD.

should…

shouldA.

can’t…canC.

needn’t…mayB.

may…shouldD.

may…

must1.

I’m

sorry

I

A

finish

my

homework

on

time.A.

can’t B.

mustn’t C.

needn’t D.

may2. When

the

lights

are

red,

the

traffic

A

stop.then

you

cross.3. You

C

return

the

dictionary

now.

You

keepit

until

next

week.4. You’d

better

go

and

ask

the

policeman.

He

B

know

how

to

get

to

the

shop.A.

can B.

may C.

would D.

need5.

--

Must

wefinish

ourhomework

now?--No,you

B

.A.

must B.

needn’t C.

can’t D.may

notYou

made

so

many

spelling

mistakes. You

B

bemorecarefulnexttime.A.

have

to B.

should C.

can D.

may--Must

I

turn

off

the

light

now?

--Yes,

you

C.A.

need B.

should C.

must D.

mayYou

D

talk

when

you

are

driving.

It’sdangerous.A.

can B.

can’t C.

should D.

shouldn’tHe

doesn’t

come

to

school

on

time.

He

C

be

ill.A.

can B.

can’t C.

must D.

mustn’tLisa

has

gone

to

Beijing.

The

young

lady

over there

B

beher.A.

can B.

can’t C.

must D.

mustn’t表示推測的用法can,

could,

may,might,

must

皆可表示推測，其用法如下：情態(tài)動詞+動詞原形。表示對現在或將來的情況的推測，此時動詞通常為系動詞。Idon't

know

where

she

is,

she

may

be

in

Wuhan.情態(tài)動詞+動詞現在進行時。表示對現在或將來正在進行的情況進行推測。At

this

moment,

our

teacher

must

be

correcting

our

exampapers.這時，我們老師想必在批改試卷。情態(tài)動詞+動詞完成時。 表示對過去情況的推測。Wewould

have

finished

this

work

by

the

end

of

nextDecember.明年十二月底前我們很可能已完成這項工作了。

Theroadiswet.Itmusthaverainedlastnight.地是濕的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。 情態(tài)動詞+動詞的現在完成進行時。表示對過去正在發(fā)生事情的推測。Your

mother

must

have

been

looking

for

you.你媽媽一定一直在找你。推測的否定形式，疑問形式用can‘t,couldn’t表示。Mike

can't

have

found

his

car,

for

he

came

to

work

by

busthismorning.邁克一定還沒有找回他的車，因為早上他是坐公共汽車來上班的。注意：could,might表示推測時不表示時態(tài)，其推測的程度不如can,may。情態(tài)動詞的回答方式問句肯定回答否定回答Need

you…?Must

you…?Yes,

I

must.No,I

needn‘t/don’t

have

to.典型例題1）---Could

I

borrow

your

dictionary?---Yes,

of

course,

you

.A.

might B.

will C.

can D.

should答案C.could表示委婉的語氣，并不為時態(tài)。答語中ofcourse，表示肯定的語氣，允許某人做某事時，用can和may來表達，

不能用could或might。復習：will

與you連用，用來提出要求或下命令。should與you

連用，用來提出勸告。2）---Shall

I

tell

John

about

it?---No,you

.

I've

told

him

already.A.

needn't B.

wouldn't C.

mustn'tD.

shouldn't答案A needn’t

不必，不用。

wouldn’t

將不,

不會的。不應該。本題為不需要，Mustn’t

禁止、不能。shouldn’t不必的意思，應用needn’t。3）---Don't

forget

to

come

to

my

birthday

party

tomorrow.---

.A.

I

don't

B. I

won't C.

I

can't D.

I

haven't答案B.

will既可當作情態(tài)動詞，表請求、建議、也可作為實義動詞表"意愿、意志、決心"，本題表示決心，選B。比較can

和be

able

tocan could

表示能力；可能(過去時用could),只用于現在式和過去式(could)。be

able

to可以用于各種時態(tài)。They

will

be

able

to

tell

you

the

news

soon.他很快就能告訴你消息了。只用be

able

to位于助動詞后。情態(tài)動詞后。表示過去某時刻動作時。用于句首表示條件。表示成功地做了某事時，只能用was/wereable

to，不能用couldHe

was

able

to

flee

Europe

before

the

warbroke

out.=

He

managed

to

flee

Europe

before

the

warbroke

out.注意：could不表示時態(tài)提出委婉的請求，（注意回答中不用could）---

Could

I

have

the

television

on?---

Yes,

you

can.

/

No,

you

can't.在否定，疑問句中表示推測或懷疑。 Hecouldn'tbeabadman.他 不大可能是壞人。比較may和might表示